The Ilizarov technique for bone regeneration and repair

Bone Regeneration and Repair: Biology and Clinical Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 195-223

  Aronson, James ^a,b  

^a ARKANSAS CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859109892     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-863-3:195     Document Type: Chapter

References (180)

1. Abbott, L. C. (1927) The operative lengthening of the tibia and fibula. J. Bone Joint Surg. 9 A, 128-152.
2. Aldegheri, R. (1993) Callotasis. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 2, 11-15.
3. Aldegheri, R., Trivella, G., and Saleh, M. (1994) Articulated distraction of the hip. Conservative surgery for arthritis in young patients. Clin. Orthop. 301, 94-101. (Pubitemid 24119259)
4. Aldegheri, R., Volino, C., Zambito, A., Tessari, G., and Trivella, G. (1993) Use of ultrasound to monitor limb lengthening by callotasis. J. Pediatr. Orthop. B 2, 22-27.
5. Alho, A., Bang, G., Karaharju, E., and Armond, I. (1982) Filling of a bone defect during experimental osteotaxis distraction. Acta Orthop. Scand. 53, 29-34. (Pubitemid 12184148)
6. Anderson, R. (1936) Femoral bone lengthening. Am. J. Surg. 31, 479-483.
7. Aquerreta, J. D., Forriol, F., and Canadell, J. (1994) Complications of bone lengthening. Int. Orthop. 18, 299-303. (Pubitemid 24340731)
8. Aronson, J. (1994) Experimental assessment of bone regenerate quality during distraction osteogenesis, in Bone Formation and Repair, Chapter 32. (Brighton, C. T., Friedlaender, G., and Lane, J. M., eds.), American Academy of Orthoopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont, IL. pp. 441-463.
9. Aronson, J. (1991) The biology of distraction osteogenesis, in Operative Principles of Ilizarov. Fracture treatment, Nonunion, Osteomyelitis, Lengthening, Deformity Correction (Bianchi Maiocchi, A. and Aronson, J., eds.), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 42-52.
10. Aronson, J. (1992) Cavitary osteomyelitis treated by fragmentary cortical bone transportation. Clin. Orthop. 280, 153-159.
11. Aronson, J. (1994) Experimental and clinical experience with distraction osteogenesis. Cleft Palate Craniofac. J. 31(6), 473-480.
12. Aronson, J. (1990) Proper wire tensioning for Ilizarov external fixation. Techniques Orthop. 5(4), 27-32.
13. Aronson, J. (1994) Temporal and spatial increases in blood flow during distraction osteogenesis. Clin. Orthop. 301, 124-131. (Pubitemid 24119263)
14. Aronson, J., Good, B., Stewart, C., Harrison, B., and Harp, J. H. (1990) Preliminary studies of mineralization during distraction osteogenesis. Clin. Orthop. 250, 43-49. (Pubitemid 20033963)
15. Aronson, J. and Harp, J. H. (1990) Factors influencing the choice of external fixation for distraction osteogenesis, in Instructional Course Lectures, vol. 34. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Park Ridge, IL, pp. 175-183.
16. Aronson, J. and Harp, J. H. (1992) Mechanical considerations in using tensioned wires in a transosseous external fixation system. Clin. Orthop. 280, 23-29.
17. Aronson, J. and Harp, J. H. (1994) Mechanical forces as predictors of healing during tibial lengthening by distraction osteogenesis. Clin. Orthop. 301, 73-79. (Pubitemid 24119256)
18. Aronson, J., Harrison, B., Boyd, C. M., Cannon, D. J., and Lubansky, H. J. (1988) Mechanical induction of osteogenesis: the importance of pin rigidity. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 8, 396-401.
19. Aronson, J., Harrison, B. H., Stewart, C. L., and Harp, J. H. (1989) The histology of distraction osteogenesis using different external fixators. Clin. Orthop. 241, 106-116. (Pubitemid 19101248)
20. Aronson, J., Johnson, E., and Harp, J. H. (1989) Local bone transportation for treatment of intercalary defects by the Ilizarov technique. Biomechanical and clinical considerations. Clin. Orthop. 243, 71-79. (Pubitemid 19165366)
21. Aronson, J. and Shen, X. (1994) Experimental healing of distraction osteogenesis comparing metaphyseal with diaphyseal sites. Clin. Orthop. 301, 25-30. (Pubitemid 24119248)
22. Aston, J. W., Williams, S. A., Allard, R. N., Sawamura, S., and Carollo, J. J. (1992) A new canine cruciate ligament formed through distraction histogenesis. Report of a pilot study. Clin. Orthop. 280, 30-36.
