New Insights into the Regulation of RNP Granule Assembly in Oocytes

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology

Volumn 295, Issue , 2012, Pages 233-289

  Schisa, Jennifer ^a  

^a CENTRAL MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Germ granules; Oocytes; P bodies; P granules; Polar granules; RNP granules; Sponge bodies; Translational regulation

Indexed keywords

ARGONAUTE PROTEIN; DEAD BOX PROTEIN; DICER; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; MESSENGER RNA; MICRORNA; PIWI PROTEIN; PROTEIN SM; RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN; RIBOSOME RNA; RNA; SURVIVAL MOTOR NEURON PROTEIN;

3' UNTRANSLATED REGION; ARTICLE; AUBERGINE; BALBIANI BODY; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CELL COMPOSITION; CELL DIVISION; CELL NUCLEUS MEMBRANE; CELL ORGANELLE; CELL SIZE; CELL STRUCTURE; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CHICKEN; CYTOPLASM; CYTOSKELETON; DROSOPHILA; EMBRYO CELL; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; FERTILITY; FERTILIZATION; GERMLINE MICRONUCLEUS; GOLGI COMPLEX; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; LAMELLAR BODY; MAMMAL; MEIOSIS; MICROTUBULE; MITOCHONDRION; MORPHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX; OOCYTE; OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT; OOCYTE MATURATION; PRIMORDIAL GERM CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; RNA DEGRADATION; RNA METABOLISM; RNA SPLICING; RNA STABILITY; RNA TRANSLATION; RNA TRANSPORT; WORM; XENOPUS; ZEBRA FISH;

ANIMALIA; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; DANIO RERIO; FUNGI;

EID: 84858837895     PISSN: 19376448     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-394306-4.00013-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (268)

1. Amikura R., Hanyu K., Kashikawa M., Kobayashi S. Tudor protein is essential for the localization of mitochondrial RNAs in polar granules of Drosophila embryos. Mech. Dev. 2001, 107:97-104.
2. Amiri A., Keiper B.D., Kawasaki I., Fan Y., Kohara Y., Rhoads R.E., et al. An isoform of eIF4E is a component of germ granules and is required for spermatogenesis in C. elegans. Development 2001, 128:3899-3912.
3. Anantharaman V., Aravind L. Novel conserved domains in proteins with predicted roles in eukaryotic cell-cycle regulation, decapping and RNA stability. BMC Genomics 2004, 5:45.
4. Anderson P., Kedersha N. RNA granules: post-transcriptional and epigenetic modulators of gene expression. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2009, 10:430-436.
5. Andrei M.A., Ingelfinger D., Heintzmann R., Achsel T., Rivera-Pomar R., Luhrmann R. A role for eIF4E and eIF4E-transporter in targeting mRNPs to mammalian processing bodies. RNA 2005, 11:717-727.
6. Anne J. Targeting and anchoring Tudor in the pole plasm of the Drosophila oocyte. PLoS One 2010, 5:e14362.
7. Anne J., Ollo R., Ephrussi A., Mechler B.M. Arginine methyltransferase Capsuleen is essential for methylation of spliceosomal Sm proteins and germ cell formation in Drosophila. Development 2007, 134:137-146.
8. Aravin A.A., Hannon G.J., Brennecke J. The Piwi-piRNA pathway provides an adaptive defense in the transposon arms race. Science 2007, 318:761-764.
9. Arkov A.L., Ramos A. Building RNA-protein granules: insight from the germline. Trends Cell Biol. 2010, 20:482-490.
10. Arthur P.K., Claussen M., Koch S., Tarbashevich K., Jahn O., Pieler T. Participation of Xenopus Elr-type proteins in vegetal mRNA localization during oogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284:19982-19992.
11. Ashburner M., Gubb D. Chaotic names. Nature 1989, 339:264.
12. Audhya A., Hyndman F., McLeod I.X., Maddox A.S., Yates J.R., Desai A., Oegema K. A complex containing the Sm protein CAR-1 and the RNA helicase CGH-1 is required for embryonic cytokinesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Cell Biol 2005, 171:267-279.
13. Barbee S.A., Lublin A.L., Evans T.C. A novel function for the Sm proteins in germ granule localization during C. elegans embryogenesis. Curr. Biol. 2002, 12:1502-1506.
14. Barbee S.A., Estes P.S., Cziko A.M., Hillebrand J., Luedeman R.A., Coller J.M., et al. Staufen- and FMRP-containing neuronal RNPs are structurally and functionally related to somatic P bodies. Neuron 2006, 52:997-1009.
15. Bastock R., St Johnston D. Drosophila oogenesis. Curr. Biol. 2008, 18:R1082-R1087.
16. Batista P.J., Ruby J.G., Claycomb J.M., Chiang R., Fahlgren N., Kasschau K.D., et al. PRG-1 and 21U-RNAs interact to form the piRNA complex required for fertility in C. elegans. Mol. Cell 2008, 31:67-78.
17. Becalska A.N., Gavis E.R. Lighting up mRNA localization in Drosophila oogenesis. Development 2009, 136:2493-2503.
18. Benda C. Neue Mitteilungen über die Entvickelung der Genitaldrüsen und die Metamorphose der Samenzellen (Histogenese der Spermatozoen) Verhandlungen der Berliner Physiologischen Gesellschaft. Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie 1891, 1891:549-552.
19. Berleth T., Burri M., Thoma G., Bopp D., Richstein S., Frigerio G., et al. The role of localization of bicoid RNA in organizing the anterior pattern of the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J. 1988, 7:1749-1756.
20. Bertrand E., Chartrand P., Schaefer M., Shenoy S.M., Singer R.H., Long R.M. Localization of ASH1 mRNA particles in living yeast. Mol. Cell 1998, 2:437-445.
21. Beshore E.L., McEwen T.J., Jud M.C., Marshall J.K., Schisa J.A., Bennett K.L. C. elegans Dicer interacts with the P-granule component GLH-1 and both regulate germline RNPs. Dev. Biol. 2011, 350:370-381.
22. Besse F., Lopez de Quinto S., Marchand V., Trucco A., Ephrussi A. Drosophila PTB promotes formation of high-order RNP particles and represses oskar translation. Genes Dev. 2009, 23:195-207.
23. Bhattacharyya S.N., Habermacher R., Martine U., Closs E.I., Filipowicz W. Stress-induced reversal of microRNA repression and mRNA P-body localization in human cells. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 2006, 71:513-521.
24. Biggiogera M., Fakan S., Leser G., Martin T.E., Gordon J. Immunoelectron microscopical visualization of ribonucleoproteins in the chromatoid body of mouse spermatids. Mol. Reprod. Dev 1990, 26:150-158.
25. Billett F.S., Adam E. The structure of the mitochondrial cloud of Xenopus laevis oocytes. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol 1976, 36:697-710.
26. Boag P.R., Nakamura A., Blackwell T.K. A conserved RNA-protein complex component involved in physiological germline apoptosis regulation in C. elegans. Development 2005, 132:4975-4986.
