Provenance and tectonic settings of Permian turbidites from the Beishan Mountains, NW China: Implications for the Late Paleozoic accretionary tectonics of the southern Altaids

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

Volumn 49, Issue , 2012, Pages 54-68

  Guo, Qianqian ^a,b   Xiao, Wenjiao ^a   Windley, Brian F ^c   Mao, Qigui ^d   Han, Chunming ^a   Qu, Junfeng ^a   Ao, Songjian ^a   Li, Jiliang ^a,b   Song, Dongfang ^a,b   Yong, Yong ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (China)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

^d BEIJING INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY FOR MINERAL RESOURCES   (China)

Author keywords

Beishan Mountains; Geochemistry; Permian turbidites; Provenance; Southern Altaids; Tectonic setting

Indexed keywords

ACCRETIONARY PRISM; ANDESITE; ARC-CONTINENT COLLISION; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; FELSIC ROCK; ISLAND ARC; OROGENIC BELT; PALEOZOIC; PERMIAN; PETROLOGY; PROVENANCE; SANDSTONE; SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY; SOURCE ROCK; TECTONIC SETTING; TURBIDITE;

BEISHAN; CHINA; NEI MONGGOL;

EID: 84859018852     PISSN: 13679120     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.03.013     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Ao S.J., Xiao W.J., Han C.M., Mao Q.G., Zhang J.E. Geochronology and geochemistry of Early Permian mafic-ultramafic complexes in the Beishan area, Xinjiang, NW China: implications for late Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the southern Altaids. Gondwana Research 2010, 18:466-478.
2. Armstrong-Altrin J.S., Verma S.P. Critical evaluation of six tectonic setting discrimination diagrams using geochemical data of Neogene sediments from known tectonic settings. Sedimentary Geology 2005, 177:115-129.
3. Bhatia M.R. Plate-tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones. Journal of Geology 1983, 91:611-627.
4. Bhatia M.R. Rare earth element geochemistry of Australian Paleozoic graywackes and mudrocks: provenance and tectonic control. Sedimentary Geology 1985, 45:97-113.
5. Bhatia M.R. Plate-tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones - a reply. Journal of Geology 1985, 93:85-87.
6. Bhatia M.R., Crook K.A.W. Trace-element characteristics of graywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1986, 92:181-193.
7. Biske Y.S., Seltmann R. Paleozoic Tian-Shan as a transitional region between the Rheic and Urals-Turkestan oceans. Gondwana Research 2010, 17:602-613.
8. Bouma, A.H., 1962. Sedimentology of Some Flysch Deposits. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 168.
9. Briggs S.M., Yin A., Manning C.E., Chen Z.L., Wang X.F., Grove M. Late Paleozoic tectonic history of the Ertix Fault in the Chinese Altai and its implications for the development of the Central Asian Orogenic System. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2007, 119:944-960.
10. Cawood P.A., Buchan C. Linking accretionary orogenesis with supercontinent assembly. Earth-Science Reviews 2007, 82:217-256.
11. Cawood, P.A., Kröner, A., Collins, W.J., Kusky, T.M., Mooney, W.D., Windley, B.F., 2009. Earth accretionary orogens through earth history. In: Cawood, P.A., Kröner, A. (Eds.), Earth Accretionary Systems in Space and Time. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, vol. 318, pp. 1-36.
12. Condie K.C. Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results from surface samples and shales. Chemical Geology 1993, 104:1-37.
13. Condie K.C. TTGs and adakites: are they both slab melts?. Lithos 2005, 80:33-44.
14. Condie K.C., Boryta M.D., Liu J.Z., Qian X.L. The origin of khondalites - geochemical evidence from the Archean to early Proterozoic granulite belt in the North China craton. Precambrian Research 1992, 59:207-223.
15. Condie K.C., Lee D., Farmer G.L. Tectonic setting and provenance of the Neoproterozoic Uinta Mountain and Big Cottonwood groups, northern Utah: constraints from geochemistry, Nd isotopes, and detrital modes. Sedimentary Geology 2001, 141-142:443-464.
16. Condie K.C., Belousova E., Griffin W.L., Sircombe K.N. Granitoid events in space and time: constraints from igneous and detrital zircon age spectra. Gondwana Research 2009, 15:228-242.