23. Atar, D., Lehman, W. B., Grant, A. D., and Strongwater, A. M. (1992) The Ilizarov apparatus for treatment of melorheostosis. Case report and review of the literature. Clin. Orthop. 281, 163-167.
24. Atar, D., Lehman, W. B., Grant, A. D., Strongwater, A., Frankel, V., and Golyakhovsky, V. (1991) Treatment of complex limb deformities in children with the Ilizarov technique. Original research. Orthopaedics 14(9), 961-967.
25. Atar, D., Lehman, W. B., Posner, M., et al. (1991) Ilizarov technique in treatment of congenital hand anomalies. Clin. Orthop. 273, 268-274.
26. Birch, J. G. (1991) Ilizarov apparatus for infected pseudarthrosis of the spine. A case report. Bull. Hosp. Joint Dis. Orthop. Inst. 51(1), 93-98.
27. Blane, C. E., Herzenberg, J. E., and Di Pietro, M. A. (1991) Radiographic imaging for Ilizarov limb lengthening in children. Pediatr. Radiol. 21, 117-120.
28. Bonnard, C., Favard, L., Sollogoub, I., and Glorion, B. (1993) Limb lengthening in children using the Ilizarov method. Clin. Orthop. 293, 83-88. (Pubitemid 23242856)
29. Bost, F. C. and Larsen, L. J. (1956) Experiences with lengthening of the femur over an intramedullary rod. J. Bone Joint Surg. 38 A (3), 567-584.
30. Brockway, A. and Fowler, S. B. (1942) Experience with 105 leg lengthening operations. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 72, 252-256.
31. Brown, R., Pedowitz, R., Rydevik, B., et al. (1993) Effects of acute graded strain on efferent conduction properties in the rabbit tibial nerve. Clin. Orthop. 296, 288-294. (Pubitemid 23332152)
32. Brunner, U. H., Cordey, J., Schweiberer, L., and Perren, S. M. (1994) Force required for bone segment transport in the treatment of large bone defects using medullary nail fixation. Clin. Orthop. 301, 147-155. (Pubitemid 24119266)
33. Calhoun, J. H., Anger, D. M., Ledbetter, B. R., and Mader, J. T. (1993) The Ilizarov fixator and polymethylmethacrylateantiobiotic beads for the treatment of infected deformities. Clin. Orthop. 295, 13-22. (Pubitemid 23299625)
34. Calhoun, J. H., Evans, E. B., and Herndon, D. N. (1992) Techniques for the management of burn contractures with the Ilizarov fixator. Clin. Orthop. 280, 117-124.
35. Calhoun, J. H., Li, F., Ledbetter, B. R., and Gill, C. A. (1992) Biomechanics of the Ilizarov fixator for fracture fixation. Clin. Orthop. 280, 15-22.
36. Canadell, J. (1993) Bone lengthening: experimental results. J. Pediatr. Orthop. B 2, 8-10.
37. Canadell, J., Aquerreta, D., and Forriol, F. (1993) Prospective study of bone lengthening. J. Pediatr. Orthop. B 2, 1-7.
38. Canadell, J., Gonzales, F., Barrios, R. H., and Amillo, S. (1993) Arthrodiastasis for stiff hips in young patients. Int. Orthop. 17, 254-258. (Pubitemid 23264171)
39. Cara, J. A., Forriol, F., and Canadell, J. (1993) Bone lengthening after conservative oncologic surgery. J. Pediatr. Orthop. B 2, 57-61.
40. Catagni, M. A., Bolano, L., and Cattaneo, R. (1991) Management of fibula hemimelia using the Ilizarov method. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22(4), 715-722.
41. Catagni, M. A., Guerreschi, F., Holman, J. A., and Cattaneo, R. (1994) Distraction osteogenesis in the treatment of stiff hypertrophic nonunions using the Ilizarov apparatus. Clin. Orthop. 301, 159-163. (Pubitemid 24119268)
42. Catagni, M. A., Guerreschi, F., and Probe, R. A. (1991) Treatment of humeral nonunions with the Ilizarov technique. Bull. Hosp. Joint Dis. 51(1), 74-82.
43. Cattaneo, R., Catagni, M., and Johnson, E. E. (1992) The treatment of infected nonunions and segmental defects of the tibia by the methods of Ilizarov. Clin. Orthop. 280, 143-152.
44. Cattaneo, R., Villa, A., Catagni, M. A., and Bell, D. (1990) Lengthening of the humerus using the Ilizarov technique. Clin. Orthop. 250, 117-124.
