Obesity: From the agricultural revolution to the contemporary pediatric epidemic

Congenital Heart Disease

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 189-199

  Lopez, Keila N ^a   Knudson, Jarrod D ^a  

^a TEXAS CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Leptin; Obesity; Pediatric

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; GHRELIN; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN; RESISTIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

AGRICULTURE; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; EPIDEMIC; GENE; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERLEPTINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PEDIATRICS; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; UNITED STATES; WAIST HIP RATIO;

ADOLESCENT; AGRICULTURE; CHILD; ENERGY INTAKE; EPIDEMICS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; LEPTIN; LIFE STYLE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MORBIDITY; OBESITY; PEDIATRICS; PREVALENCE; UNITED STATES; WESTERN WORLD;

EID: 84858848781     PISSN: 1747079X     EISSN: 17470803     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0803.2011.00618.x     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Grundy SM, Benjamin IJ, Burke GL, etal. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1999;100:1134-1146.
2. Zimmet P, Thomas CR. Genotype, obesity and cardiovascular disease-has technical and social advancement outstripped evolution? J Intern Med. 2003;254:114-125.
3. O'Keefe JH Jr, Cordain L. Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifestyle at odds with our Paleolithic genome: how to become a 21st-century hunter-gatherer. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79:101-108.
4. Eaton SB, Konner M, Shostak M. Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. Am J Med. 1988;84:739-749.
5. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Miller JB, Mann N, Hill K. The paradoxical nature of hunter-gatherer diets: meat-based, yet non-atherogenic. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56 (Suppl 1):S42-S52.
6. Selim J. Extra Helpings for the Holy. Discover. 2004;25:14.
7. Stunkard AJ, LaFleur WR, Wadden TA. Stigmatization of obesity in medieval times: Asia and Europe. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22:1141-1144.
8. Drury CA, Louis M. Exploring the association between body weight, stigma of obesity, and health care avoidance. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2002;14:554-561.
9. Hebl MR, Mannix LM. The weight of obesity in evaluating others: a mere proximity effect. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2003;29:28-38.
10. Hebl MR, King EB, Lin J. The swimsuit becomes us all: ethnicity, gender, and vulnerability to self-objectification. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2004;30:1322-1331.
11. Wang SS, Brownell KD, Wadden TA. The influence of the stigma of obesity on overweight individuals. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28:1333-1337.
12. Cecil RL, Kennedy F. A Textbook of Medicine. Philadelphia, Pa and London: W. B. Saunders Company; 1928.
13. Rony HR. Obesity and Leanness. Philadelphia, Pa: Lea & Febiger; 1940.
14. Harrison T, Beeson P, Resnk W, Thorn G, Wintrobe M. Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: The Blakiston Company; 1950.
15. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Framingham Heart Study. Available at: Accessed November 1, 2011.
16. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature. 1994;372:425-432.
17. Friedman JM, Halaas JL. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature. 1998;395:763-770.
18. Pelleymounter MA, Cullen MJ, Baker MB, etal. Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science. 1995;269:540-543.
19. Masuzaki H, Ogawa Y, Isse N, etal. Human obese gene expression. Adipocyte-specific expression and regional differences in the adipose tissue. Diabetes. 1995;44:855-858.
20. Lonnqvist F, Arner P, Nordfors L, Schalling M. Overexpression of the obese (ob) gene in adipose tissue of human obese subjects. Nat Med. 1995;1:950-953.
21. Dunbar JC, Hu Y, Lu H. Intracerebroventricular leptin increases lumbar and renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in normal rats. Diabetes. 1997;46:2040-2043.
22. Hall JE, Brands MW, Hildebrandt DA, Kuo J, Fitzgerald S. Role of sympathetic nervous system and neuropeptides in obesity hypertension. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000;33:605-618.
23. Haynes WG, Morgan DA, Walsh SA, Mark AL, Sivitz WI. Receptor-mediated regional sympathetic nerve activation by leptin. J Clin Invest. 1997;100:270-278.
24. Matsumura K, Abe I, Tsuchihashi T, Fujishima M. Central effects of leptin on cardiovascular and neurohormonal responses in conscious rabbits. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000;278:R1314-R1320.
25. Ren J. Leptin and hyperleptinemia-from friend to foe for cardiovascular function. J Endocrinol. 2004;181:1-10.
26. Jequier E. Leptin signaling, adiposity, and energy balance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;967:379-388.
