Intake of lead, cadmium and mercury in kaolin-eating: A quality assessment

Journal of Medical Sciences

Volumn 11, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 267-273

  Bonglaisin, J N ^a   Mbofung, C M F ^b   Lantum, D N ^c  

^a Food and Nutrition Research Centre   (Cameroon)

^b National School of Agro Industrial Sciences   (Cameroon)

^c FMBS   (Cameroon)

Author keywords

Geophagy; Kaolin; Metal contents; Toxic

Indexed keywords

CADMIUM; KAOLIN; LEAD; MERCURY;

ADVERSE OUTCOME; ARTICLE; ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; ECOTOXICITY; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FLAME PHOTOMETRY; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HEALTH BELIEF; HEALTH HAZARD; HEAVY METAL POISONING; PILOT STUDY; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; QUALITY CONTROL; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOXICITY TESTING;

EID: 84858811098     PISSN: 16824474     EISSN: 18125727     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3923/jms.2011.267.273     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. AOAC, 1984. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. 12 Edn., AOAC, Washington, DC.
2. ATSDR/DTEM, 2006. ToxFAQs™: Chemical Agent Briefing Sheets (CABS)-Lead-Redirect. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry/Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cabs/lead/.
3. Angle, C.R., M.S. Mclntire and A.V. Colucci, 1974. Lead in air, dust fall, soil, house dust, milk and water: Correlation of blood lead in urban and suburban school children. Trace Substan. Environ. Health, 8: 23-29.
4. Baars, A.J., R.M.C. Theelen, P.J.C.M. Janssen, J.M. Hesse and M.E. van Apeldoorn et al., 2001. Re-evaluation of human-toxicological maximum permissible risk levels. RIVM Rapport 711701025, http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/711701025.html.
5. Banenzoue, 1992. Reactivity in acid diluted edible clays in Cameroon: Determination of iron and zinc absorbed. Masters Thesis, University of Yaounde, Cameroon.
6. Bhattachargya, M.H., 1983. Metabolism and toxicity of cadmium and lead during pregnancy and lactation. Fed. Proc., 42: 1726-1729.
7. Bornschein, R., 1986. Lead in soil in relation to blood lead levels in children. Trace Substan. Environ. Health, 20: 322-332.
8. Burtis, C.A. and E.R. Ashwood, 2001. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 5th Edn., WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA., pp: 1091.
9. Chaney, R.L., H.W. Mielke and S.B. Sterrett, 1989. Speciation, mobility and bioavailability of soil lead. Proceedings of the International Conference on Lead in Soils: Issues and Guidelines, March 7-9, 1988, Environment Geochemical Health, Chapel Hill, NC-.
10. DME, 2005. South Africa's mineral industry 2004/2005. Department of Minerals and Energy, Republic of South Africa, pp: 148-154, http://www.infomine.com/publications/docs/DMESouthAfrica/DME_Annual_Report_0405.pdf.
11. Danazumi, S. and M.H. Bichi, 2010. Industrial pollution and heavy metals profile of challawa river in Kano, Nigeria. J. Applied Sci. Environ. Sanitat., 5: 23-29.
12. Danford, D.E. and A.M. Huber, 1982. Pica among mentally retarded adults. Am. J. Ment. Defic., 87: 141-146.
13. Davies, B.E., 1990. Lead. In: Heavy Metals in Soils, Alloway, B.J. (Ed.). Blackie and Son Ltd., Glasgow/London, pp: 177-196.
14. EDF, 1990. Legacy of lead: America's continuing epidemic of childhood poisoning. Environmental Defense Fund, Washington DC.
15. EPA, 2006. Analysis plan for human health and ecological risk assessment for the review of the lead national ambient air quality standards. U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC., http://www.epa.gov/ttnnaaqs/standards/pb/data/pb_analysis_plan_053106.pdf.