45. Caviale, P., Herrick, W., and MacEwen, G. D. (1987) A report of leg lengthening in canines with the Ilisarov technique. Jefferson Orthop. J. XIV (1), 43-47.
46. Cierny, G. and Zorn, K. E. (1994) Segmental tibial defects. Comparing conventional and Ilizarov methodologies. Clin. Orthop. 301, 118-123. (Pubitemid 24119262)
47. Codivilla, A. (1904) On the means of lengthening, in the lower limbs, the muscles and tissues which are shortened through deformity. Am. J. Orthop. Surg. 2, 353.
48. Coglianese, D. B., Herzenberg, J. E., and Goulet, J. A. (1993) Physical therapy management of patients undergoing limb lengthening by distraction osteogenesis. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 17(3), 124-132. (Pubitemid 23095455)
49. Coleman, S. S. and Scott, S. M. (1991) The present attitude toward the biology and technology of limb lengthening. Clin. Orthop. 264, 76-83.
50. Constantino, P. D., Shybut, G., Friedman, C. D., et al. (1990) Segmental mandibular resection by distraction osteogenesis. An experimental study. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 116, 535-545. (Pubitemid 20172533)
51. Dahl, M. T. and Fischer, D. A. (1991) Lower extremity lengthening by Wagner's method and by callus distraction. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22(4), 643-649.
52. Dahl, M. T., Gulli, B., and Berg, T. (1994) Complications of limb lengthening. A learning curve. Clin. Orthop. 301, 10-18. (Pubitemid 24119246)
53. De La Huerta, F. (1994) Correction of the neglected clubfoot by the Ilizarov method. Clin. Orthop. 301, 89-93.
54. Delloye, C., Delefortrie, G., Coutelier, L., and Vincent, A. (1990) Bone regenerate formation in cortical bone during distraction lengthening. An experimental study. Clin. Orthop. 250, 34-42. (Pubitemid 20033962)
55. De Pablos, J., Barrios, C., Alfaro, C., and Canadell, J. (1994) Large experimental segmental bone defects treated by bone transportation with monolateral external fixators. Clin. Orthop. 298, 259-265. (Pubitemid 24023617)
56. De Pablos, J. and Canadell, J. (1990) Experimental physeal distraction in immature sheep. Clin. Orthop. 250, 73-80. (Pubitemid 20033967)
57. Eldridge, J. C. and Bell, D. F. (1991) Problems with substantial limb lengthening. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22(4), 625-631.
58. Ehrnberg, A., De Pablos, J., Martinez-Lotti, G., Kreicbergs, A., and Nilsson, O. (1993) Comparison of demineralized allogenic bone matrix grafting (the Urist procedure) and the Ilizarov procedure in large diaphyseal defects in sheep. J. Orthop. Res. 11, 438-447. (Pubitemid 23182782)
59. Eyres, K. S., Bell, M. J., and Kanis, J. A. (1993) New bone formation during leg lengthening evaluated by dual energy xray absorptiometry. J. Bone Joint Surg. 75 B (1), 96-106. (Pubitemid 23052427)
60. Fabry, G., Lammens, J., Van Melkebeek, J., and Stuyck, J. (1988) Treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis with the Ilizarov technique. Case report. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 8, 67-70. (Pubitemid 18022029)
61. Fern, D., Eyres, K. S., Bell, M. J., and Saleh, M. (1993) Leg lengthening in osteogenesis imperfecta. J. Pediatr. Orthop. B 2, 62-65.
62. Figuieredo, U. M., Watkins, P. E., and Goodship, A. E. (1992) The influence of micromovement in experimental leglengthening. J. Bone Joint Surg. 74 B (Suppl III), 317.
63. Fishbane, B. M. and Riley, L. H. (1976) Continuous trans-physeal traction: a simple method of bone lengthening. Johns Hopkins Med. J. 138, 79-81.
64. Fischgrund, J., Paley, D., and Suter, C. (1994) Variables affecting time to bone healing during limb lengthening. Clin. Orthop. 301, 31-37. (Pubitemid 24119249)
65. Frierson, M., Ibrahim, K., Boles, M., Bote, H., and Ganey, T. (1994) Distraction osteogenesis. A comparison of corticotomy techniques. Clin. Orthop. 301, 19-24. (Pubitemid 24119247)
66. Ganey, T. M., Klotch, D. W., Sasse, J., Ogden, J. A., and Garcia, T. (1994) Basement membrane of blood vessels during distraction osteogenesis. Clin. Orthop. 301, 132-138. (Pubitemid 24119264)
67. Gil-Albarova, J., De Pablos, J., Franzeb, M., and Canadell, J. (1992) Delayed distraction in bone lengthening. Improved healing in lambs. Acta Orthop. Scand. 63(6), 604-606. (Pubitemid 23012665)
68. Goldstein, S. A., Waanders, N., Guldberg, R., et al. (1994) Stress morphology relationships during distraction osteogenesis: linkages between mechanical and architectural factors in molecular regulation, in Bone Formation and Repair, Chapter 29 (Brighton, C. T., Friedlaender, G., and Lane. J. M., eds.), American Academy of Orthoopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont, IL, pp. 405-419.