27. Legradi G, Emerson CH, Ahima RS, Flier JS, Lechan RM. Leptin prevents fasting-induced suppression of prothyrotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid in neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Endocrinology. 1997;138:2569-2576.
28. Soderberg S, Ahren B, Jansson JH, etal. Leptin is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction. J Intern Med. 1999;246:409-418.
29. Wallace AM, McMahon AD, Packard CJ, etal. Plasma leptin and the risk of cardiovascular disease in the west of Scotland coronary prevention study (WOSCOPS). Circulation. 2001;104:3052-3056.
30. Soderberg S, Stegmayr B, Ahlbeck-Glader C, Slunga-Birgander L, Ahren B, Olsson T. High leptin levels are associated with stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;15:63-69.
31. Wang J, Obici S, Morgan K, Barzilai N, Feng Z, Rossetti L. Overfeeding rapidly induces leptin and insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2001;50:2786-2791.
32. Leyva F, Godsland IF, Ghatei M, etal. Hyperleptinemia as a component of a metabolic syndrome of cardiovascular risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:928-933.
33. Loffreda S, Yang SQ, Lin HZ, etal. Leptin regulates proinflammatory immune responses. FASEB J. 1998;12:57-65.
34. Shamsuzzaman AS, Winnicki M, Wolk R, etal. Independent association between plasma leptin and C-reactive protein in healthy humans. Circulation. 2004;109:2181-2185.
35. Pasceri V, Willerson JT, Yeh ET. Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation. 2000;102:2165-2168.
36. Corsonello A, Perticone F, Malara A, etal. Leptin-dependent platelet aggregation in healthy, overweight and obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27:566-573.
37. Konstantinides S, Schafer K, Koschnick S, Loskutoff DJ. Leptin-dependent platelet aggregation and arterial thrombosis suggests a mechanism for atherothrombotic disease in obesity. J Clin Invest. 2001;108:1533-1540.
38. Schafer K, Halle M, Goeschen C, etal. Leptin promotes vascular remodeling and neointimal growth in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:112-117.
39. Yamagishi SI, Edelstein D, Du XL, Kaneda Y, Guzman M, Brownlee M. Leptin induces mitochondrial superoxide production and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in aortic endothelial cells by increasing fatty acid oxidation via protein kinase A. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:25096-25100.
40. Parhami F, Tintut Y, Ballard A, Fogelman AM, Demer LL. Leptin enhances the calcification of vascular cells: artery wall as a target of leptin. Circ Res. 2001;88:954-960.
41. Oda A, Taniguchi T, Yokoyama M. Leptin stimulates rat aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Kobe J Med Sci. 2001;47:141-150.
42. Knudson JD, Dincer UD, Zhang C, etal. Leptin receptors are expressed in coronary arteries, and hyperleptinemia causes significant coronary endothelial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;289:H48-H56.
43. Payne GA, Borbouse L, Kumar S, etal. Epicardial perivascular adipose-derived leptin exacerbates coronary endothelial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome via a protein kinase C-beta pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30:1711-1717.
44. Payne GA, Kohr MC, Tune JD. Epicardial perivascular adipose tissue as a therapeutic target in obesity-related coronary artery disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2011 March 24 [Epub ahead of print].
45. Kagan A, Haran N, Leschinsky L, etal. Serum concentrations of leptin in heart, liver and kidney transplant recipients. Isr Med Assoc J. 2002;4:213-217.
46. Henry P, Thomas F, Benetos A, Guize L. Impaired fasting glucose, blood pressure and cardiovascular disease mortality. Hypertension. 2002;40:458-463.
47. Grundy SM. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002;105:2696-2698.
48. Nahser PJ Jr, Brown RE, Oskarsson H, Winniford MD, Rossen JD. Maximal coronary flow reserve and metabolic coronary vasodilation in patients with diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 1995;91:635-640.
49. Grundy SM. Inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and diet responsiveness. Circulation. 2003;108:126-128.
50. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Lamb MM, Flegal KM. Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2007-2008. JAMA. 2010;303:242-249.
51. Singh AS, Mulder C, Twisk JW, van Mechelen W, Chinapaw MJ. Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2008;9:474-488.
52. Cruz ML, Shaibi GQ, Weigensberg MJ, Spruijt-Metz D, Ball GD, Goran MI. Pediatric obesity and insulin resistance: chronic disease risk and implications for treatment and prevention beyond body weight modification. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:435-468.
53. Pinhas-Hamiel O, Zeitler P. Insulin resistance, obesity, and related disorders among black adolescents. J Pediatr. 1996;129:319-320.
54. Shaibi GQ, Goran MI. Examining metabolic syndrome definitions in overweight Hispanic youth: a focus on insulin resistance. J Pediatr. 2008;152:171-176.
55. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA. 2010;303:235-241.
56. Finkelstein EA, Trogdon JG, Cohen JW, Dietz W. Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: payer-and service-specific estimates. Health Aff (Millwood). 2009;28:w822-w831.
