Reconstructive options after total laryngectomy with subtotal or circumferential hypopharyngectomy and cervical esophagectomy

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2012, Pages

  Piazza, Cesare ^a   Taglietti, Valentina ^a   Nicolai, Piero ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRESCIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

cervical esophagectomy; free flaps; head and neck reconstruction; hypopharyngectomy; pedicled flaps

Indexed keywords

ANTEROLATERAL THIGH FLAP; CERVICAL ESOPHAGECTOMY; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; CHIMERIC FLAP; CIRCUMFERENTIAL HYPOPHARYNGECTOMY; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DONOR SITE; EAR NOSE THROAT SURGERY; ESOPHAGUS RESECTION; FASCIOCUTANEOUS FLAP; FISTULA; GRAFT FAILURE; GRAFT NECROSIS; HEMATOMA; HUMAN; HYPOPHARYNGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CANCER; HYPOPHARYNX CARCINOMA; LARYNGECTOMY; MYOCUTANEOUS FLAP; NECK DISSECTION; NOSE FEEDING; OPERATION DURATION; PATIENT POSITIONING; PECTORALIS MAJOR MUSCLE; PECTORALIS MAJOR MYOCUTANEOUS PEDICLED FLAP; PEDICLED SKIN FLAP; POSTOPERATIVE HEMORRHAGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RADIAL FOREARM FLAP; REVIEW; SALVAGE THERAPY; SEROMA; SKIN ISLAND FLAP; SKIN TRANSPOSITION FLAP; SPEECH; SPEECH REHABILITATION; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; SURGICAL INFECTION; SWALLOWING; TISSUE FLAP; WOUND DEHISCENCE;

ESOPHAGECTOMY; FREE TISSUE FLAPS; HUMANS; HYPOPHARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS; HYPOPHARYNX; LARYNGECTOMY; RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES; SPEECH, ESOPHAGEAL; SURGICAL FLAPS; VOICE QUALITY;

EID: 84859102985     PISSN: 10689508     EISSN: 15316998     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0b013e328350a5cc     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Hui Y, Wei WI, Yuen PW, et al. Primary closure of pharyngeal remnant after total laryngectomy and partial pharyngectomy: how much residual mucosa is sufficient? Laryngoscope 1996; 106:490-494. (Pubitemid 26120136)
2. Ho CM, Lam KH, Wei WI, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx - analysis of treatment results. Head Neck 1993; 15:405-412.
3. Ariyian S. The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap: a versatile flap for reconstruction in the head and neck. Plast Reconstr Surg 1979; 63:73-81.
4. Whiters EH, Franklin JD, Madden Jr JJ, et al. Pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap: a new flap in head and neck reconstruction. Am J Surg 1979; 138:537-543. (Pubitemid 10250068)
5. Theogaraj DS, Merritt WH, Acharya G, et al. The pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap in single-stage reconstruction of the pharyngoesophageal region. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980; 65:267-276. (Pubitemid 10066971)
6. Fabian RL. Reconstruction of the laryngopharynx and cervical esophagus. Laryngoscope 1984; 94:1334-1350. (Pubitemid 14007802)
7. Spriano G, Piantanida R, Pellini R. Hypopharyngeal reconstruction using pectoralis major myocutaneous flap and prevertebral fascia. Laryngoscope 2001; 111:544-547. (Pubitemid 32200102)
8. Montgomery WW. Salivary bypass tube. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1978; 87:159-162. (Pubitemid 8328516)
9. Montgomery WW. Current modifications of the salivary bypass tube and tracheal T-tube. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1986; 95:121-125. (Pubitemid 16068026)
10. Montgomery WW, Montgomery SK. Manual for use of Montgomery® laryngeal, tracheal, and esophageal prostheses: update 1990. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1990; 99 (Suppl. 150):19-22.