69. Golyakhovsky, V. and Gavriel, A. (1988) Ilizarov: "the magician from Kurgan. " Bull. Hosp. Joint Dis. Orthop. Inst. 48(1), 12-16.
70. Golyakhovsky, V. and Frankel, V. (1991) Ilizarov bone transport in large bone loss and in severe osteomyelitis. Bull. Hosp. Joint Dis. Orthop. Inst. 51(1), 63-72.
71. Grant, A. D., Atar, D., and Lehman, W. B. (1992) The Ilizarov technique in correction of complex foot deformities. Clin. Orthop. 280, 94-103.
72. Graziano, G. P., Herzenberg, J. E., and Hensinger, R. N. (1993) The halo Ilizarov cast for correction of cervical deformity. Report of six cases. J. Bone Joint Surg. 75 A (7), 997-1003.
73. Green, S. (1992) Editorial comment. Clin. Orthop. 280, 2-6.
74. Green, S. (1991) The Ilizarov method: Rancho technique. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22(4), 677-688.
75. Green, S. A. (1991) Postoperative management during limb lengthening. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22(4), 723-734.
76. Green, S. A. (1994) Skeletal defects. A comparison of bone grafting and bone transport for segmental skeletal defects. Clin. Orthop. 301, 111-117. (Pubitemid 24119261)
77. Green, S. A., Harris, N. L., Wall, D. M., Ishkanian, J., and Marinow, H. (1992) The Rancho mounting technique for the Ilizarov method. A preliminary report. Clin. Orthop. 280, 104-116.
78. Green, S. A., Jackson, J. M., Wall, D. M., Marinow, H., and Iskanian, J. (1992) Management of segmental defects by the Ilizarov intercalary bone transport method. Clin. Orthop. 280, 136-142.
79. Grill, F., Dungl, P., Steinwender, G., and Hosny, G. (1993) Congenital short femur. J. Pediatr. Orthop. B 2, 35-41.
80. Guarniero, R. and Barros, T. E. P. (1990) Femoral lengthening by the Wagner method. Clin. Orthop. 250, 155-159.
81. Hagglund, G., Rydholm, U., and Sunden, G. (1993) Ilizarov technique in the correction of knee flexion contracture: report of four cases. J. Pediatr. Orthop. B 2, 170-172.
82. Hamanishi, C., Yoshii, T., Totani, Y., and Tanaka, S. (1994) Lengthened callus activated by axial shortening. Histological and cytomorphometrical analysis. Clin. Orthop. 307, 250-254. (Pubitemid 24330178)
83. Hardy, J. M., Tadlaoui, A., Wirotius, J. M., and Saleh, M. (1991) The Sequoia circular fixator for limb lengthening. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22(4), 663-675.
84. Harp, J. H., Aronson, J., and Hollis, M. (1994) Noninvasive determination of bone stiffness for distraction osteogenesis by quantitative computed tomography scans. Clin. Orthop. 301, 42-48. (Pubitemid 24119251)
85. Harris, N. L., Eilert, R. E., Davino, N., Ruyle, S., Edwardson, M., and Wilson, V. (1994) Osteogenic sarcoma arising from bony regenerate following Ilizarov femoral lengthening through fibrous dysplasia. A case report. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 14, 123-129. (Pubitemid 24003054)
86. Hawkins, B. J., Langerman, R. J., Anger, D. M., and Calhoun, J. H. (1994) The Ilizarov technique in ankle fusion. Clin. Orthop. 303, 217-225. (Pubitemid 24173809)
87. Herzenberg, J. E., Davis, J. R., Paley, D., and Bhave, A. (1994) Mechanical distraction for treatment of severe knee flexion contractures. Clin. Orthop. 301, 80-88. (Pubitemid 24119257)
88. Herzenberg, J. E., Scheufele, L. L., Paley, D., Bechtel, R., and Tepper, S. (1994) Knee range of motion in isolated femoral lengthening. Clin. Orthop. 301, 49-54. (Pubitemid 24119252)
89. Herzenberg, J. E., Smith, J. D., and Paley, D. (1994) Correcting torsional deformities with Ilizarov's apparatus. Clin. Orthop. 302, 36-41. (Pubitemid 24148160)
90. Herzenberg, J. E. and Waanders, N. A. (1991) Calculating rate and duration of distraction for deformity correction with the Ilizarov technique. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22(4), 601-611.