27. Boag P.R., Atalay A., Robida S., Reinke V., Blackwell T.K. Protection of specific maternal messenger RNAs by the P body protein CGH-1 (Dhh1/RCK) during Caenorhabditis elegans oogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 2008, 182:543-557.
28. Bontems F., Stein A., Marlow F., Lyautey J., Gupta T., Mullins M.C., et al. Bucky ball organizes germ plasm assembly in zebrafish. Curr. Biol. 2009, 19:414-422.
29. Bounoure L. Recherches sur la lignée germinale chez la Grenouille rousse aux premiers stades du développment. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1934, 17:67-248.
30. Braat A.K., Yan N., Arn E., Harrison D., Macdonald P.M. Localization-dependent oskar protein accumulation; control after the initiation of translation. Dev. Cell 2004, 7:125-131.
31. Breitwieser W., Markussen F.H., Horstmann H., Ephrussi A. Oskar protein interaction with Vasa represents an essential step in polar granule assembly. Genes Dev. 1996, 10:2179-2188.
32. Brengues M., Teixeira D., Parker R. Movement of eukaryotic mRNAs between polysomes and cytoplasmic processing bodies. Science 2005, 310:486-489.
33. Brennecke J., Malone C.D., Aravin A.A., Sachidanandam R., Stark A., Hannon G.J. An epigenetic role for maternally inherited piRNAs in transposon silencing. Science 2008, 322:1387-1392.
34. Buchan J.R., Yoon J.H., Parker R. Stress-specific composition, assembly and kinetics of stress granules in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Sci. 2011, 124:228-239.
35. Caceres L., Nilson L.A. Production of gurken in the nurse cells is sufficient for axis determination in the Drosophila oocyte. Development 2005, 132:2345-2353.
36. Cao Q., Richter J.D. Dissolution of the maskin-eIF4E complex by cytoplasmic polyadenylation and poly(A)-binding protein controls cyclin B1 mRNA translation and oocyte maturation. EMBO J 2002, 21:3852-3862.
37. Castagnetti S., Ephrussi A. Orb and a long poly(A) tail are required for efficient oskar translation at the posterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte. Development 2003, 130:835-843.
38. Chan A.P., Kloc M., Bilinski S., Etkin L.D. The vegetally localized mRNA fatvg is associated with the germ plasm in the early embryo and is later expressed in the fat body. Mech. Dev. 2001, 100:137-140.
39. Chang J.S., Tan L., Schedl P. The Drosophila CPEB homolog, orb, is required for oskar protein expression in oocytes. Dev. Biol 1999, 215:91-106.
40. Chekulaeva M., Hentze M.W., Ephrussi A. Bruno acts as a dual repressor of oskar translation, promoting mRNA oligomerization and formation of silencing particles. Cell 2006, 124:521-533.
41. Chemes H.E., Fawcett D.W., Dym M. Unusual features of the nuclear envelope in human spermatogenic cells. Anat. Rec. 1978, 192:493-512.
42. Chu C.Y., Rana T.M. Translation repression in human cells by microRNA-induced gene silencing requires RCK/p54. PLoS Biol 2006, 4:e210.
43. Chuma S., Hiyoshi M., Yamamoto A., Hosokawa M., Takamune K., Nakatsuji N. Mouse Tudor Repeat-1 (MTR-1) is a novel component of chromatoid bodies/nuages in male germ cells and forms a complex with snRNPs. Mech. Dev. 2003, 120:979-990.
44. Chuma S., Hosokawa M., Tanaka T., Nakatsuji N. Ultrastructural characterization of spermatogenesis and its evolutionary conservation in the germline: germinal granules in mammals. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2009, 306:17-23.
45. Clark A., Meignin C., Davis I. A Dynein-dependent shortcut rapidly delivers axis determination transcripts into the Drosophila oocyte. Development 2007, 134:1955-1965.
46. Claycomb J.M., Batista P.J., Pang K.M., Gu W., Vasale J.J., van Wolfswinkel J.C., et al. The Argonaute CSR-1 and its 22G-RNA cofactors are required for holocentric chromosome segregation. Cell 2009, 139:123-134.
47. Clouse K.N., Ferguson S.B., Schupbach T. Squid, Cup, and PABP55B function together to regulate gurken translation in Drosophila. Dev. Biol 2008, 313:713-724.
48. Colegrove-Otero L.J., Devaux A., Standart N. The Xenopus ELAV protein ElrB represses Vg1 mRNA translation during oogenesis. Mol. Cell Biol. 2005, 25:9028-9039.
49. Cougot N., Babajko S., Seraphin B. Cytoplasmic foci are sites of mRNA decay in human cells. J. Cell Biol. 2004, 165:31-40.
50. Cox R.T., Spradling A.C. A Balbiani body and the fusome mediate mitochondrial inheritance during Drosophila oogenesis. Development 2003, 130:1579-1590.
51. Decker C.J., Parker R. CAR-1 and trailer hitch: driving mRNP granule function at the ER?. J. Cell Biol. 2006, 173:159-163.
52. Delanoue R., Herpers B., Soetaert J., Davis I., Rabouille C. Drosophila Squid/hnRNP helps Dynein switch from a gurken mRNA transport motor to an ultrastructural static anchor in sponge bodies. Dev. Cell 2007, 13:523-538.
53. Draper B.W., Mello C.C., Bowerman B., Hardin J., Priess J.R. MEX-3 is a KH domain protein that regulates blastomere identity in early C. elegans embryos. Cell 1996, 87:205-216.
54. Eckmann C.R., Kraemer B., Wickens M., Kimble J. GLD-3, a bicaudal-C homolog that inhibits FBF to control germline sex determination in C. elegans. Dev. Cell 2002, 3:697-710.
55. Eddy E.M., Ito S. Fine structural and radioautographic observations on dense perinuclear cytoplasmic material in tadpole oocytes. J. Cell Biol. 1971, 49:90-108.
56. Eddy E.M. Germ plasm and the differentiation of the germ cell line. Int. Rev. Cytol 1975, 43:229-280.
57. Eulalio A., Behm-Ansmant I., Schweizer D., Izaurralde E. P-body formation is a consequence, not the cause, of RNA-mediated gene silencing. Mol. Cell Biol 2007, 27:3970-3981.
58. Fan S.J., Marchand V., Ephrussi A. Drosophila Ge-1 promotes P body formation and oskar mRNA localization. PLoS One 2011, 6:e20612.
59. Fawcett D.W., Eddy E.M., Phillips D.M. Observations on the fine structure and relationships of the chromatoid body in mammalian spermatogenesis. Biol. Reprod. 1970, 2:129-153.
60. Ferraiuolo M.A., Basak S., Dostie J., Murray E.L., Schoenberg D.R., Sonenberg N. A role for the eIF4E-binding protein 4E-T in P-body formation and mRNA decay. J. Cell Biol. 2005, 170:913-924.