11. León X, Quer M, Burgués J. Montgomery® salivary bypass tube in the reconstruction of the hypopharynx. Cost-benefit study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1999; 108:864-868. (Pubitemid 29461199)
12. Clark JR, Gilbert R, Irish J, et al. Morbidity after flap reconstruction of hypopharyngeal defects. Laryngoscope 2006; 116:173-181. (Pubitemid 44383919)
13. Jegoux F, Ferron C, Malard O, et al. Reconstruction of circumferential pharyngolaryngectomy using a 'horseshoe-shaped' pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. J Laryngol Otol 2007; 121:483-488. (Pubitemid 46826266)
14. Boston Medical Products Inc. Har-El pharyngeal tube. www.bosmed.com/ laryngeal-esophageal/har-el-pharyngeal-tube.html.
15. Morshed K, Szymanski M, Golabek W. Reconstruction of the hypopharynx with U-shaped pectoralis major myocutaneous flap after total pharyngolaryngectomy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 262:259-262. (Pubitemid 40674928)
16. Saussez S, Cuno A, Urbain F, et al. Reconstruction of circumferential oroand hypopharyngeal defects with U-shaped pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006; 134:823-829.
17. Benazzo M, Bertino G, Occhini A, et al. Functional outcomes in patients reconstructed with flaps following surgery for hypopharyngeal cancer. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2006; 26:127-132.
18. Hong JW, Jeong HS, Lew DH, et al. Hypopharyngeal reconstruction using remnant narrow pharyngeal wall as omega-shaped radial forearm free flap. J Craniofac Surg 2009; 20:1334-1340.
19. Xiao Q, Hu GH, Zhong SX, et al. Reconstruction of hypopharynx and cervical oesophagus for treatment of advanced hypopharyngeal carcinoma and recurrent laryngeal carcinoma. Asian J Surg 2010; 33:14-19.
20. Cristalli G, Pellini R, Roselli R, et al. Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for hypopharyngeal reconstruction: long-term results. J Craniofac Surg 2011; 22:581-584.
21. Spriano G, Pellini R, Roselli R. Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for hypopharyngeal reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002; 110:1408-1413. (Pubitemid 35204469)
22. Chan YW, Ng RWM, Liu LHL, et al. Reconstruction of circumferential pharyngeal defects after tumour resection: reference or preference. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 64:1022-1029. An extensive surgical experience in the field of hypopharyngeal reconstruction with PMMC pedicled, ALT, and jejunum free flaps, including a useful comparison of pros and cons of each flap in a reasoned fashion.
23. Vartanian JG, Carvalho AL, Carvalho SMT, et al. Pectoralis major and other myofascial/myocutaneous flaps in head and neck cancer reconstruction: experience with 437 cases at a single institution. Head Neck 2004; 26:1018-1023. (Pubitemid 39601220)
24. Chepeha DB, Annich G, Pynnonen MA, et al. Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap vs revascularized free tissue transfer. Complications, gastrostomy tube dependence, and hospitalization. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130:181-186. (Pubitemid 38182543)
25. Pinto FR, Malena CR, Vanni CMRS, et al. Pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps for head and neck reconstruction: factors influencing occurrences of complications and the final outcome. Sao Paulo Med J 2010; 128:336-341.
26. Lam KH, Wei WI, Lau WF. Avoiding stenosis in the tubed greater pectoral flap in pharyngeal repair. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987; 113:428-431. (Pubitemid 17056469)
27. Medina JE, Nance A, Burns L, et al. Voice restoration after total laryngopharyngectomy and cervical esophagectomy using the duckbill prosthesis. Am J Surg 1987; 154:407-410. (Pubitemid 18024386)
28. Juarbe C, Sheman L, Wang R, et al. Tracheoesophageal puncture for voice restoration after extended laryngopharyngectomy. Arch Otolaryngol 1989; 115:356-359. (Pubitemid 19083167)
29. Deschler DG, Doherty ET, Reed CG, et al. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of tracheoesophageal voice after pectoralis major flap reconstruction of the neopharynx. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 118:771-776. (Pubitemid 28307462)
30. Kroll SS, Evans GRD, Goldberg D, et al. A comparison of resource costs for head and neck reconstruction with free and pectoralis major flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 99:1282-1286. (Pubitemid 27163509)
31. Shektman A, Silver C, Strauch B. A re-evaluation of hypopharyngeal reconstruction: pedicled flaps versus microvascular flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 100:1691-1696. (Pubitemid 27518291)
32. Funk GF, Karnell LH, Whitehead S, et al. Free tissue transfer versus pedicled flap cost in head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 127:205-212.