17. Cullers R.L., Podkovyrov V.N. Geochemistry of the Mesoproterozoic Lakhanda shales in southeastern Yakutia, Russia: implications for mineralogical and provenance control, and recycling. Precambrian Research 2000, 104:77-93.
18. Das B.K., Al-Mikhlafi A.S., Kaur P. Geochemistry of Mansar Lake sediments, Jammu, India: implication for source-area weathering, provenance, and tectonic setting. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2006, 26:649-668.
19. Dickinson W.R. Interpreting detrital modes of graywacke and arkose. Journal of Sedimentary Research 1970, 40:695-707.
20. Dostal J., Keppie J.D. Geochemistry of low-grade clastic rocks in the Acatlán Complex of southern Mexico: evidence for local provenance in felsic-intermediate igneous rocks. Sedimentary Geology 2009, 222:241-253.
21. Fang A.M., Li J.L., Hou Q.L., Liu X.H., Xiao W.J., Yu L.J., Zhou H. Tectonic setting and provenance of the Kudi flysch in west Kunlun mountains, Xinjiang provenance. Acta Petrologica Sinica 2003, 19:153-166. (in Chinese with English abstract).
22. Floyd P.A., Leveridge B.E. Tectonic environments of Devonian Gramscatho basin, south Cornwall: framework mode and geochemical evidence from turbiditic sandstones. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1987, 144:181-204.
23. Floyd P.A., Winchester J.A., Park R.G. Geochemistry and tectonic setting of Lewisian clastic metasediments from the Early Proterozoic Loch Maree Group of Gairloch, NW Scotland. Precambrian Research 1989, 45:203-214.
24. Floyd P.A., Shail R., Leveridge B.E., Franke W. Geochemistry and provenance of rhenohercynian synorogenic sandstones: implications for tectonic environment discrimination. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 1991, 57:173-188.
25. Gansu Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (Gansu BGMR), 1966. Regional Geology of the Gansu Jiuquan Region. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, p. 157 (in Chinese with English abstract).
26. Garcia D., Fonteilles M., Moutte J. Sedimentary fractionations between Al, Ti, and Zr and the genesis of strongly peraluminous granites. Journal of Geology 1994, 102:411-422.
27. Girty G.H., Ridge D.L., Knaack C., Johnson D., Al-Riyami R.K. Provenance and depositional setting of Paleozoic chert and argillite, Sierra Nevada. California Journal of Sedimentary Research 1996, 66:107-118.
28. Gromet L.P., Haskin L.A., Korotev R.L., Dymek R.F. The "North American shale composite": its compilation, major and trace element characteristics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1984, 48:2469-2482.
29. Gu X.X., Liu J.M., Zheng M.H., Tang J.X., Qi L. Provenance and tectonic setting of the proterozoic turbidites in Hunan, south China: geochemical evidence. Journal of Sedimentary Research 2002, 72:393-407.
30. Han B., Wang S., Jahn B., Hong D., Kagami H., Sun Y. Depleted mantle source for the Ulungur River A-type granites from North Xinjiang, China: geochemistry and Nd-Sr isotopic evidence, and implications for the Phanerozoic crustal growth. Chemical Geology 1997, 138:135-159.
31. Han B.F., Song B., Chen L.H., Li Z.H. Zircon U-Pb SHRIMP ages of the mafic-utralmafic complexes from the Halatongke and Huangshandong Cu-Ni sulfide deposits, in Xinjiang, and their tectonic significance. Chinese Science Bulletin 2004, 49:2324-2328. (in Chinese).
32. Han C.M., Xiao W.J., Zhao G.C., Sun M., Qu W.J., Du A.D. A Re-Os study of molybdenites from the Lanjiagou Mo deposit of North China Craton and its geological significance. Gondwana Research 2009, 16:264-271.
33. Herron M.M. Geochemical classification of terrigenous sands and shales from core or log data. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1988, 58:820-829.
34. Hsü K.J., Yao Y.Y., Li J.L., Wang Q.C. Geology of the Beishan mountains and the tectonic evolution of northwest China. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 1992, 85:213-225.
35. Jahn B.M., Wu F.Y., Chen B. Granitoids of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and continental growth in the Phanerozoic. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 2000, 91:181-193.
36. Jahn B.M., Windley B., Natal'in B., Dobretsov N. Phanerozoic continental growth in Central Asia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2004, 23:599-603.