16. Eleni, I., M. Aletrari and C. Eftychia, 2006. Risk assessment of the dietary intake of lead, cadmium, mercury and nitrates in cyprus and the relevant uncertainty. Proceedings of the AOAC Europ Section, Internationa Workshop, November 6-7, 2006, Limassol-.
17. FAO/WHO, 1993. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Proceedings of the 41st meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additive. WHO Technical Report Series 837, pp: 28-30.
18. FAO/WHO, 1999. Expert committee on food additives, summary and conclusions. Proceedings of the 53rd Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives Meeting, June 1-10, 1999, Rome-.
19. Gamiz, E., E. Caballero, M.D. Rodriguez and R.D.C. Flores, 1988. Characterization of Spanish kaolins for pharmaceutical use. I. Chemical and mineralogical composition, physico-chemical properties. Boll. Chim. Farm., 127: 114-121.
20. Gardella, C., 2001. Lead exposure in pregnancy: A review of the literature and argument for routine prenatal screening. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv., 56: 231-238.
21. Golub, M.S., 2005. Metals, Fertility and Reproductive Toxicity. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, ISBN: 9780415700405, pp: 153.
22. Holmgren, G.G.S., M.W. Meyer, R.L. Chaney and R.B. Daniels, 1993. Cadmium, lead, zinc, copperand nickel in agricultural soils of the United States of America. J. Environ. Qual., 22: 335-348.
23. Hooda, P.S., C.J.K. Henry, T.A. Seyoum, L.D.M. Armstrong and M.B. Fowler, 2002. The potential Impact of Geophagia on the bioavailability of iron, zinc and calcium in human nutrition. Environ. Geochem. Health, 24: 305-319.
24. Johnson, D.E., J.B. Tillery and R.J. Prevost, 1975. Levels of platinum, palladium and lead in populations of Southern California. Environ. Health Presspect, 12: 27-33.
25. Li, P.J., Y.Z. Sheng, Q.Y. Wang, Y.L. Guly and Y.L. Wang, 2000. Transfer of lead via placenta and breast milk in human. Biomed. Environ. Sci., 13: 85-89.
26. Madhaven, S., K. Rosenman and T. Shehata, 1989. Lead in soil: Recommended maximum permissible levels. Environ. Res., 49: 136-142.
27. Madukosiri, C.H. and T.N. Dressman, 2010. Some biochemical parameters in Gallus domesticus and heavy metal content of oil-polluted areas of Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria. J. Life Phys. Sci. Acta SATECH, 3: 124-128.
28. Massanyi, P., N. Lukac, V. Uhrin, R. Toman and J. Pivko et al., 2007. Female reproductive toxicology of cadmium. Acta Biol. Hung., 58: 287-299.
29. Mielke, H.W., J.L. Adams, P.L. Reagan and P.W. Mielke, 1989. Soil-Dust Lead and Childhood Lead Exposure as a Function of City Size and Community Traffic Flow: The Case for Lead Abatement in Minnesota. In: Lead in Soil, Davies, B.E. and B.G. Wixson (Eds.). Environmental Geochemistry and Health, USA, pp: 253-271.
30. Nweke, F. N., A.N.C. Okaka and E.C. Offor, 2008. Lead, zinc and pH concentrations of enyigba soils in abakaliki local government area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotech., 7: 2441-2443.
31. Usman, O., A. Shuaib and O. Dosumu, 2007. Analysis of lead in soil and selected food samples at Kyaure Mechanic Village, Bauchi state, Nigeria. Nig. J. Pure. Appl. sci., 22: 2059-2062.
32. Vermeer, D.E. and R.E. Ferrell Jr., 1985. Nigerian geophagical clay: A traditional antidiarrheal pharmaceutical. Science, 227: 634-636.
33. Vermeire, T.G., M.E.V. Apeldoom, J.C. Fouw and P.J.C.M. Janssen, 1991. Proposal for the human-toxicological substantiation of C. values toetsings national institute of public health and environmen. R.I.V.M. Report No. 7252010,005, The Netherlands.
34. Virginia, M., O. Ayhan, T. Yavuz, A. Ayten, C. Suhru, Y. Orhan, R. Fevri and D. Bahtiyar, 1968. Effect of clay upon iron absorption. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 21: 78-86.
35. Walker, A.R.P., B.F. Walker, F.I. Sookaria and R.J. Canaan, 1997. Pica. J. Roy Health, 117: 280-284.