33. Dubsky PC, Stift A, Rath T, et al. Salvage surgery for recurrent carcinoma of the hypopharynx and reconstruction using jejunal free tissue transfer and pectoralis major muscle pedicled flap. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 133:551-555. (Pubitemid 46974884)
34. Yang G, Chen B, Gao Y, et al. Forearm free skin flap transplantation. Natl Med J China 1981; 61:139.
35. Song R, Gao Y, Song Y, et al. The forearm flap. Clin Plast Surg 1982; 9:21-26. (Pubitemid 12156650)
36. Harii K, Ebihara S, Ono I, et al. Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using afabricated forearm free flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 1985; 75:463-476.
37. Cho BC, Kim M, Lee JH, et al. Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with atubed free radial forearm flap. J Reconstr Microsurg 1998; 14:535-540. (Pubitemid 28546213)
38. Chen Y, Chen H, Vranckx JJ, et al. Edge deepithelialization: amethod to prevent leakage when tubed free skin flap is used for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. Surgery 2001; 130:97-103. (Pubitemid 32626207)
39. Disa JJ, Pusic AL, Hidalgo DA, et al. Microvascular reconstruction of the hypopharynx: defect classification, treatment algorithm, and functional outcome based on 165 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 111:652-660. (Pubitemid 36182305)
40. Varvares MA, Cheney ML, Gliklich RE, et al. Use of the radial forearm fasciocutaneous free flap and Montgomery salivary bypass tube for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. Head Neck 2000; 22:463-468. (Pubitemid 30483054)
41. Azizzadeh B, Yafai S, Rawnsley JD, et al. Radial forearm free flap pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. Laryngoscope 2001; 111:807-810. (Pubitemid 32422772)
42. Scharpf J, Esclamado RM. Reconstruction with radial forearm flaps after ablative surgery for hypopharyngeal cancer. Head Neck 2003; 25:261-266. (Pubitemid 36368676)
43. Genden EM, Jacobson AS. The role of the anterolateral thigh flap for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 131:796-799. (Pubitemid 41366094)
44. Andrades P, Pehler SF, Baranano CF, et al. Fistula analysis after radial forearm free flap reconstruction of hypopharyngeal defects. Laryngoscope 2008; 118:1157-1163.
45. Yang CC, Lee JC, Wu KC, et al. Voice and speech outcomes with radial forearm free flap-accompanied phonation tube after total pharyngolaryngectomy of hypopharyngeal cancer. Acta Otolaryngol 2011; 131:847-851.
46. Murray DJ, Novak CB, Neligan PC. Fasciocutaneous free flaps in pharyngolaryngooesophageal reconstruction: a critical review of the literature. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 61:1148-1156.
47. Anthony JP, Singer MI, Mathes SJ. Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using the tubed free radial forearm flap. Clin Plast Surg 1994; 21:137-147. (Pubitemid 24033666)
48. Anthony JP, Singer MI, Deschler DG, et al. Long-term functional results after pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with the radial forearm free flap. Am J Surg 1994; 168:441-445. (Pubitemid 24345693)
49. Su CY, Chiang YC. The fabricated radial forearm flap in pharyngolaryngeal surgery: saliva leakage and its prevention. Br J Surg 1995; 48:212-217.
50. Robb GL, Lewin JS, Deschler DG, et al. Speech and swallowing outcomes in reconstructions of the pharynx and cervical esophagus. Head Neck 2003; 25:232-244. (Pubitemid 36245883)
51. Alam DS, Vivek PP, Kmiecik J. Comparison of voice outcomes after radial forearm free flap reconstruction versus primary closure after laryngectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 139:240-244. (Pubitemid 352010400)
52. Deschler DG, Doherty ET, Reed CG, et al. Tracheoesophageal voice following tubed free radial forearm flap reconstruction of the neopharynx. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1994; 103:929-936. (Pubitemid 24373051)
53. Kelly KE, Anthony JP, Singer M. Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using the radial forearm fasciocutaneous free flap: preliminary results. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 111:16-24. (Pubitemid 24236097)
54. Sinclair CF, Rosenthal EL, McColloch NL, et al. Primary versus delayed tracheoesophageal puncture for laryngopharyngectomy with free flap reconstruction. Laryngoscope 2011; 121:1436-1440. An elegant study showing that there is no statistically significant difference in early postoperative complication rates between primary and secondary TEP placement after hypopharyngectomy reconstructed by fasciocutaneous free flaps.