91. Hope, P. G., Crawford, E. J. P., and Catterall, A. (1994) Bone growth following lengthening for congenital shortening of the lower limb. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 14, 339-342. (Pubitemid 24129830)
92. Hughes, T. H., Maffulli, N., Green, V., and Fixsen, J. A. (1994) Imaging in bone lengthening. A review. Clin. Orthop. 308, 50-53.
93. Ilizarov, G. A. (1990) Clinical application of the tension-stress effect for limb lengthening. Clin. Orthop. 250, 8-26. (Pubitemid 20033960)
94. Ilizarov, G. A. (1989) The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues. Part I. The influence of stability of fixation and soft-tissue preservation. Clin. Orthop. 238, 249-281. (Pubitemid 19044810)
95. Ilizarov, G. A. (1989) The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues. Part II. The influence of rate and frequency of distraction. Clin. Orthop. 239, 263-285. (Pubitemid 19060618)
96. Ilizarov, G. A. (1992) Transosseous Osteosynthesis, Theoretical and Clinical Aspects of the Regeneration and Growth of Tissue. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
97. Ippolito, E., Peretti, G., Bellocci, M., et al. (1994) Histology and ultrastructure of arteries, veins, and peripheral nerves during limb lengthening. Clin. Orthop. 308, 54-62. (Pubitemid 24349309)
98. Johnson, E. E., Weltmer, J., Lian, G. J., and Cracchiolo, A. (1992) Ilizarov ankle arthrodesis. Clin. Orthop. 280, 160-169.
99. Jupiter, J. B. and Kour, A. K. (1991) Reconstruction of the humerus by soft tissue distraction and vascularized fibula transfer. J. Hand Surg. 16 A (5), 940-943.
100. Kaljumae, U., Martson, A., Haviko, T., and Hanninen, O. (1995) The effect of lengthening of the femur on the extensors of the knee. J. Bone Joint Surg. 77 A (2), 247-250.
101. Karaharju, E. O., Aalto, K., and Kahri, A. (1993) Distraction bone healing. Clin. Orthop. 297, 38-43. (Pubitemid 24000630)
102. Kawamura, B., Hosono, S., Takahashi, T., et al. (1968) Limb lengthening by means of subcutaneous osteotomy. J. Bone Joint Surg. 50 A, 851-878.
103. Kenwright, J. and White, S. H. (1993) A historical review of limb lengthening and bone transport. Injury (Suppl 2), S9-S19. (Pubitemid 24054553)
104. Kummer, F. J. (1992) Biomechanics of the Ilizarov external fixator. Clin. Orthop. 280, 11-14.
105. Lavini, F., Renzi-Brivio, L., and De Bastiani, G. (1990) Psychologic, vascular, and physiologic aspects of lower limb lengthening in achondroplastics. Clin. Orthop. 250, 138-142. (Pubitemid 20033973)
106. Lee, D. Y., Choi, I. H., Chung, C. Y., Chung, P. H., Chi, J. G., and Suh, Y. L. (1993) Effect of tibial lengthening on the gastrocnemius muscle. A histopathologic and morphometric study in rabbits. Acta Orthop. Scand. 64(6), 688-692. (Pubitemid 24032264)
107. Lee, D. Y., Chung, C. Y., and Choi, I. H. (1993) Longitudinal growth of the rabbit tibia after callostasis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 75 B, 898-903. (Pubitemid 23337229)
108. Lee, D. Y., Han, T. R., Choi, I. H., Lee, C. K., and Chung, S. S. (1992) Changes in somatosensory-evoked potentials in limb lengthening. An experimental study on rabbits' tibias. Clin. Orthop. 285, 273-279.
109. Lehman, W. B., Grant, A. D., and Atar, D. (1991) Preventing and overcoming equinus contractures during lengthening of the tibia. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22(4), 633-641.
110. Liljeberg, R. J. and Taylor, J. C. (1992) The treatment of complex tibial fractures with Ilizarov external fixator. J. Bone Joint Surg. 74 B (Suppl III), 265.
111. Magnuson, P. B. (1913) Lengthening shortened bones of the leg by operation. Ivory screws with removable heads as a means of holding the two bone fragments. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 17, 63-71.