61. Ferrandon D., Elphick L., Nusslein-Volhard C., St Johnston D. Staufen protein associates with the 3'UTR of bicoid mRNA to form particles that move in a microtubule-dependent manner. Cell 1994, 79:1221-1232.
62. Figueroa J., Burzio L.O. Polysome-like structures in the chromatoid body of rat spermatids. Cell Tissue Res. 1998, 291:575-579.
63. Filardo P., Ephrussi A. Bruno regulates gurken during Drosophila oogenesis. Mech. Dev 2003, 120:289-297.
64. Findley S.D., Tamanaha M., Clegg N.J., Ruohola-Baker H. Maelstrom, a Drosophila spindle-class gene, encodes a protein that colocalizes with Vasa and RDE1/AGO1 homolog, Aubergine, in nuage. Development 2003, 130:859-871.
65. Fischer N., Weis K. The DEAD box protein Dhh1 stimulates the decapping enzyme Dcp1. EMBO J. 2002, 21:2788-2797.
66. Flemr M., Svoboda P. Ribonucleoprotein localization in mouse oocytes. Methods 2010, 53:136-141.
67. Flemr M., Ma J., Schultz R.M., Svoboda P. P-body loss is concomitant with formation of a messenger RNA storage domain in mouse oocytes. Biol. Reprod. 2010, 82:1008-1017.
68. Forristall C., Pondel M., Chen L., King M.L. Patterns of localization and cytoskeletal association of two vegetally localized RNAs, Vg1 and Xcat-2. Development 1995, 121:201-208.
69. Fukui A., Komazaki S., Miyoshi O., Asashima M. Immunocytochemical study of activin type IB receptor (XALK4) in Xenopus oocytes. Dev. Growth Differ. 2003, 45:113-119.
70. Gard D.L. Organization, nucleation, and acetylation of microtubules in Xenopus laevis oocytes: a study by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Dev. Biol 1991, 143:346-362.
71. Gard D.L., Cha B.J., King E. The organization and animal-vegetal asymmetry of cytokeratin filaments in stage VI Xenopus oocytes is dependent upon F-actin and microtubules. Dev. Biol. 1997, 184:95-114.
72. Geigy R. Action de l'ultra-violet sur le pole germinale dans l'ouef de Drosophila melanogaster. Rev. Suisse Zool 1931, 38:187-288.
73. Gingras A.C., Gygi S.P., Raught B., Polakiewicz R.D., Abraham R.T., Hoekstra M.F., et al. Regulation of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation: a novel two-step mechanism. Genes Dev 1999, 13:1422-1437.
74. Ginter-Matuszewska B., Kusz K., Spik A., Grzeszkowiak D., Rembiszewska A., Kupryjanczyk J., et al. NANOS1 and PUMILIO2 bind microRNA biogenesis factor GEMIN3, within chromatoid body in human germ cells. Histochem. Cell Biol. 2011, 136:279-287.
75. Grivna S.T., Pyhtila B., Lin H. MIWI associates with translational machinery and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in regulating spermatogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:13415-13420.
76. Groisman I., Huang Y.S., Mendez R., Cao Q., Theurkauf W., Richter J.D. CPEB, maskin, and cyclin B1 mRNA at the mitotic apparatus: implications for local translational control of cell division. Cell 2000, 103:435-447.
77. Gruidl M.E., Smith P.A., Kuznicki K.A., McCrone J.S., Kirchner J., Roussell D.L., et al. Multiple potential germ-line helicases are components of the germ-line-specific P granules of Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93:13837-13842.
78. Gu W., Shirayama M., Conte D., Vasale J., Batista P.J., Claycomb J.M., et al. Distinct argonaute-mediated 22G-RNA pathways direct genome surveillance in the C. elegans germline. Mol. Cell 2009, 36:231-244.
79. Guedes S., Priess J.R. The C. elegans MEX-1 protein is present in germline blastomeres and is a P granule component. Development 1997, 124:731-739.
80. Gupta T., Marlow F.L., Ferriola D., Mackiewicz K., Dapprich J., Monos D., et al. Microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 regulates the Balbiani body and animal-vegetal polarity of the zebrafish oocyte. PLoS Genet. 2010, 6:e1001073.
81. Hanazawa M., Yonetani M., Sugimoto A. PGL proteins self associate and bind RNPs to mediate germ granule assembly in C. elegans. J. Cell Biol. 2011, 192:929-937.
82. Harris A.N., Macdonald P.M. Aubergine encodes a Drosophila polar granule component required for pole cell formation and related to eIF2C. Development 2001, 128:2823-2832.
83. Harris J.E., Govindan J.A., Yamamoto I., Schwartz J., Kaverina I., Greenstein D. Major sperm protein signaling promotes oocyte microtubule reorganization prior to fertilization in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol. 2006, 299:105-121.
84. Hay B., Jan L.Y., Jan Y.N. A protein component of Drosophila polar granules is encoded by vasa and has extensive sequence similarity to ATP-dependent helicases. Cell 1988, 55:577-587.
85. Hay B., Ackerman L., Barbel S., Yan L.Y., Jan Y.N. Identification of a component of Drosophila polar granules. Development 1988, 103:625-640.
86. Heasman J., Quarmby J., Wylie C.C. The mitochondrial cloud of Xenopus oocytes: the source of germinal granule material. Dev. Biol. 1984, 105:458-469.
87. Hegner R.W. The germ cell determinants in the eggs of chrysomelid beetles. Science 1911, 33:71-72.
88. Heinrich B., Deshler J.O. RNA localization to the Balbiani body in Xenopus oocytes is regulated by the energy state of the cell and is facilitated by kinesin II. RNA 2009, 15:524-536.
89. Hertig A.T. The primary human oocyte: some observations on the fine structure of Balbiani's vitelline body and the origin of the annulate lamellae. Am. J. Anat 1968, 122:107-137.
90. Hertig A.T., Adams E.C. Studies on the human oocyte and its follicle. I. Ultrastructural and histochemical observations on the primordial follicle stage. J. Cell Biol 1967, 34:647-675.
91. Herget J., Wilhelm J., Novotna J., Eckhardt A., Vytasek R., Mrazkova L., Ostadal M. A possible role of the oxidant tissue injury in the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Physiol. Res 2000, 49:493-501.
92. Hernandez G., Altmann M., Sierra J.M., Urlaub H., Diez del Corral R., Schwartz P., Rivera-Pomar R. Functional analysis of seven genes encoding eight translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) isoforms in Drosophila. Mech. Dev 2005, 122:529-543.
93. Hess R.A., Miller L.A., Kirby J.D., Margoliash E., Goldberg E. Immunoelectron microscopic localization of testicular and somatic cytochromes c in the seminiferous epithelium of the rat. Biol. Reprod. 1993, 48:1299-1308.
94. Houston D.W., King M.L. A critical role for Xdazl, a germ plasm-localized RNA, in the differentiation of primordial germ cells in Xenopus. Development 2000, 127:447-456.