55. Divi V, Lin DT, Emerick K, et al. Primary TEP placement in patients with laryngopharyngeal free tissue reconstruction and salivary bypass tube placement. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 144:474-476. A small study demonstrating the feasibility of primary TEP in patients with fasciocutaneous free flap reconstruction of the hypopharynx with salivary bypass stent endoluminal placement.
56. Deschler DG, Gray ST. Tracheoesophageal speech following laryngopharyngectomy and pharyngeal reconstruction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2004; 37:567-583. (Pubitemid 38680995)
57. Swanson E, Boyd JB, Manktelow RT. The radial forearm flap: reconstructive applications and donor-site defects in 35 consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 1990; 85:258-266. (Pubitemid 20065474)
58. Liu WW, Li H, Guo ZM, et al. Reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of the head and neck: radial forearm flap or anterolateral thigh flap? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 268:1809-1812.
59. Bardsley AF, Soutar DS, Elliot D, et al. Reducing morbidity in the radial forearm flap donor site. Plast Reconstr Surg 1990; 86:287-294.
60. Chang SC, Miller G, Halbert CF, et al. Limiting donor site morbidity by suprafascial dissection of the radial forearm flap. Microsurgery 1996; 17:136-140. (Pubitemid 27014967)
61. Song YG, Chen GZ, Song YL. The free thigh flap: a new free flap concept based on the septocutaneous artery. Br J Plast Surg 1984; 37:149-159. (Pubitemid 15157792)
62. Wei FC, Jain V, Celik N, et al. Have wefound an ideal soft-tissue flap? An experience with 672 anterolateral thigh flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002; 109:2219-2226. (Pubitemid 34556194)
63. Yu P. Characteristic of the anterolateral thigh flap in a Western population and its application in head and neck reconstruction. Head Neck 2004; 26:759-769. (Pubitemid 39159298)
64. Murray DJ,Gilbert RW, Vesely MJJ, et al. Functional outcomes and donor site morbidity following circumferential pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using an anterolateral thigh flap and salivary bypass tube. Head Neck 2007; 29:147-154. (Pubitemid 46167782)
65. Sagar B, Marres HAM, Hartman EHM. Hypopharyngeal reconstruction with ananterolateral thigh flap after laryngopharyngeal resection: results of a retrospective study on 20 patients. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63:970-975.
66. Yu P, Hanasono MM, Skoracki RJ, et al. Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with the anterolateral thigh flap after total laryngopharyngectomy. Cancer 2010; 116:1718-1724. This is the largest series available of pharyngoesophageal reconstructions performed by the ALT free flap. It clearly demonstrates all the advantages of this type of reconstructive tool in HypSCC patients.
67. Lewin JS, Barringer DA, May AH, et al. Functional outcomes after circumferential pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. Laryngoscope 2005; 115:1266-1271. (Pubitemid 40962368)
68. Yu P, Robb GL. Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with the anterolateral thigh flap: a clinical and functional outcomes study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 116:1845-1855.
69. Lewin JS, Barringer DA, May AH, et al. Functional outcomes after laryngopharyngectomy with anterolateral thigh flap reconstruction. Head Neck 2006; 28:142-149. (Pubitemid 43152709)
70. Yu P, Lewin JS, Reece GP, et al. Comparison of clinical and functional outcomes and hospital costs following pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with the anterolateral thigh free flap versus the jejunal flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117:968-974. (Pubitemid 44324538)
71. Spyropoulou GAC, Lin PY, Chien CY, et al. Reconstruction of the hypopharynx with the anterolateral thigh flap: defect classification, method, tips and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127:161-172.
72. Tan NC, Yeh MC, Shih HS, et al. Single free anterolateral thigh flap for simultaneous reconstruction of composite hypopharyngeal and external neck skin defect after head and neck cancer ablation. Microsurgery 2011; 31:524-528.