37. Jian P., Liu D.Y., Kröner A., Windley B.F., Shi Y.R., Zhang F.Q., Shi G.H., Miao L.C., Zhang W., Zhang Q., Zhang L.Q., Ren J.S. Time scale of an early to mid-Paleozoic orogenic cycle of the long-lived Central Asian Orogenic Belt, Inner Mongolia of China: implications for continental growth. Lithos 2008, 101:233-259.
38. Jian P., Liu D.Y., Kröner A., Windley B.F., Shi Y.R., Zhang W., Zhang F.Q., Miao L.C., Zhang L.Q., Tomorhuu D. Evolution of a Permian intraoceanic arc-trench system in the Solonker suture zone, Central Asian Orogenic Belt, China and Mongolia. Lithos 2010, 118:169-190.
39. Kheraskova T.N., Didenko A.N., Bush V.A., Volozh Y.A. The Vendian-Early Paleozoic history of the continental margin of Eastern Paleogondwana, Paleoasian Ocean, and Central Asian Foldbelt. Russian Journal of Earth Sciences 2003, 5:165-184.
40. Kröner, A., Windley, B.F., Badarch, G., Tomurtogoo, O., Hegner, E., Jahn, B.M., Gruschka, S., Khain, E.V., Demoux, A., Wingate, M.T.D., 2007. Accretionary growth and crust-formation in the central Asian Orogenic Belt and comparison with the Arabian-Nubian shield. In: Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Carlson, M.P., McBride, J.H., Martínez Catalan, J.R. (Eds.), 4-D Framework of Continental Crust. Geological Society of America Memoir, vol. 200, pp. 181-209.
41. Kröner A., Hegner E., Lehmann B., Heinhorst J., Wingate M.T.D., Liu D.Y., Ermelov P. Palaeozoic arc magmatism in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt of Kazakhstan: SHRIMP zircon ages and whole-rock Nd isotopic systematics. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2008, 32:118-130.
42. Kumon, F., Kiminami, K., 1994. Modal and chemical compositions of the representative sandstones from the Japanese Islands and their tectonic implications. In: Proceedings of the 29th International Geological Congress: Part A, p. 135-151.
43. Li J.Y., Zhang J., Yang T.N., Li Y.P., Sun G.H., Zhu Z.X., Wang L.J. Crustal tectonic division and evolution of the Southern Part of the North Asian Orogenic Region and its adjacent areas. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition) 2009, 39:584-605. (in Chinese with English abstract).
44. Li S., Wang T., Tong Y., Hong D.W., Ouyang Z.X. Identification of the Early Devonian Shuangfengshan A-type granites in Liuyuan area of Beishan and its implications to tectonic evolution. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 2009, 28(5):407-422. (in Chinese with English abstract).
45. Li S., Wang T., Tong Y. Spatial-temporal distribution and tectonic settings of Early Mesozoic granitoids in the middle-south segment of the Central Asia Orogenic System. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 2010, 29(6):642-662. (in Chinese with English abstract).
46. Liao Z.T., Liu L.J. The Carboniferous and Permian of the Gansu-Xinjiang border area with remarks on the age of the surrounding strata of the Jinwozi gold ore. Journal of Stratigraphy 2003, 27:163-172. (in Chinese with English abstract).
47. Liu X.Y., Wang Q. Tectonics of orogenic belts in the Beishan Mountains, western China and their evolution. Geoscience Studies 1995, 28:37-48. (in Chinese with English abstract).
48. Liu X.C., Wu G.G., Chen B.L., Shu B. Metamorphic history of eclogites from Beishan, Gansu Province. Acta Geoscientia Sinica 2002, 23:25-29. (in Chinese with English abstract).
49. Lowe D.R. Sediment gravity flows; II. Depositional models with special reference to the deposits of high-density turbidity currents. Journal of Sedimentary Research 1982, 52:279-297.
50. Mader D., Neubauer F. Provenance of Palaeozoic sandstones from the Carnic Alps (Austria): petrographic and geochemical indicators. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2004, 93:262-281.
51. Mao, Q., 2008. Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic Accretionary and Collisional Tectonics of the Beishan and Adjacent Area, Northwest China. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.
