Biofuels, sustainability, and trade-related regulatory chill

Journal of International Economic Law

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 157-180

  Lydgate, Emily Barrett ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859123525     PISSN: 13693034     EISSN: 14643758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jiel/jgs007     Document Type: Article

References (47)

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2. Pascal Lamy, Address to the UNEP Global Ministerial Environment Forum in Nairobi, Kenya, 5 February 2007, http://www.wto.org/english/news-e/sppl-e/ sppl54-e.htm (visited 14 November 2011).
3. Gary P. Sampson, The WTO and Sustainable Development (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2005) viii.
4. 'Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Decision on Trade and Environment', 14 April 1994.
5. GATT Secretariat, The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, the Legal Texts (Geneva, 1994) 411
6. (subsequently referred to as the 'Marrakesh Agreement');
7. World Trade Organization, Doha Ministerial Declaration, para 6, WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1, 20 November 2001;
8. Doha Ministerial Declaration, Preamble.
9. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development.
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12. See, e.g. Alan Swinback, 'EU Support for Biofuels and Bioenergy, Environmental Sustainability Criteria, and Trade Policy', International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Programme on Agricultural Trade and Sustainable Development, Issue paper no. 17, June 2009;
13. Andreas Lendle and Malorie Schaus, 'Sustainability Criteria in the EU Renewable Energy Directive: Consistent with WTO Rules?', ICTSD Information Note No. 2 (2010), http://ictsd.org/i/publications/86798/(visited 14 November 2011);
14. Andrew Mitchell and Christopher Tran, 'The Consistency of the EU Renewable Energy Directive with the WTO Agreements', Georgetown Law Faculty Working Papers, Georgetown Business, Economics and Regulatory Law Research Paper No. 1485549, October 2009.
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16. Article 11, Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, OJ 30 March 2010, C 83/47 to C83/199.
17. Renewed Sustainable Development Strategy as adopted by the European Council on 15/16 June 2006, The Council of the European Union, Brussels 26 June 2006, 10917/06, DG1, WP/pc.
18. Draft Report on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources. European Parliament Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, 13 May 2008, 2008/0016 (COD).
19. Jennifer Rankin, 'Split Over Standards for Biofuels Imports', EuropeanVoice.com, 24 July 2008, http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/ split-over-standards-for-biofuels-imports/61820.aspx (visited 15 November 2011).
20. Steve Charnovitz et al., 'An Examination of Social Standards in Biofuels Sustainability Criteria', IPC Discussion Paper - Standards Series (Washington, DC: International Food and Agricultural Trade Policy Council, December 2008).
21. 'ASA Expresses Concerns about EU Renewable Energy Directive to USDA and USTR', Press Release, American Soybean Association, 9 March 2011, http://www.soygrowers.com/newsroom/releases/2011-releases/r030911.htm (visited 15 November 2011).
22. 'Sustainable Biofuels Development in Tropical and Subtropical Countries', European Parliament Report, 12 June 2008, Policy Department: Economic and Scientific Policy, Workshop Proceedings, IP/A/ENVI/ST/2008-13, 14.
23. WTO Appellate Body Report, United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products (US - Shrimp), WT/DS58/AB/R, adopted 15 June 2001.
24. Sabrina Valle, 'Losing Forests to Fuel Cars: Ethanol Sugarcane Threatens Brazil's Wooded Savannahs', Washington Post, 31 July 2007.
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26. Elisabeth Rosenthal, 'Rush to Use Crops as Fuel Raises Food Prices and Hunger Fears', New York Times, 6 April 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/07/ science/earth/07cassava.html?-r=1&visited 15 November 2011).
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29. See US - Shrimp, above n 41, at para 121.
30. See EC Communication, above n 6.
31. Axel Desmedt, 'Proportionality in WTO Law', 4 (3) Journal of International Economic Law 441 (2001).
32. United States - Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, BISD 365/345, adopted 7 November 1989, para 5.26, articulates this approach.
33. which was also applied in Thailand-Restrictions on importation of and internal taxes on cigarettes (Thailand - Cigarettes), BISD 37S/200, adopted 7 November 1990.
34. WTO Appellate Body Report on United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline (US - Gasoline), WT/DS2/AB/R, adopted 29 April 1996.
35. WTO Appellate Body Report, Korea - Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef (Korea - Beef), WT/DS169/AB/R, adopted 11 December 2000, paras 175-8.
36. WTO Appellate Body Report, European Communities - Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products (EC - Asbestos), WT/DS135/AB/R, adopted 12 March 2001.
37. WTO Appellate Body Report, Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres (Brazil - Tyres), WT/DS332/AB/R, adopted 3 December 2007, paras 139-43, 156.
38. See Appellate Body Report, EC - Asbestos, above n 64, at para 168;
39. See Appellate Body Report, Korea - Beef, above n 59, at paras 178-80;
40. 'Issue Paper: Biofuels, Opportunity or Threat to the Poor', Swiss Agency for Cooperation and Development - Natural Resources and Environment Division, Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, July 2007, 9.
41. WTO Appellate Body Report, United States - Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services (US - Gambling), WT/DS285/AB/R, adopted 7 April 2005, paras 296-303.
42. WTO Panel Report, US - Gambling, WT/DS285/R, adopted 10 November 2004, para 6.461.
43. WTO Panel Report, China - Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products (China - Periodicals), WT/DS363/ R, adopted 12 August 2009.
44. See, e.g. Plan of Implementation (2002) United Nations, World Summit on Sustainable Development, at I. Introduction, para 2, http://www.un.org/esa/ sustdev/documents/WSSD- POI-PD/English/POIToc.htm (visited 15 November 2011).
45. 'Re: social standards for the sustainability criteria for biofuels', Joint NGO letter to the ad hoc working group, signed 25 March 2008.
46. Appellate Body Report, Korea - Beef, above n 59, at paras 168-72.
47. Appellate Body Report, US - Shrimp, above n 41, at paras 152, 153.