95. Houston D.W., Zhang J., Maines J.Z., Wasserman S.A., King M.L. A Xenopus DAZ-like gene encodes an RNA component of germ plasm and is a functional homologue of Drosophila boule. Development 1998, 125:171-180.
96. Houwing S., Kamminga L.M., Berezikov E., Cronembold D., Girard A., van den Elst H., et al. A role for Piwi and piRNAs in germ cell maintenance and transposon silencing in Zebrafish. Cell 2007, 129:69-82.
97. Houwing S., Berezikov E., Ketting R.F. Zili is required for germ cell differentiation and meiosis in zebrafish. EMBO J. 2008, 27:2702-2711.
98. Huang H.Y., Houwing S., Kaaij L.J., Meppelink A., Redl S., Gauci S., et al. Tdrd1 acts as a molecular scaffold for Piwi proteins and piRNA targets in zebrafish. EMBO J. 2011, 30:3298-3308.
99. Huang L., Mollet S., Souquere S., Le Roy F., Ernoult-Lange M., Pierron G., et al. Mitochondria associate with P-bodies and modulate microRNA-mediated RNA interference. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286:24219-24230.
100. Hudson C., Woodland H.R. Xpat, a gene expressed specifically in germ plasm and primordial germ cells of Xenopus laevis. Mech. Dev. 1998, 73:159-168.
101. Illmensee K., Mahowald A.P. Transplantation of posterior polar plasm in Drosophila. Induction of germ cells at the anterior pole of the egg. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1974, 71:1016-1020.
102. Ingelfinger D., Arndt-Jovin D.J., Luhrmann R., Achsel T. The human LSm1-7 proteins colocalize with the mRNA-degrading enzymes Dcp1/2 and Xrnl in distinct cytoplasmic foci. RNA 2002, 8:1489-1501.
103. Jin Z., Xie T. Dcr-1 maintains Drosophila ovarian stem cells. Curr. Biol 2007, 17:539-544.
104. Johnstone O., Lasko P. Interaction with eIF5B is essential for Vasa function during development. Development 2004, 131:4167-4178.
105. Jud M., Razelun J., Bickel J., Czerwinski M., Schisa J.A. Conservation of large foci formation in arrested oocytes of Caenorhabditis nematodes. Dev. Genes Evol. 2007, 217:221-226.
106. Jud M.C., Czerwinski M.J., Wood M.P., Young R.A., Gallo C.M., Bickel J.S., et al. Large P body-like RNPs form in C. elegans oocytes in response to arrested ovulation, heat shock, osmotic stress, and anoxia and are regulated by the major sperm protein pathway. Dev. Biol. 2008, 318:38-51.
107. Kalt M.R. Cytoplasmic inclusions in Xenopus spermatogenic cells. Ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis of the action of antimitotic agents on subcellular elements. J. Cell Sci 1977, 28:15-28.
108. Kambach C., Walke S., Young R., Avis J.M., de la Fortelle E., Raker V.A., et al. Crystal structures of two Sm protein complexes and their implications for the assembly of the spliceosomal snRNPs. Cell 1999, 96:375-387.
109. Kawasaki I., Shim Y.H., Kirchner J., Kaminker J., Wood W.B., Strome S. PGL-1, a predicted RNA-binding component of germ granules, is essential for fertility in C. elegans. Cell 1998, 94:635-645.
110. Kawasaki I., Amiri A., Fan Y., Meyer N., Dunkelbarger S., Motohashi T., et al. The PGL family proteins associate with germ granules and function redundantly in Caenorhabditis elegans germline development. Genetics 2004, 167:645-661.
111. Kedersha N.L., Gupta M., Li W., Miller I., Anderson P. RNA-binding proteins TIA-1 and TIAR link the phosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha to the assembly of mammalian stress granules. J. Cell Biol. 1999, 147:1431-1442.
112. Kedersha N., Cho M.R., Li W., Yacono P.W., Chen S., Gilks N., et al. Dynamic shuttling of TIA-1 accompanies the recruitment of mRNA to mammalian stress granules. J. Cell Biol. 2000, 151:1257-1268.
113. Kedersha N., Stoecklin G., Ayodele M., Yacono P., Lykke-Andersen J., Fritzler M.J., et al. Stress granules and processing bodies are dynamically linked sites of mRNP remodeling. J. Cell Biol. 2005, 169:871-884.
114. Kessel R.G. Annulate lamellae: a last frontier in cellular organelles. Int. Rev. Cytol. 1992, 133:43-120.
115. Kim-Ha J., Kerr K., Macdonald P.M. Translational regulation of oskar mRNA by bruno, an ovarian RNA-binding protein, is essential. Cell 1995, 81:403-412.
116. King M.L., Zhou Y., Bubunenko M. Polarizing genetic information in the egg: RNA localization in the frog oocyte. Bioessays 1999, 21:546-557.
117. Kirino Y., Vourekas A., Sayed N., de Lima Alves F., Thomson T., Lasko P., et al. Arginine methylation of Aubergine mediates Tudor binding and germ plasm localization. RNA 2009, 16:70-78.
118. Kloc M., Chang A.P. Centroid, a novel putative DEAD-box RNA helicase maternal mRNA, is localized in the mitochondrial cloud in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 2007, 51:701-706.
119. Kloc M., Etkin L.D. Delocalization of Vg1 mRNA from the vegetal cortex in Xenopus oocytes after destruction of Xlsirt RNA. Science 1994, 265:1101-1103.
120. Kloc M., Etkin L.D. Two distinct pathways for the localization of RNAs at the vegetal cortex in Xenopus oocytes. Development 1995, 121:287-297.
121. Kloc M., Etkin L.D. Apparent continuity between the messenger transport organizer and late RNA localization pathways during oogenesis in Xenopus. Mech. Dev. 1998, 73:95-106.
122. Kloc M., Spohr G., Etkin L.D. Translocation of repetitive RNA sequences with the germ plasm in Xenopus oocytes. Science 1993, 262:1712-1714.
123. Kloc M., Dougherty M.T., Bilinski S., Chan A.P., Brey E., King M.L., et al. Three-dimensional ultrastructural analysis of RNA distribution within germinal granules of Xenopus. Dev. Biol. 2002, 241:79-93.
124. Kloc M., Bilinski S., Etkin L.D. The Balbiani body and germ cell determinants: 150 years later. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 2004, 59:1-36.
125. Kloc M., Wilk K., Vargas D., Shirato Y., Bilinski S., Etkin L.D. Potential structural role of non-coding and coding RNAs in the organization of the cytoskeleton at the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes. Development 2005, 132:3445-3457.
126. Kloc M., Bilinski S., Dougherty M.T. Organization of cytokeratin cytoskeleton and germ plasm in the vegetal cortex of Xenopus laevis oocytes depends on coding and non-coding RNAs: three-dimensional and ultrastructural analysis. Exp. Cell Res. 2007, 313:1639-1651.