57. Sturm R. The effects of obesity, smoking, and drinking on medical problems and costs. Health Aff (Millwood). 2002;21:245-253.
58. Spruijt-Metz D. Etiology, treatment and prevention of obesity in childhood and adolescence: a decade in review. J Res Adolesc. 2011;21:129-152.
59. Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1728-1732.
60. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA. 2006;295:1549-1555.
61. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. High body mass index for age among US children and adolescents, 2003-2006. JAMA. 2008;299:2401-2405.
62. Power C, Jefferis BJ. Fetal environment and subsequent obesity: a study of maternal smoking. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31:413-419.
63. Agras WS, Hammer LD, McNicholas F, Kraemer HC. Risk factors for childhood overweight: a prospective study from birth to 9.5 years. J Pediatr. 2004;145:20-25.
64. Singh GK, Siahpush M, Kogan MD. Rising social inequalities in US childhood obesity, 2003-2007. Ann Epidemiol. 2010;20:40-52.
65. Shrewsbury V, Wardle J. Socioeconomic status and adiposity in childhood: a systematic review of cross-sectional studies 1990-2005. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16:275-284.
66. Eisenmann JC, Bartee RT, Wang MQ. Physical activity, TV viewing, and weight in U.S. youth: 1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Obes Res. 2002;10:379-385.
67. Bergman RN, Ader M, Huecking K, Van CG. Accurate assessment of beta-cell function: the hyperbolic correction. Diabetes. 2002;51(Suppl 1):S212-S220.
68. Eisenmann JC. Physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents: an overview. Can J Cardiol. 2004;20:295-301.
69. Troiano RP, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, Masse LC, Tilert T, McDowell M. Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:181-188.
70. Morland K, Diez Roux AV, Wing S. Supermarkets, other food stores, and obesity: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am J Prev Med. 2006;30:333-339.
71. van der Horst K, Oenema A, Ferreira I, etal. A systematic review of environmental correlates of obesity-related dietary behaviors in youth. Health Educ Res. 2007;22:203-226.
72. Story M, Kaphingst KM, Robinson-O'Brien R, Glanz K. Creating healthy food and eating environments: policy and environmental approaches. Annu Rev Public Health. 2008;29:253-272.
73. Kubik MY, Lytle LA, Hannan PJ, Perry CL, Story M. The association of the school food environment with dietary behaviors of young adolescents. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:1168-1173.
74. Fox MK, Dodd AH, Wilson A, Gleason PM. Association between school food environment and practices and body mass index of US public school children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(Suppl):S108-S117.
75. Calamaro CJ, Mason TB, Ratcliffe SJ. Adolescents living the 24/7 lifestyle: effects of caffeine and technology on sleep duration and daytime functioning. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e1005-e1010.
76. Bruusgaard D, Smedbraten BK, Natvig B. Bodily pain, sleep problems and mental distress in schoolchildren. Acta Paediatr. 2000;89:597-600.
77. Sekine M, Yamagami T, Handa K, etal. A dose-response relationship between short sleeping hours and childhood obesity: results of the Toyama Birth Cohort Study. Child Care Health Dev. 2002;28:163-170.
78. Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Van CE. Brief communication: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:846-850.
79. Baum A, Garofalo JP, Yali AM. Socioeconomic status and chronic stress. Does stress account for SES effects on health? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;896:131-144.
80. Nguyen-Rodriguez ST, Chou CP, Unger JB, Spruijt-Metz D. BMI as a moderator of perceived stress and emotional eating in adolescents. Eat Behav. 2008;9:238-246.
81. Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R. Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obes Rev. 2004;5(Suppl 1):4-104.
82. Gordon-Larsen P, Adair LS, Popkin BM. The relationship of ethnicity, socioeconomic factors, and overweight in US adolescents. Obes Res. 2003;11:121-129.
83. Ver PM, Mancino L, Lin BH, Guthrie J. US food assistance programs and trends in children's weight. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2008;3:22-30.
84. Dunton GF, Kaplan J, Wolch J, Jerrett M, Reynolds KD. Physical environmental correlates of childhood obesity: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2009;10:393-402.
85. Ferreira I, van der Horst K, Wendel-Vos W, Kremers S, van Lenthe FJ, Brug J. Environmental correlates of physical activity in youth-a review and update. Obes Rev. 2007;8:129-154.
86. Story M, Nanney MS, Schwartz MB. Schools and obesity prevention: creating school environments and policies to promote healthy eating and physical activity. Milbank Q. 2009;87:71-100.
87. Dahmann N, Wolch J, Joassart-Marcelli P, Reynolds K, Jerrett M. The active city? Disparities in provision of urban public recreation resources. Health Place. 2010;16:431-445.
88. Klein JD, Sesselberg TS, Johnson MS, etal. Adoption of body mass index guidelines for screening and counseling in pediatric practice. Pediatrics. 2010;125:265-272.