112. Makarov, M. R., Delgado, M. R., Samchukov, M. L., Welch, R. D., and Birch, J. G. (1994) Somatosensory evoked potential evaluation of acute nerve injury associated with external fixation procedures. Clin. Orthop. 308, 254-263. (Pubitemid 24349336)
113. Markel, M. D. and Chao, E. Y. S. (1993) Noninvasive monitoring techniques for quantitative description of callus mineral content and mechanical properties. Clin. Orthop. 293, 37-45. (Pubitemid 23242850)
114. Marsh, J. L., Prokuski, L., and Biermann, J. S. (1994) Chronic infected tibial nonunions with bone loss. Conventional techniques versus bone transport. Clin. Orthop. 301, 139-146.
115. Masada, K., Kojimoto, H., Yasui, N., and Ono, K. (1993) Progressive lengthening of forearm bones in multiple osteochondromas. J. Pediatr. Orthop. B 2, 66-69.
116. Matano, T., Tamai, K., and Kurokawa, T. (1994) Adaptation of skeletal muscle in limb lengthening: a light diffraction study on the sarcomere length in situ. J. Orthop. Res. 12, 193-196. (Pubitemid 24146883)
117. Moens, P., Lammens, J., Molenaers, G., and Fabry, G. (1995) Femoral derotation for increased hip anteversion. A new surgical technique with a modified Ilizarov frame. J. Bone Joint Surg. 77 B (1), 107-109.
118. Monticelli, G. and Spinelli, R. (1981) Distraction epiphysiolysis as a method of limb lengthening. III. Clinical applications. Clin. Orthop. 154, 274-285. (Pubitemid 11139814)
119. Morrey, B. F. (1993) Distraction arthroplasty. Clinical applications. Clin. Orthop. 293, 46-54.
120. Moseley, C. F. (1991) Leg lengthening: the historical perspective. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22(4), 555-561.
121. Nele, U., Maffulli, N., and Pintore, E. (1994) Biomechanics of radiotransport circular external fixators. Clin. Orthop. 308, 68-72. (Pubitemid 24349311)
122. Olney, B. W. and Jayaraman, G. (1994) Joint reaction forces during femoral lengthening. Clin. Orthop. 301, 64-67. (Pubitemid 24119254)
123. Ombredanne, L. (1913) Allongement d'un femur sur un membre trop court. Bull. Mem. Soc. Chirur. (Paris) 39, 1177.
124. Orbay, J. L., Frankel, V. H., Finkle, J. E., and Kummer, F. J. (1992) Canine leg lengthening by the Ilizarov technique. Clin. Orthop. 278, 265-273.
125. Paley, D. (1989) Bone transport: the Ilizarov treatment for bone defects. Techniques Orthop. 4(3), 80-93. (Pubitemid 19251357)
126. Paley, D. (1993) The correction of complex foot deformities using Ilizarov's distraction osteotomies. Clin. Orthop. 293, 97-111. (Pubitemid 23242858)
127. Paley, D. (1988) Current techniques of limb lengthening: review article. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 8, 73-92. (Pubitemid 18022031)
128. Paley, D. (1990) Problems, obstacles, and complications of limb lengthening by the Ilizarov technique. Clin. Orthop. 250, 81-104. (Pubitemid 20033968)
129. Paley, D., Catagni, M., Argnani, F., Villa, A., Benedetti, G. B., and Cattaneo, R. (1989) Ilizarov treatment of tibial nonunions with bone loss. Clin. Orthop. 241, 146-165. (Pubitemid 19101252)
130. Paley, D., Catagni, M., Argnani, F., Prevot, J., Bell, D., and Armstrong, P. (1992) Treatment of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia using the Ilizarov technique. Clin. Orthop. 280, 81-93.
131. Paley, D., Chaudray, M., Pirone, A. M., Lentz, P., and Kautz, D. (1990) Treatment of malunions and mal-nonunions of the femur and tibia by detailed preoperative planning and the Ilizarov techniques. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 21(4), 667-691. (Pubitemid 20366639)
132. Paley, D., Fleming, B., Catagni, M., Kristiansen, T., and Pope, M. (1991) Mechanical evaluation of external fixators used in limb lengthening. Clin. Orthop. 250, 50-56.
133. Paley, D. and Tetsworth, K. (1992) Mechanical axis deviation of the lower limbs. Preoperative planning of multiapical frontal plane angular and bowing deformities of the femur and tibia. Clin. Orthop. 280, 65-71.
134. Paley, D. and Tetsworth, K. (1992) Mechanical axis deviation of the lower limbs. Preoperative planning of uniapical angular deformities of the tibia or femur. Clin. Orthop. 280, 48-64.