127. Knight S.W., Bass B.L. A role for the RNase III enzyme DCR-1 in RNA interference and germ line development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 2001, 293:2269-2271.
128. Kogo N., Tazaki A., Kashino Y., Morichika K., Orii H., Mochii M., et al. Germ-line mitochondria exhibit suppressed respiratory activity to support their accurate transmission to the next generation. Dev. Biol. 2011, 349:462-469.
129. Kosaka K., Kawakami K., Sakamoto H., Inoue K. Spatiotemporal localization of germ plasm RNAs during zebrafish oogenesis. Mech. Dev. 2007, 124:279-289.
130. Kotaja N., Sassone-Corsi P. The chromatoid body: a germ-cell-specific RNA-processing centre. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2007, 8:85-90.
131. Kotaja N., Bhattacharyya S.N., Jaskiewicz L., Kimmins S., Parvinen M., Filipowicz W., et al. The chromatoid body of male germ cells: similarity with processing bodies and presence of Dicer and microRNA pathway components. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:2647-2652.
132. Kotaja N., Lin H., Parvinen M., Sassone-Corsi P. Interplay of PIWI/Argonaute protein MIWI and kinesin KIF17b in chromatoid bodies of male germ cells. J. Cell Sci. 2006, 119:2819-2825.
133. Ku M., Melton D.A. Xwnt-11: a maternally expressed Xenopus wnt gene. Development 1993, 119:1161-1173.
134. Kuramochi-Miyagawa S., Kimura T., Ijiri T.W., Isobe T., Asada N., Fujita Y., et al. Mili, a mammalian member of piwi family gene, is essential for spermatogenesis. Development 2004, 131:839-849.
135. Kuznicki K.A., Smith P.A., Leung-Chiu W.M., Estevez A.O., Scott H.C., Bennett K.L. Combinatorial RNA interference indicates GLH-4 can compensate for GLH-1; these two P granule components are critical for fertility in C. elegans. Development 2000, 127:2907-2916.
136. Ladomery M., Wade E., Sommerville J. Xp54, the Xenopus homologue of human RNA helicase p54, is an integral component of stored mRNP particles in oocytes. Nucleic Acids Res 1997, 25:965-973.
137. Lall S., Piano F., Davis R.E. Caenorhabditis elegans decapping proteins: localization and functional analysis of Dcp1, Dcp2, and DcpS during embryogenesis. Mol. Biol. Cell 2005, 16:5880-5890.
138. Lasko P.F., Ashburner M. Posterior localization of vasa protein correlates with, but is not sufficient for, pole cell development. Genes Dev. 1990, 4:905-921.
139. Lehmann R., Nusslein-Volhard C. The maternal gene nanos has a central role in posterior pattern formation of the Drosophila embryo. Development 1991, 112:679-691.
140. Liang L., Diehl-Jones W., Lasko P. Localization of vasa protein to the Drosophila pole plasm is independent of its RNA-binding and helicase activities. Development 1994, 120:1201-1211.
141. Lie Y.S., Macdonald P.M. Apontic binds the translational repressor Bruno and is implicated in regulation of oskar mRNA translation. Development 1999, 126:1129-1138.
142. Li W., DeBella L.R., Guven-Ozkan T., Lin R., Rose L.S. An eIF4E-binding protein regulates katanin protein levels in C. elegans embryos. J. Cell Biol. 2009, 187:33-42.
143. Lin H., Spradling A.C. A novel group of pumilio mutations affects the asymmetric division of germline stem cells in the Drosophila ovary. Development 1997, 124:2463-2476.
144. Lin M.D., Fan S.J., Hsu W.S., Chou T.B. Drosophila decapping protein 1, dDcp1, is a component of the oskar mRNP complex and directs its posterior localization in the oocyte. Dev. Cell 2006, 10:601-613.
145. Linder P., Stutz F. mRNA export: travelling with DEAD box proteins. Curr. Biol 2001, 11:R961-R963.
146. Lim A.K., Kai T. Unique germ-line organelle, nuage, functions to repress selfish genetic elements in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:6714-6719.
147. Liu J., Valencia-Sanchez M.A., Hannon G.J., Parker R. MicroRNA-dependent localization of targeted mRNAs to mammalian P-bodies. Nat. Cell Biol. 2005, 7:719-723.
148. Liu N., Han H., Lasko P. Vasa promotes Drosophila germline stem cell differentiation by activating mei-P26 translation by directly interacting with a (U)-rich motif in its 3' UTR. Genes Dev. 2009, 23:2742-2752.
149. Loschi M., Leishman C.C., Berardone N., Boccaccio G.L. Dynein and kinesin regulate stress-granule and P-body dynamics. J. Cell Sci. 2009, 122:3973-3982.
150. Lu F.I., Thisse C., Thisse B. Identification and mechanism of regulation of the zebrafish dorsal determinant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011, 108:15876-15880.
151. Lublin A.L., Evans T.C. The RNA-binding proteins PUF-5, PUF-6, and PUF-7 reveal multiple systems for maternal mRNA regulation during C. elegans oogenesis. Dev. Biol 2007, 303:635-649.
152. Lykke-Andersen J. Identification of a human decapping complex associated with hUpf proteins in nonsense-mediated decay. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002, 22:8114-8121.
153. MacArthur H., Bubunenko M., Houston D.W., King M.L. Xcat2 RNA is a translationally sequestered germ plasm component in Xenopus. Mech. Dev 1999, 84:75-88.
154. MacArthur H., Houston D.W., Bubunenko M., Mosquera L., King M.L. DEADSouth is a germ plasm specific DEAD-box RNA helicase in Xenopus related to eIF4A. Mech. Dev. 2000, 95:291-295.
155. Macdonald P.M. mRNA localization: assembly of transport complexes and their incorporation into particles. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2011, 21:407-413.
156. Machado R.J., Moore W., Hames R., Houliston E., Chang P., King M.L., et al. Xenopus Xpat protein is a major component of germ plasm and may function in its organisation and positioning. Dev. Biol. 2005, 287:289-300.
157. Mahowald A.P. Polar granules of Drosophila. II. Ultrastructural changes during early embryogenesis. J. Exp. Zool. 1968, 167:237-261.
158. Mahowald A.P. Assembly of the Drosophila germ plasm. Int. Rev. Cytol. 2001, 203:187-213.
159. Mancebo R., Zhou X., Shillinglaw W., Henzel W., Macdonald P.M. BSF binds specifically to the bicoid mRNA 3' untranslated region and contributes to stabilization of bicoid mRNA. Mol. Cell Biol 2001, 21:3462-3471.
160. Mangus D.A., Evans M.C., Jacobson A. Poly(A)-binding proteins: multifunctional scaffolds for the post-transcriptional control of gene expression. Genome Biol 2003, 4:223.
161. Maniar J.M., Fire A.Z. EGO-1, a C. elegans RdRP, modulates gene expression via production of mRNA-templated short antisense RNAs. Curr. Biol. 2011, 21:449-459.