73. Tan NC, Shih HS, Chen CC, et al. Distal skin paddle as a monitor for buried anterolateral thigh flap in pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. Oral Oncol 2011. [Epub ahead of print]
74. Fujiwara T, Shih HS, Chen CC, et al. Interdigitation of the distal anastomosis between tubed fasciocutaneous flap and cervical esophagus for stricture prevention. Laryngoscope 2011; 121:289-293.
75. Agarwal JP, Stenson KM, Gottlieb LJ. A simplified design of a dual island fasciocutaneous free flap for simultaneous pharyngoesophageal and anterior neck reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg 2006; 22:105-112. (Pubitemid 43269912)
76. Abood A, Halvorson E, Pusic A, et al. A modified 'paddle flap' for reconstruction of a large pharyngo-cutaneous fistula and anterior neck defect. Another tool in the anterolateral thigh's box. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009; 62:e142-e144.
77. Koshima I, Fukuda H, Utunomiya R, et al. The anterolateral thigh flap: variations in its vascular pedicle. Br J Plast Surg 1989; 42:260-262. (Pubitemid 19136752)
78. Kimata Y, Uchiyama K, Ebihara S, et al. Anatomic variations and technical problems of the anterolateral thigh flap: a report of 74 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 102:1517-1523. (Pubitemid 28468693)
79. Rozen WM, Ashton MW, Pan WR, et al. Anatomical variations in the harvest of anterolateral thigh flap perforators: a cadaveric and clinical study. Microsurgery 2009; 29:16-23.
80. Hage JJ, Woerdeman LAE. Lower limb necrosis after use of the anterolateral thigh free flap: is preoperative angiography indicated? Ann Plast Surg 2004; 52:315-318. (Pubitemid 38316307)
81. Seidenberg B, Rosenak S, Hurwitt E, et al. Immediate reconstruction of the cervical esophagus by a revascularized isolated jejunal segment. Am J Surg 1959; 149:162-171.
82. Triboulet JP, Mariette C, Chevalier D, et al. Surgical management of carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus: analysis of 209 cases. Arch Surg 2001; 136:1164-1170. (Pubitemid 32929345)
83. Oniscu GC, Walker WS, Sanderson R. Functional results following pharyngolaryngooesophagectomy with free jejunal graft reconstruction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 19:406-410. (Pubitemid 32297772)
84. Benazzo M, Occhini A, Rossi V, et al. Jejunum free flap in hypopharynx reconstruction: case series. BMC Cancer 2002; 2:13.
85. Wadsworth JT, Futran N, Eubanks TR. Laparoscopic harvest of the jejunal free flap for reconstruction of hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal defects. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 128:1384-1387. (Pubitemid 35424670)
86. Bova R, Goh R, Poulson M, et al. Total pharyngolaryngectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx: a review. Laryngoscope 2005; 115:864-869. (Pubitemid 40604695)
87. Sarukawa S, Sakuraba M, Kimata Y, et al. Standardization of free jejunum transfer after total pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy. Laryngoscope 2006; 116:976-981. (Pubitemid 44318001)
88. Okazaki M, Asato H, Sarukawa S, et al. A revised method for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using free jejunal transfer. Ann Plast Surg 2005; 55:643-647. (Pubitemid 41821625)
89. Sarukawa S, Asato H, Okazaki M, et al. Clinical evaluation and morbidity of 201 free jejunal transfers for oesophagopharyngeal reconstruction during the 20 years 1984-2003. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 2006; 40:148-152.
90. Nyquist GG, Hier MP, Dionisopoulos T, et al. Stricture associated with primary tracheoesophageal puncture after pharyngolaryngectomy and free jejunal interposition. Head Neck 2006; 28:205-209. (Pubitemid 43269886)
91. Hanson RP, Chow TK, Feehan E, et al. Analysis of functional results and quality of life following free jejunal flaps for reconstruction after upper aerodigestive neoplastic resection: the St. James's experience. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2007; 60:577-582. (Pubitemid 46672895)
92. Ikeguchi M, Miyake T, Matsunaga T, et al. Free jejunal graft reconstruction after resection of neck cancers: our surgical technique. Surg Today 2009; 39:925-928.