135. Paley, D. and Tetsworth, K. (1991) Percutaneous osteotomies: osteotome and Gigli saw techniques. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22(4), 613-624.
136. Paterson, D. (1990) Leg-lengthening procedures. A historical review. Clin. Orthop. 250, 27-33.
137. Peretti, G., Memeo, A., Paronzini, A., and Marzorati, S. (1995) Staged lengthening in the prevention of dwarfism in achondroplastic children: a preliminary report. J. Pediatr. Orthop. B 4, 58-64.
138. Podolsky, A. and Chao, Y. S. (1993) Mechanical performance of Ilizarov circular external fixators in comparison with other fixators. Clin. Orthop. 293, 61-70. (Pubitemid 23242853)
139. Pouliquen, J. C., Pauthier, F., Ucla, E., Kassis, B., Ceolin, J. L., and Langlais, J. (1994) Tension measurements during lengthening of the lower limbs in children and adolescents. J. Pediatr. Orthop. B 3, 107-113.
140. Price, C. T. and Mann, J. W. (1991) Experience with the Orthofix device for limb lengthening. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22(4), 651-661.
141. Price, C. T. and Cole, J. D. (1990) Limb lengthening by callotasis for children and adolescents. Clin. Orthop. 250, 105-111. (Pubitemid 20033969)
142. Prokuski, L. J., Marsh, J. L., and Biermann, J. S. (1992) Comparison of conventional treatment versus bone transport for chronic infected tibial nonunions with segmental bone loss. J. Bone Joint Surg. 74 B (Suppl III), 264.
143. Putti, V. (1921) The operative lengthening of the femur. JAMA 77, 934-935.
144. Renzi-Brivio, L., Lavini, F., and De Bastiani, G. (1990) Lengthening in the congenital short femur. Clin. Orthop. 250, 112-116. (Pubitemid 20033970)
145. Ring, P. A. (1958) Experimental bone lengthening by epiphyseal distraction. Br. J. Surg. 46, 169-173.
146. Saleh, M. and Burton, M. (1991) Leg lengthening: patient selection and management in achondroplasia. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22(4), 589-599.
147. Saxby, T. and Nunley, J. A. (1992) Metatarsal lengthening by distraction osteogenesis. Foot Ankle 13, 536.
148. Schenk, R. K. and Gachter, A. (1994) Histology of distraction osteogenesis, in Bone Formation and Repair, Chapter 27 (Brighton, C. T., Friedlaender, G., and Lane, J. M., eds.), American Academy of Orthoopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont, IL, pp. 387-394.
149. Schwartsman, V. and Schwartsman, R. (1991) Corticotomy. Clin. Orthop. 280, 37-47.
150. Seitz, W. H. and Froimson, A. I. (1991) Callotasis lengthening in the upper extremity: indications, techniques, and pitfalls. J. Hand Surg. 16 A (5), 932-939.
151. Shearer, J. R., Roach, H. I., and Parsons, S. W. (1992) Histology of a lengthened human tibia. J. Bone Joint Surg. 74 B, 39-44.
152. Shen, X. C., Aronson, J., Hollis, J. M., and Lumpkin, C. K. (1995) Mechanical properties and bone mineral of regenerated bone in the rat model of tibial lengthening. Transactions of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Orthopedic Research Society, February 13-16, p. 569.
153. Simpson, A. H. R. W. and Kenwright, J. (1992) The response of nerve different rates of distraction. J. Bone Joint Surg. 74 B (Suppl III), 326.
154. Simpson, A. H. R. W., Williams, P. E., Kyberd, P., Goldspink, G., and Kenwright, J. (1995) The response of muscle to leg lengthening. J. Bone Joint Surg. 77 B, 630-636.
155. Stanitski, D. (1994) Treatment of deformity secondary to metabolic bone disease with the Ilizarov method. Clin. Orthop. 301, 38-41. (Pubitemid 24119250)
156. Steen, H., Fjeld, T. O., Miller, J. A. A., and Ludvigsen, P. (1990) Biomechanical factors in the metaphyseal-and diaphyseallengthening osteotomy. Clin. Orthop. 259, 282-294.
157. Stricker, S. J. (1994) Ilizarov lengthening of a posttraumatic below elbow amputation stump. A case report. Clin. Orthop. 306, 124-127. (Pubitemid 24324942)
158. Strong, M., Hruska, J., Czyrny, J., Heffner, R., Brody, A., and Wong-Chung, J. (1994) Nerve palsy during femoral lengthening: MRI, electrical, and histologic findings in the central and peripheral nervous systems-a canine model. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 14, 347-351. (Pubitemid 24129832)
159. Suzuki, S., Kasahara, Y., Seto, Y., Futami, T., Furukawa, K., and Nishino, Y. (1994) Dislocation and subluxation during femoral lengthening. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 14, 343-346. (Pubitemid 24129831)
160. Tetsworth, K., Krome, J., and Paley, D. (1991) Lengthening and deformity correction of the upper extremity by the Ilizarov technique. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22(4), 689-713.