162. Marinos E., Billett F.S. Mitochondrial number, cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase activity in Xenopus laevis oocytes. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 1981, 62:395-409.
163. Marlow F.L., Mullins M.C. Bucky ball functions in Balbiani body assembly and animal-vegetal polarity in the oocyte and follicle cell layer in zebrafish. Dev. Biol. 2008, 321:40-50.
164. Megosh H.B., Cox D.N., Campbell C., Lin H. The role of PIWI and the miRNA machinery in Drosophila germline determination. Curr. Biol. 2006, 16:1884-1894.
165. Minshall N., Reiter M.H., Weil D., Standart N. CPEB interacts with an ovary-specific eIF4E and 4E-T in early Xenopus oocytes. J. Biol. Chem 2007, 282:37389-37401.
166. Moser J.J., Fritzler M.J. Cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) bodies and their relationship to GW/P bodies. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2010, 42:828-843.
167. Moussa F., Oko R., Hermo L. The immunolocalization of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles in testicular cells during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the adult rat. Cell Tissue Res 1994, 278:363-378.
168. Murchison E.P., Stein P., Xuan Z., Pan H., Zhang M.Q., Schultz R.M., Hannon G.J. Critical roles for Dicer in the female germline. Genes Dev 2007, 21:682-693.
169. Nakamura A., Amikura R., Hanyu K., Kobayashi S. Me31B silences translation of oocyte-localizing RNAs through the formation of cytoplasmic RNP complex during Drosophila oogenesis. Development 2001, 128:3233-3242.
170. Nakamura A., Sato K., Hanyu-Nakamura K. Drosophila cup is an eIF4E binding protein that associates with Bruno and regulates oskar mRNA translation in oogenesis. Dev. Cell 2004, 6:69-78.
171. Navarro R.E., Shim E.Y., Kohara Y., Singson A., Blackwell T.K. cgh-1, a conserved predicted RNA helicase required for gametogenesis and protection from physiological germline apoptosis in C. elegans. Development 2001, 128:3221-3232.
172. Nelson M.R., Leidal A.M., Smibert C.A. Drosophila Cup is an eIF4E-binding protein that functions in Smaug-mediated translational repression. EMBO J 2004, 23:150-159.
173. Nguyen Chi M., Chalmel F., Agius E., Vanzo N., Khabar K.S., Jegou B., et al. Temporally regulated traffic of HuR and its associated ARE-containing mRNAs from the chromatoid body to polysomes during mouse spermatogenesis. PLoS One 2009, 4:e4900.
174. Nishida K.M., Okada T.N., Kawamura T., Mituyama T., Kawamura Y., Inagaki S., et al. Functional involvement of Tudor and dPRMT5 in the piRNA processing pathway in Drosophila germlines. EMBO J. 2009, 28:3820-3831.
175. Noble S.L., Allen B.L., Goh L.K., Nordick K., Evans T.C. Maternal mRNAs are regulated by diverse P body-related mRNP granules during early Caenorhabditis elegans development. J. Cell Biol. 2008, 182:559-572.
176. Noce T., Okamoto-Ito S., Tsunekawa N. Vasa homolog genes in mammalian germ cell development. Cell Struct. Funct. 2001, 26:131-136.
177. Nojima H., Rothhamel S., Shimizu T., Kim C.H., Yonemura S., Marlow F.L., et al. Syntabulin, a motor protein linker, controls dorsal determination. Development 2010, 137:923-933.
178. Oko R., Korley R., Murray M.T., Hecht N.B., Hermo L. Germ cell-specific DNA and RNA binding proteins p48/52 are expressed at specific stages of male germ cell development and are present in the chromatoid body. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 1996, 44:1-13.
179. Pane A., Wehr K., Schupbach T. zucchini and squash encode two putative nucleases required for rasiRNA production in the Drosophila germline. Dev. Cell 2007, 12:851-862.
180. Pannese M., Cagliani R., Pardini C.L., Boncinelli E. Xotx1 maternal transcripts are vegetally localized in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mech. Dev. 2000, 90:111-114.
181. Parker R., Sheth U. P bodies and the control of mRNA translation and degradation. Mol. Cell 2007, 25:635-646.
182. Parvinen M. The chromatoid body in spermatogenesis. Int. J. Androl 2005, 28:189-201.
183. Parvinen M., Parvinen L.M. Active movements of the chromatoid body. A possible transport mechanism for haploid gene products. J. Cell Biol. 1979, 80:621-628.
184. Patterson J.R., Wood M.P., Schisa J.A. Assembly of RNP granules in stressed and aging oocytes requires nucleoporins and is coordinated with nuclear membrane blebbing. Dev. Biol. 2011, 353:173-185.
185. Pek J.W., Kai T. A role for vasa in regulating mitotic chromosome condensation in Drosophila. Curr. Biol. 2011, 21:39-44.
186. Pepling M.E. A novel maternal mRNA storage compartment in mouse oocytes. Biol. Reprod. 2010, 82:807-808.
187. Pepling M.E., Wilhelm J.E., O'Hara A.L., Gephardt G.W., Spradling A.C. Mouse oocytes within germ cell cysts and primordial follicles contain a Balbiani body. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:187-192.
188. Piccioni F., Zappavigna V., Verrotti A.C. A cup full of functions. RNA Biol. 2005, 2:125-128.
189. Pitt J.N., Schisa J.A., Priess J.R. P granules in the germ cells of Caenorhabditis elegans adults are associated with clusters of nuclear pores and contain RNA. Dev. Biol. 2000, 219:315-333.
190. Raz E. The function and regulation of vasa-like genes in germ-cell development. Genome Biol. 2000, 1. REVIEWS1017.
191. Reveal B., Yan N., Snee M.J., Pai C.I., Gim Y., Macdonald P.M. BREs mediate both repression and activation of oskar mRNA translation and act in trans. Dev. Cell 2010, 18:496-502.
192. Richter J.D., Lasko P. Translational control in oocyte development. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2011, 3(9):a002758.
193. Richter J.D., Sonenberg N. Regulation of cap-dependent translation by eIF4E inhibitory proteins. Nature 2005, 433:477-480.
194. Robert V.J., Sijen T., van Wolfswinkel J., Plasterk R.H. Chromatin and RNAi factors protect the C. elegans germline against repetitive sequences. Genes Dev. 2005, 19:782-787.
195. Rocak S., Linder P. DEAD-box proteins: the driving forces behind RNA metabolism. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2004, 5:232-241.
196. Rongo C., Broihier H.T., Moore L., Van Doren M., Forbes A., Lehmann R. Germ plasm assembly and germ cell migration in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 1997, 62:1-11.
197. Roper K. Rtnl1 is enriched in a specialized germline ER that associates with ribonucleoprotein granule components. J. Cell Sci. 2007, 120:1081-1092.
198. Russell L., Frank B. Ultrastructural characterization of nuage in spermatocytes of the rat testis. Anat. Rec. 1978, 190:79-97.