52. Mao, Q.G., Xiao, W.J., Windley, B.F., Han, C.M., Qu, J.F., Ao, S.J., Zhang, J.E., Quo, Q.Q., 2011. The Liuyuan complex in the Beishan, NW China: a Carboniferous-Permian forearc sliver in the Southern Altaids. Geological Magazine, in press.
53. Maynard J.B., Valloni R., Yu H.-S. Composition of modern deep-sea sands from arc-related basins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 1982, 10:551-561.
54. McLennan S.M. Rare-earth elements in sedimentary rocks: influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements 1989, 21:169-200.
55. McLennan S.M., Taylor S.R. Sedimentary rocks and crustal evolution: tectonic setting and secular trends. Journal of Geology 1991, 99:1-21.
56. McLennan S.M., Taylor S.R., McCulloch M.T., Maynard J.B. Geochemical and Nd-Sr isotopic composition of deep-sea turbidites: crustal evolution and plate tectonic associations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1990, 54:2015-2050.
57. McLennan, S.M., Hemming, S., McDaniel, D.K., Hanson, G.N., 1993. Geochemical approaches to sedimentation, provenance and tectonics. In: Johansson, M.J., Basu, A. (Eds.), Processes Controlling the Composition of Clastic Sediments. Geological Society America, Special Paper, vol. 284, pp. 21-40.
58. Mei H., Yu H., Li Q., Lu S., Li H., Zuo Y., Zuo G., Ye D., Liu J. The first discovery of eclogite and Palaeoproterozoic granitoids in the Beishan area, northwestern Gansu Province, China. Chinese Science Bulletin 1998, 44:356-361. (in Chinese).
59. Meng, Q.R., Wei, H.H., Qu, Y.Q., Ma, S.X., in press. Stratigraphic and sedimentary records of the rift to drift evolution of the northern North China craton at the Paleo- to Meso-proterozoic transition. Gondwana Research. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.12.010.
60. Nesbitt H.W., Young G.M. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature 1982, 299:715-717.
61. Nesbitt H.W., Fedo C.M., Young G.M. Quartz and feldspar stability, steady and non-steady-state weathering, and petrogenesis of siliciclastic sands and muds. Journal of Geology 1997, 105:173-191.
62. Nie, F.J., Jiang, S.H., Bai, D.M., Wang, X.L., Su, X.X., Li, J.C., Liu, Y., Zhao, X.M., 2002. Metallogenic studies and ore prospectiong in the conjuction area of inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Gansu Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Beishan Mt.), northwest China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, p. 408 (in Chinese with English abstract).
63. Nockolds S.R. Average chemical compositions of some igneous rocks. Bulletin of Geological Society of America 1954, 65:1007-1032.
64. Oliveira, E.P., Souza, Z.S., McNaughton, N.J., Lafon, J.M., Costa, F.G., Figueiredo, A.M., in press. The Rio Capim volcanic-plutonic-sedimentary belt, Sao Francisco Craton, Brazil: Geological, geochemical and isotopic evidence for oceanic arc accretion during Palaeoproterozoic continental collision. Gondwana Research. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.06.00.
65. Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E., Siever, R., 1972. Sand and Sandstone. Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 618.
66. Pickering K., Stow D., Watson M., Hiscott R. Deep-water facies, processes and models: a review and classification scheme for modern and ancient sediments. Earth-Science Reviews 1986, 23:75-174.
67. Potter P.E. Petrology and chemistry of modern big river sands. Journal of Geology 1978, 86:423-449.
68. Qu, J.F., Xiao, W.J., Windley, B.F., Han, C.M., Mao, Q.G., Ao, S.J., Zhang, J.E., 2011. Ordovician eclogites from the Chinese Beishan: implications for the tectonic evolution of the southern Altaids. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, in press. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.2011.00942.x.
69. Ranjan N., Banerjee D.M. Central Himalayan crystallines as the primary source for the sandstone-mudstone suites of the Siwalik Group: new geochemical evidence. Gondwana Research 2009, 16:687-696.
70. Rojas-Agramonte Y., Kröner A., Demoux A., Xia X., Wang W., Donskaya T., Liu D., Sun M. Detrital and xenocrystic zircon ages from Neoproterozoic to Palaeozoic arc terranes of Mongolia: significance for the origin of crustal fragments in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Gondwana Research 2011, 19:751-763.
71. 2O ratio. Journal of Geology 1986, 94:635-650.