93. Zhao D, Gao X,Guan L, et al. Free jejunal graft for reconstruction of defects in the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus following the cancer resections. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13:1368-1372.
94. Moradi P, Glass GE, Atherton DD, et al. Reconstruction of pharyngolaryngectomy defects using the jejunal free flap: a 10-year experience from a single reconstructive center. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 126:1960-1966.
95. Kadota H, Fukushima J, Nakashima T, et al. Comparison of salvage and planned pharyngolaryngectomy with jejunal transfer for hypopharyngeal carcinoma after chemoradiotherapy. Laryngoscope 2010; 120:1103-1108.
96. Numajiri T, Sowa Y, Nishino K, et al. Double vascular anastomosis in the neck for reliable free jejunal transfer. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 48:511-514.
97. Shangold LM, Urken ML, Lawson W. Jejunal transplantation for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. Otolaryngol Clin NorthAm1991;24:1321-1342.
98. Baudet J. Reconstruction of the pharyngeal wall by free transfer of the greater omentum and stomach. Int J Microsurg 1979; 1:53-59. (Pubitemid 11222558)
99. Genden EM, Kaufman MR, Katz B, et al. Tubed gastro-omental free flap for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 127:847-853. (Pubitemid 32619367)
100. Chahine KA, Chaffanjon P, Bettega G, et al. Gastro-omental free flap in the reconstruction of the unfavourable hypopharyngeal defects: a functional assessment. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009; 62:1367-1373.
101. Righini CA, Bettega G, Lequeux T, et al. Use of tubed gastro-omental free flap for hypopharynx and cervical esophagus reconstruction after total laryngopharyngectomy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 262:362-367. (Pubitemid 40768597)
102. Patel RS, Makitie AA, Goldstein DP, et al. Morbidity and functional outcomes following gastro-omental free flap reconstruction of circumferential pharyngeal defects. Head Neck 2009; 31:655-663.
103. Moran WJ, Panje WR. The free greater omental flap for treatment of mandibular osteoradionecrosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987; 113:425-427. (Pubitemid 17056468)
104. Bayles SW, Hayden RE. Gastro-omental free flap reconstruction of the head and neck. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2008; 10:255-259.
105. Baijens LWJ, Speyer R, Roodenburg N, Hilgers FJM. Rehabilitation Program for Prosthetic Tracheojejunal Voice Production and Swallowing Function Following Circumferential Pharyngolaryngectomy and Neopharyngeal Reconstruction with a Jejunal Free Flap. Dysphagia 2011; 26:78-84.
106. Baker A, Wooten LA, Malloy M. Nutritional Considerations After Gastrectomy and Esophagectomy for Malignancy. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2011; 12:85-95.
107. Chan YW, Ng RWM, Liu LHL, Chung HP, et al. Reconstruction of circumferential pharyngeal defects after tumour resection: Reference or preference. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 64:.
108. Chan YW, Ng RWM, Liu LHL, et al. Reconstruction of circumferential pharyngeal defects after tumour resection: reference or preference. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 64:1022-1029. [22]
109. Cristalli G, Pellini R, Roselli R, Manciocco V, et al. Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap for Hypopharyngeal Reconstruction: Long-Term Results. J Craniofac Surg 2011; 22:581-584.
110. Divi V, Lin DT, Emerick K, et al. Primary TEP placement in patients with laryngopharyngeal free tissue reconstruction and salivary bypass tube placement. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 144:474-476. [55]
111. Feliciano DV, Lyons JD. Thyroidectomy IsOptimal Treatment for Graves' Disease. J Am Coll Surg 2011; 212:714-720.
112. Focks-Feenstra JHJ, Snoek GJ, Bongers-Janssen HMH, Nene AV. Long-term patient satisfaction after reconstructive upper extremity surgery to improve arm-hand function in tetraplegia. Spinal Cord 2011; 49:903-908.
113. Fujiwara T, Shih HS, Chen CC, Tay SKL, et al. Interdigitation of the Distal Anastomosis Between Tubed Fasciocutaneous Flap and Cervical Esophagus for Stricture Prevention. Laryngoscope 2011; 121:289-293.