199. Rybarska A., Harterink M., Jedamzik B., Kupinski A.P., Schmid M., Eckmann C.R. GLS-1, a novel P granule component, modulates a network of conserved RNA regulators to influence germ cell fate decisions. PLoS Genet. 2009, 5:e1000494.
200. Saffman E.E., Styhler S., Rother K., Li W., Richard S., Lasko P. Premature translation of oskar in oocytes lacking the RNA-binding protein bicaudal-C. Mol. Cell Biol 1998, 18:4855-4862.
201. Salinas L.S., Maldonado E., Macias-Silva M., Blackwell T.K., Navarro R.E. The DEAD box RNA helicase VBH-1 is required for germ cell function in C. elegans. Genesis 2007, 45:533-546.
202. Schisa J.A., Pitt J.N., Priess J.R. Analysis of RNA associated with P granules in germ cells of C. elegans adults. Development 2001, 128:1287-1298.
203. Schmid M., Kuchler B., Eckmann C.R. Two conserved regulatory cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerases, GLD-4 and GLD-2, regulate meiotic progression in C. elegans. Genes Dev. 2009, 23:824-836.
204. Schupbach T., Wieschaus E. Germline autonomy of maternal-effect mutations altering the embryonic body pattern of Drosophila. Dev. Biol. 1986, 113:443-448.
205. Schupbach T., Wieschaus E. Female sterile mutations on the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Mutations blocking oogenesis or altering egg morphology. Genetics 1991, 129:1119-1136.
206. Sen G.L., Blau H.M. Argonaute 2/RISC resides in sites of mammalian mRNA decay known as cytoplasmic bodies. Nat. Cell Biol. 2005, 7:633-636.
207. Sheth U., Parker R. Decapping and decay of messenger RNA occur in cytoplasmic processing bodies. Science 2003, 300:805-808.
208. Sheth U., Pitt J., Dennis S., Priess J.R. Perinuclear P granules are the principal sites of mRNA export in adult C. elegans germ cells. Development 2010, 137:1305-1314.
209. Shibata N., Tsunekawa N., Okamoto-Ito S., Akasu R., Tokumasu A., Noce T. Mouse RanBPM is a partner gene to a germline specific RNA helicase, mouse vasa homolog protein. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 2004, 67:1-7.
210. Shimada M., Yokosawa H., Kawahara H. OMA-1 is a P granules-associated protein that is required for germline specification in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Genes Cells 2006, 11:383-396.
211. Shimada Y., Burn K.M., Niwa R., Cooley L. Reversible response of protein localization and microtubule organization to nutrient stress during Drosophila early oogenesis. Dev. Biol. 2011, 355:250-262.
212. Smillie D.A., Sommerville J. RNA helicase p54 (DDX6) is a shuttling protein involved in nuclear assembly of stored mRNP particles. J. Cell Sci. 2002, 115:395-407.
213. Smith L.D. The role of a "germinal plasm" in the formation of primordial germ cells in Rana pipiens. Dev. Biol 1966, 14:330-347.
214. Snee M.J., Macdonald P.M. Live imaging of nuage and polar granules: evidence against a precursor-product relationship and a novel role for Oskar in stabilization of polar granule components. J. Cell Sci 2004, 117:2109-2120.
215. Snee M., Benz D., Jen J., Macdonald P.M. Two distinct domains of Bruno bind specifically to the oskar mRNA. RNA Biol 2008, 5:1-9.
216. Snee M.J., Macdonald P.M. Bicaudal C and trailer hitch have similar roles in gurken mRNA localization and cytoskeletal organization. Dev. Biol. 2009, 328:434-444.
217. Snee M.J., Macdonald P.M. Dynamic organization and plasticity of sponge bodies. Dev. Dyn. 2009, 238:918-930.
218. Soderstrom K.O., Parvinen M. Incorporation of (3H)uridine by the chromatoid body during rat spermatogenesis. J. Cell Biol 1976, 70:239-246.
219. Soderstrom K.O., Parvinen M. Transport of material between the nucleus, the chromatoid body and the Golgi complex in the early spermatids of the rat. Cell Tissue Res. 1976, 168:335-342.
220. Soper S.F., van der Heijden G.W., Hardiman T.C., Goodheart M., Martin S.L., de Boer P., et al. Mouse maelstrom, a component of nuage, is essential for spermatogenesis and transposon repression in meiosis. Dev. Cell 2008, 15:285-297.
221. Souquere S., Mollet S., Kress M., Dautry F., Pierron G., Weil D. Unravelling the ultrastructure of stress granules and associated P-bodies in human cells. J. Cell Sci. 2009, 122:3619-3626.
222. Spike C.A., Bader J., Reinke V., Strome S. DEPS-1 promotes P-granule assembly and RNA interference in C. elegans germ cells. Development 2008, 135:983-993.
223. Spradling A.C. Germline cysts: communes that work. Cell 1993, 72:649-651.
224. Stebbins-Boaz B., Cao Q., de Moor C.H., Mendez R., Richter J.D. Maskin is a CPEB-associated factor that transiently interacts with elF-4E. Mol. Cell 1999, 4:1017-1027.
225. Strasser M.J., Mackenzie N.C., Dumstrei K., Nakkrasae L.I., Stebler J., Raz E. Control over the morphology and segregation of Zebrafish germ cell granules during embryonic development. BMC Dev. Biol. 2008, 8:58.
226. Strome S., Wood W.B. Immunofluorescence visualization of germ-line-specific cytoplasmic granules in embryos, larvae, and adults of Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1982, 79:1558-1562.
227. Styhler S., Nakamura A., Swan A., Suter B., Lasko P. vasa is required for GURKEN accumulation in the oocyte, and is involved in oocyte differentiation and germline cyst development. Development 1998, 125:1569-1578.
228. Styhler S., Nakamura A., Lasko P. VASA localization requires the SPRY-domain and SOCS-box containing protein, GUSTAVUS. Dev. Cell 2002, 3:865-876.
229. Subramaniam K., Seydoux G. nos-1 and nos-2, two genes related to Drosophila nanos, regulate primordial germ cell development and survival in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development 1999, 126:4861-4871.
230. Sweet T.J., Boyer B., Hu W., Baker K.E., Coller J. Microtubule disruption stimulates P-body formation. RNA 2007, 13:493-502.
231. Swetloff A., Conne B., Huarte J., Pitetti J.L., Nef S., Vassalli J.D. Dcp1-bodies in mouse oocytes. Mol. Biol. Cell 2009, 20:4951-4961.
232. Tabara H., Yigit E., Siomi H., Mello C.C. The dsRNA binding protein RDE-4 interacts with RDE-1, DCR-1, and a DExH-box helicase to direct RNAi in C. elegans. Cell 2002, 109:861-871.
233. Tanaka K.J., Ogawa K., Takagi M., Imamoto N., Matsumoto K., Tsujimoto M. RAP55, a cytoplasmic mRNP component, represses translation in Xenopus oocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:40096-40106.