72. Roser B.P., Korsch R.J. Provenance signatures of sandstone-mudstone suites determined using discriminant function analysis of major-element data. Chemical Geology 1988, 67:119-139.
73. Ryan K.M., Williams D.M. Testing the reliability of discrimination diagrams for determining the tectonic depositional environment of ancient sedimentary basins. Chemical Geology 2007, 242:103-125.
74. Safonova I.Y., Utsunomiya A., Kojima S., Nakae S., Tomurtogoo O., Filippov A.N., Koizumi K. Pacific superplume-related oceanic basalts hosted by accretionary complexes of Central Asia, Russian Far East and Japan. Gondwana Research 2009, 16:587-608.
75. Samuel, M.D., Be'eri-Shlevin, Y., Azer, M.K., Whitehouse, M.J., Moussa, H.E., 2011. Provenance of conglomerate clasts from the volcano-sedimentary sequence at Wadi Rutig in southern Sinai, Egypt as revealed by SIMS U-Pb dating of zircon. Gondwana Research, in press, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.02.
76. Şengör A.M.C., Natal'in B. Turkic-type orogeny and its role in the making of the continental crust. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 1996, 24:263-337.
77. Şengör A.M.C., Natal'in B.A., Burtman U.S. Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Paleozoic crustal growth in Eurasia. Nature 1993, 364:209-304.
78. Songnian L., Fengqing Z., Hualin M., Haifeng Y., Huaikun L., Jiankang Z. Discovery and significance of eclogite-granitoid belts in Northwest China. Gondwana Research 1999, 2:137-138.
79. Su, B.X., Qin, K.Z., Sakyi, P.A., Li, X.H., Yang, Y.H., Sun, H., Tang, D.M., Liu, P.P., Xiao, Q.H., Malaviarachchi, S.P.K., 2011. U-Pb ages and Hf-O isotopes of zircons from Late Paleozoic mafic-ultramafic units in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Tectonic implications and evidence for an Early-Permian mantle plume. Gondwana Research., in press, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.015.
80. Sun S.S., McDonough W.F. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geological Society, London Special Publications 1989, 42:313-345.
81. Taylor, S.R., McLennan, S.M. (Eds.), 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford University, Oxford, p. 312.
82. Wainwright A.J., Tosdal R.M., Wooden J.L., Mazdab F.K., Friedman R.M. U-Pb (zircon) and geochemical constraints on the age, origin, and evolution of Paleozoic arc magmas in the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry Cu-Au district, southern Mongolia. Gondwana Research 2011, 19:764-787.
83. Wan B., Zhang L.C., Xu X.W., Sun H. Geochemical characteristics of volcanic, sub-volcanic rocks in Xiaoshitouquan copper polymetallic deposit, Eastern Tianshan, and its metallogenic setting. Acta Petrologica Sinaca 2006, 22:2711-2718. (in Chinese with English abstract).
84. Wang J. Soft sedimentary structure and its geo-significance of Shuangbaotang formation in Xiadong region of corridor - Beishan, Gansu. Acta Geologica Gansu 2004, 13:61-66. (in Chinese with English abstract).
85. Wang Q., Wyman D.A., Zhao Z.H., Xu J.F., Zheng H.B., Xiong X.L., Dai D.X., Li H.C., Chu Z.Y. Petogenesis of Carboniferous adakites and Nb-enriched arc basalts in the Alataw area, northern Tianshan range (western China): implications for Phanerozoic crustal growth in the central Asia orogenic belt. Chemical Geology 2007, 236:42-64.
86. Windley B.F., Alexeiev D., Xiao W.J., Kröner A., Badafrch G. Tectonic models for accretion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Journal of the Geological Society, London 2007, 164:31-47.
87. Xiao W.J., Windley B.F., Huang B.C., Han C.M., Yuan C., Chen H.L., Sun M., Sun S., Li J.L. End-Permian to mid-Triassic termination of the accretionary processes of the southern Altaids: implications for the geodynamic evolution, Phanerozoic continental growth, and metallogeny of Central Asia. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2009, 98:1189-1217.
88. Xiao W.J., Huang B.C., Han C.M., Sun S., Li J.L. A review of the western part of the Altaids: a key to understanding the architecture of accretionary orogens. Gondwana Research 2010, 18:253-273.