114. Goel A, Shah A. Facetal distraction astreatment for single- and multilevel cervical spondylotic radiculopathy and myelopathy: a preliminary report Technical note. J Neurosurg- Spine 2011; 14:689-696.
115. Hamouda M, Ben Dhia N, Aloui S, Gorsane I, et al. Surgical treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic renal failure [French]. Nephrol Ther 2011; 7:105-110.
116. Hellstrom AC, Hellman K, Pettersson BF, Andersson S. Carcinoma of the cervical stump: Fifty years of experience. Oncol Rep 2011; 25:1651-1654.
117. Henry EL, Hart RD, Taylor SM, Trites JRB, et al. Total Nasal Reconstruction: Use of a Radial Forearm Free Flap, Titanium Mesh, and a Paramedian Forehead Flap. J Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2010; 39:697-702.
118. Jurlina M, Matulic Z, Prstacic R, Janjanin SA. Composite Platysmofascial Flap in Reconstruction Following Partial Vertical Laryngeal Resections. Laryngoscope 2011; 121:1899-1901.
119. Karam YR, Dahdaleh NS, Magnetta MJ, Kim BS, et al. Biomechanical Comparison of Anterior, Posterior, and Circumferential Fixation After One-Level Anterior Cervical Corpectomy in the Human Cadaveric Spine. Spine 2011; 36:E455-E460.
120. Karri V, Yang MC, Chung KP, Chen SH, et al. Total pharyngolaryngectomy and voice reconstruction with ileocolon free flap: Functional outcome and quality of life. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 64:.
121. Martus JE, Griffith TE, Dear JC, Rathjen KE. Pediatric Cervical Kyphosis AComparison of Arthrodesis Techniques. Spine 2011; 36:E1145-E1153.
122. Onoda S, Kimata Y, Yamada K, Sugiyama N, et al. The best salvage operation method after total necrosis of a free jejunal graft? Transfer of a second free jejunal graft. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 64.
123. Parker M, Pfluke JM, Shaddix KK, Asbun HJ, et al. Transcervical videoscopic esophageal dissection in minimally invasive esophagectomy. Surg Endosc 2011; 25:941-942.
124. Pines G, Klein Y, Buyeviz V, Idelevich E, et al. Disease-Related Mortality within the First Year after Subtotal Esophagectomy for Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18:1139-1144.
125. Resic H, Masnic F, Kukavica N, Spasovski G. Unusual clinical presentation of brown tumor in hemodialysis patients: two case reports. Int Urol Nephrol 2011; 43:575-580.
126. Reumueller A, Leonhard M, Mancusi G, Gaechter JN, et al. Pharyngolaryngectomy with free jejunal autograft reconstruction and tracheoesophageal voice restoration: indications for replacements, microbial colonization, and indwelling times of the provox 2 voice prostheses. Head and Neck 2011; 33:1144-1153.
127. Schneider R,Waldmann J, Ramaswamy A, Fernandez ED, et al. Frequency of Ectopic and Supernumerary Intrathymic Parathyroid Glands in Patients with Renal Hyperparathyroidism: Analysis of 461 Patients Undergoing Initial Parathyroidectomy with Bilateral Cervical Thymectomy.World J Surg 2011; 35:1260-1265.
128. Sinclair CF, Rosenthal EL, McColloch NL, et al. Primary versus delayed tracheoesophageal puncture for laryngopharyngectomy with free flap reconstruction. Laryngoscope 2011; 121:1436-1440. [54]
129. Spyropoulou GAC, Lin PY, Chien CY, Kuo YR, et al. Reconstruction of the Hypopharynx with the Anterolateral Thigh Flap: Defect Classification, Method, Tips, and Outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127:161-172.
130. Verhage RJJ, Zandvoort HJA, ten Kate FJW, van Hillegersberg R. How to Define aPositive Circumferential Resection Margin in T3 Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus. Am J Surg Pathol 2011; 35:919-926.
131. Yu P, Hanasono MM, Skoracki RJ, et al. Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with the anterolateral thigh flap after total laryngopharyngectomy. Cancer 2010; 116:1718-1724. [66]