234. Teixeira D., Sheth U., Valencia-Sanchez M.A., Brengues M., Parker R. Processing bodies require RNA for assembly and contain nontranslating mRNAs. RNA 2005, 11:371-382.
235. Theurkauf W.E., Hazelrigg T.I. In vivo analyses of cytoplasmic transport and cytoskeletal organization during Drosophila oogenesis: characterization of a multi-step anterior localization pathway. Development 1998, 125:3655-3666.
236. Thomson T., Lin H. The biogenesis and function of PIWI proteins and piRNAs: progress and prospect. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2009, 25:355-376.
237. Thomson T., Liu N., Arkov A., Lehmann R., Lasko P. Isolation of new polar granule components in Drosophila reveals P body and ER associated proteins. Mech. Dev. 2008, 125:865-873.
238. Tomancak P., Guichet A., Zavorszky P., Ephrussi A. Oocyte polarity depends on regulation of gurken by Vasa. Development 1998, 125:1723-1732.
239. Toyooka Y., Tsunekawa N., Takahashi Y., Matsui Y., Satoh M., Noce T. Expression and intracellular localization of mouse Vasa-homologue protein during germ cell development. Mech. Dev. 2000, 93:139-149.
240. Tsai-Morris C.H., Sheng Y., Lee E., Lei K.J., Dufau M.L. Gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/Ddx25) is essential for spermatid development and completion of spermatogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:6373-6378.
241. Updike D., Strome S. P granule assembly and function in Caenorhabditis elegans germ cells. J. Androl. 2009, 31:53-60.
242. Updike D.L., Strome S. A genomewide RNAi screen for genes that affect the stability, distribution and function of P granules in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2009, 183:1397-1419.
243. Updike D.L., Hachey S.J., Kreher J., Strome S. P granules extend the nuclear pore complex environment in the C. elegans germ line. J. Cell Biol. 2011, 192:939-948.
244. Vagin V.V., Sigova A., Li C., Seitz H., Gvozdev V., Zamore P.D. A distinct small RNA pathway silences selfish genetic elements in the germline. Science 2006, 313:320-324.
245. van Dijk E., Cougot N., Meyer S., Babajko S., Wahle E., Seraphin B. Human Dcp2: a catalytically active mRNA decapping enzyme located in specific cytoplasmic structures. EMBO J. 2002, 21:6915-6924.
246. Vanzo N.F., Ephrussi A. Oskar anchoring restricts pole plasm formation to the posterior of the Drosophila oocyte. Development 2002, 129:3705-3714.
247. Viel A., Armand M.J., Callen J.C., Gomez De Gracia A., Denis H., le Maire M. Elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) is concentrated in the Balbiani body and accumulates coordinately with the ribosomes during oogenesis of Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 1990, 141:270-278.
248. Voronina E., Seydoux G., Sassone-Corsi P., Nagamori I. RNA granules in germ cells. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2011, 3(12). a002774.
249. Walker A.K., Boag P.R., Blackwell T.K. Transcription reactivation steps stimulated by oocyte maturation in C. elegans. Dev. Biol. 2007, 304:382-393.
250. Walt H., Armbruster B.L. Actin and RNA are compo nents of the chromatoid bodies in spermatids of the rat. Cell Tissue Res. 1984, 236:487-490.
251. Wang C., Lehmann R. Nanos is the localized posterior determinant in Drosophila. Cell 1991, 66:637-647.
252. Wang L., Eckmann C.R., Kadyk L.C., Wickens M., Kimble J. A regulatory cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 2002, 419:312-316.
253. Wang J., Saxe J.P., Tanaka T., Chuma S., Lin H. Mili interacts with tudor domain-containing protein 1 in regulating spermatogenesis. Curr. Biol. 2009, 19:640-644.
254. Webster P.J., Liang L., Berg C.A., Lasko P., Macdonald P.M. Translational repressor bruno plays multiple roles in development and is widely conserved. Genes Dev 1997, 11:2510-2521.
255. Weston A., Sommerville J. Xp54 and related (DDX6-like) RNA helicases: roles in messenger RNP assembly, translation regulation and RNA degradation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006, 34:3082-3094.
256. Wilhelm J.E., Smibert C.A. Mechanisms of translational regulation in Drosophila. Biol. Cell 2005, 97:235-252.
257. Wilhelm J.E., Mansfield J., Hom-Booher N., Wang S., Turck C.W., Hazelrigg T., et al. Isolation of a ribonucleoprotein complex involved in mRNA localization in Drosophila oocytes. J. Cell Biol. 2000, 148:427-440.
258. Wilhelm J.E., Hilton M., Amos Q., Henzel W.J. Cup is an eIF4E binding protein required for both the translational repression of oskar and the recruitment of Barentsz. J. Cell Biol. 2003, 163:1197-1204.
259. Wilhelm J.E., Buszczak M., Sayles S. Efficient protein trafficking requires trailer hitch, a component of a ribonucleoprotein complex localized to the ER in Drosophila. Dev. Cell 2005, 9:675-685.
260. Wilk K., Bilinski S., Dougherty M.T., Kloc M. Delivery of germinal granules and localized RNAs via the messenger transport organizer pathway to the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes occurs through directional expansion of the mitochondrial cloud. Int. J. Dev. Biol 2005, 49:17-21.
261. Wilsch-Brauninger M., Schwarz H., Nusslein-Volhard C. A sponge-like structure involved in the association and transport of maternal products during Drosophila oogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 1997, 139:817-829. 10.1083/jcb.139.3.817.
262. Yan W., Ma L., Zilinski C.A., Matzuk M.M. Identification and characterization of evolutionarily conserved pufferfish, zebrafish, and frog orthologs of GASZ. Biol. Reprod. 2004, 70:1619-1625.
263. Yang W.H., Yu J.H., Gulick T., Bloch K.D., Bloch D.B. RNA-associated protein 55 (RAP55) localizes to mRNA processing bodies and stress granules. RNA 2006, 12:547-554.
264. Yano T., Lopez de Quinto S., Matsui Y., Shevchenko A., Ephrussi A. Hrp48, a Drosophila hnRNPA/B homolog, binds and regulates translation of oskar mRNA. Dev. Cell 2004, 6:637-648.
265. Yoon Y.J., Mowry K.L. Xenopus Staufen is a component of a ribonucleoprotein complex containing Vg1 RNA and kinesin. Development 2004, 131:3035-3045.
266. Zappavigna V., Piccioni F., Villaescusa J.C., Verrotti A.C. Cup is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that interacts with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E to modulate Drosophila ovary development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:14800-14805.
267. Zearfoss N.R., Chan A.P., Wu C.F., Kloc M., Etkin L.D. Hermes is a localized factor regulating cleavage of vegetal blastomeres in Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 2004, 267:60-71.
268. Zhou Y., King M.L. Sending RNAs into the future: RNA localization and germ cell fate. IUBMB Life 2004, 56:19-27.