89. Xiao W.J., Mao Q.G., Windley B.F., Qu J.F., Zhang J.E., Ao S.J., Guo Q.Q., Cleven N.R., Lin S.F., Shan Y.H., Li J.L. Paleozoic multiple accretionary and collisional processes of the Beishan orogenic collage. American Journal of Science 2010, 310:1553-1594.
90. Xu B., Charvet J., Zhang F. Primary study on petrology and geochronology of blueschists in Sunitezuoqi, northern Inner Mongolia. Chinese Journal of Geology 2001, 36:424-434.
91. Yan Z., Wang Z.Q., Wang T., Yan Q.R., Xiao W.J., Li J.L. Provenance and tectonic setting of clastic deposits in the Devonian Xicheng Basin, Qinling Orogen, central China. Journal of Sedimentary Research 2006, 76:557-574.
92. Yan Z., Wang Z.Q., Yan Q.R., Wang T., Xiao W.J., Li J.L., Han F., Chen J., Yang Y. Devonian sedimentary environments and provenance of the Qinling Orogen: constraints on Late Paleozoic southward accretionary tectonics of the North China craton. International Geology Review 2006, 48:585-618.
93. Yan Z., Xiao W.J., Wang Z.Q., Li J.L. Integrated analyses constraining the provenance of sandstones, mudstones and conglomerates, a case study: the Laojunshan Conglomerate, Qilian orogen, NW China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2007, 44:961-986.
94. Yan Z., Wang Z., Chen J., Yan Q., Wang T., Zhang Y. Geochemistry and SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of amphibolites from the Dengfeng Group in the Wuguan area, North Qinling terrane and their tectonic significance. Acta Geologica Sinica 2009, 84:1633-1646.
95. Yan Z., Wang Z., Chen J., Yan Q., Wang T. Detrital record of Neoproterozoic arc-magmatism along the NW margin of the Yangtze Block, China: U-Pb geochronology and petrography of sandstones. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2010, 37:322-334.
96. Zhang X. Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Qilian and Beishan orogenic belt in Gansu, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia. Acta Geologica Gansu 1993, 2:80-86.
97. Zhang Z., Zhou G., Kusky T.M., Yan S., Chen B., Zhao L. Late Paleozoic volcanic record of the Eastern Junggar terrane, Xinjiang, Northwestern China: major and trace element characteristics, Sr-Nd isotopic systematics and implications for tectonic evolution. Gondwana Research 2009, 16:201-215.
98. Zhang, J.E., Xiao, W.J., Han, C.M., Ao, S.J., Yuan, C., Sun, M., Geng, H.Y., Zhao, G.C., Guo, Q.Q., Ma, C.Q., in press. Kinematics and age constraints of deformation in a Late Carboniferous accretionary complex in Western Junggar, NW China. Gondwana Research 19, 958-974.
99. Zhao Z.H., Guo Z.J., Wang Y. Geochronology, geochemical characteristics and tectonic implications of the granitoids from Liuyuan area, Beishan, Gansu province, Northwest China. Acta Petrologica Sinica 2007, 23:1847-1860.
100. Zonenshain, L.P., Kuzmin, M.I., Natapov, L.M., 1990. Geology of the USSR: A Plate Tectonic Synthesis. Geodynamic Series, vol. 21. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, p. 242.
101. Zuo G.C., Zhang S.L., He G.Q., Zhang Y. Early Paleozoic plate tectonics in Beishan area. Scientia Geologica Sinica 1990, 4:305-314.
102. Zuo, G.C., Zhang, S.L., Wang, X., Jin, S.Q., He, G.Q., Zhang, Y., Li, H.C., Bai, W.C., 1990b. Plate tectonics and metallogenic regularities in Beishan region. Peking University Publishing House, p. 226 (in Chinese with English abstract).
103. Zuo G.C., Liu C.Y., Bai W.C., Feng Y.Z. Volcano-molasse geological structure and geochemical signature in Devonian collision orogen in Beishan, Gansu-Inner Mongolia. Acta Geologica Gansu 1995, 4:35-43.
104. Zuo G.C., Liu Y.K., Liu C.Y. Framework and evolution of the tectonic structure in Beishan area across Gansu Province, Xinjiang Autonomous Region and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Acta Geologica Gansu 2003, 12:1-15. (in Chinese with English abstract).