161. Tetsworth, K. D. and Paley, D. (1994) Accuracy of correction of complex lower extremity deformities by the Ilizarov method. Clin. Orthop. 301, 102-110. (Pubitemid 24119260)
162. Tucker, H. L., Kendra, J. C., and Kinnebrew, T. E. (1992) Management of unstable open and closed tibial fractures using the Ilizarov method. Clin. Orthop. 280, 125-135.
163. Tukiainen, E. and Asko-Seljavaara, S. (1993) Use of the Ilizarov technique after a free microvascular muscle flap transplantaion in massive trauma of the lower leg. Clin. Orthop. 297, 129-134. (Pubitemid 24000643)
164. Vauhkonen, M., Peltonen, J., Karaharju, E., Aalto, K., and Alitalo, I. (1990) Collagen synthesis and mineralization in the early phase of distraction bone healing. Bone Miner. 10, 171-181. (Pubitemid 20283348)
165. Velazquez, R. J., Bell, D. F., Armstrong, P. F., Babyn, P., and Tibshirani, R. (1993) Complications of use of the Ilizarov technique in the correction of limb deformities in children. J. Bone Joint Surg. 75 A (8), 1148-1156. (Pubitemid 23267906)
166. Vilarrubias, J. M., Ginebreda, J., and Jimeno, E. (1990) Lengthening of the lower limbs and correction of lumbar hyperlordosis in achondroplasia. Clin. Orthop. 250, 143-149. (Pubitemid 20033974)
167. Villa, A., Paley, D., Catagni, M. A., Bell, D., and Cattaneo, R. (1990) Lengthening of the forearm by the Ilizarov technique. Clin. Orthop. 250, 125-137. (Pubitemid 20033972)
168. Wagner, H. (1978) Operative lengthening of the femur. Clin. Orthop. 136, 125.
169. Walker, C. W., Aronson, J., Kaplan, P. A., Molpus, W. M., and Seibert, J. J. (1991) Radiologic evaluation of limblengthening procedures. Am. J. Radiol. 156, 353-358.
170. Walsh, W. R., Hamdy, R. C., and Erlich, M. G. (1994) Biomechanical and physical properties of lengthened bone in a canine model. Clin. Orthop. 306, 230-238. (Pubitemid 24324958)
171. Wasserstein, I. (1990) Tweny-five years' experience with lengthening of shortened lower extremities using cylindrical allografts. Clin. Orthop. 250, 150-153. (Pubitemid 20033975)
172. Watson, J. T. (1994) High-energy fractures of the tibial plateau. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 25(4), 723-752. (Pubitemid 24319262)
173. White, S. H. and Kenwright, J. (1991) The importance of delay in distraction of osteotomies. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22(4), 569-579.
174. White, S. H. and Kenwright, J. (1990) The timing of distraction of an osteotomy. J. Bone Joint Surg. 72 B, 356-361. (Pubitemid 20154136)
175. Williams, M. O. (1994) Long-term cost comparison of major limb salvage using the Ilizarov method versus amputation. Clin. Orthop. 301, 156-158. (Pubitemid 24119267)
176. Wolfson, N., Hearn, T. C., Thomason, J. J., and Armstrong, P. F. (1990) Force and stiffness changes during Ilizarov leg lengthening. Clin. Orthop. 250, 58-60. (Pubitemid 20033965)
177. Yasui, N., Kojimoto, H., Shimizu, H., and Shimomura, Y. (1991) The effect of distraction upon bone, muscle, and periosteum. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22(4), 563-567.
178. Yasui, N., Kojimoto, H., Sasaki, K., Kitada, A., Shimizu, H., and Shimomura, Y. (1993) Factors affecting callus distraction in limb lengthening. Clin. Orthop. 293, 55-60. (Pubitemid 23242852)
179. Young, N., Bell, D. F., and Anthony, A. (1994) Pediatric pain patterns during Ilizarov treatment of limb length discrepancy and angular deformity. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 14, 352-357. (Pubitemid 24129833)
180. Younger, A. S. E., Mackenzie, W. G., and Morrison, J. B. (1994) Femoral forces during limb lengthening in children. Clin. Orthop. 301, 55-63. (Pubitemid 24119253)