Elections and democratization in Ethiopia, 1991-2010

Journal of Eastern African Studies

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 664-680

  Gudina, Merera ^a  

^a ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY   (Ethiopia)

Author keywords

democratization; elections; Ethiopia politics; ethnic federalism; institutional reform

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858755119     PISSN: 17531055     EISSN: 17531063     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17531055.2011.642524     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Aalen, L. " Ethiopia's Paradox: Constitutional Devolution and Centralized Party Rule." Unpublished paper presented at the 14th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa, November 2000.
2. Aalen, L. and Tronvoll, K. 2009. The End of Democracy? Curtailing Political and Civil Rights in Ethiopia. Review of African Political Economy, 120: 193-207.
3. Abbink, J. 2006. Discomfiture of Democracy? The 2005 Election Crisis in Ethiopia and its Aftermath. African Affairs, 105: 173-99.
4. Addis Admas [ an Amharic weekly ]. Ginbot 14, 2006.
5. Anebo, K.G. 2001. The Ghana 2000 Elections: Voter Choice and Electoral Decisions. African Journal of Political Science, 6: 69-88.
6. Aregawi, Berhe. 2009. A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, Ideology, and Mobilization in Ethiopia, Los Angeles, New York and Pretoria: Tsehai Publishers.
7. Bangura, Y. Authoritarian Rule and Democracy in Africa: A Theoretical Discourse. Discussion Paper 18. Geneva: UNRISD, 1991.
8. BBC News. " Ethiopia Votes in Election Clouded by Fraud Fears." May 23, 2010.
9. BBC News. " EU Observers Say Ethiopia Election 'Falls Short'." May 25, 2010.
10. BBC News. " Ethiopian Opposition Leaders Call for New Elections." May 26, 2010.
11. Clapham, Christopher. " Comments on the Ethiopian Crisis, 2005." www.addisvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Clapham_on_Ethiopian-crisis.pdf.
12. Cohen, H. " Press Release on the London Conference." May 28, 1991.
13. Department of Political Science and International Relations (DPSIR), Addis Ababa University. " The May 1995 Elections in Ethiopia: The Quest for Democratic Governance in a Multi-ethnic Society." Unpublished report, Addis Ababa, 1997.
14. Eshetu, Chole. 2004. Underdevelopment in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa: OSSREA.
15. Ethiopian Federal Democratic Unity Forum (EFDUF). " Complaints Filed with Ethiopian Election Board Against the Fraudulent May 23 Elections." Genbot 25, 2002 EC.
16. Ethiopian Federal Democratic Unity Forum (EFDUF). " Press Release." Genbot 3, 2002 EC.
17. Ethiopian Federal Democratic Unity Forum (EFDUF). " Press Statement on the Death of its Candidate." Yekatit 26, 2002 EC.
18. Ethiopian Federal Democratic Unity Forum (EFDUF). " Press Statement Denouncing the Fraudulent May 23 Elections." Genbot 18, 2002 EC.
19. Ethiopian Federal Democratic Unity Forum (EFDUF). " Press Statement against the Inauguration of the New Parliament Following the Fraudulent May 23, 2010 Elections." Tiqimt 5, 2003 EC.
20. Ethiopian Federal Democratic Unity Forum (EFDUF). " Press Statement Opposing the Result of the Fraudulent May 23 Elections." Sïne 12, 2002 EC.
21. Ethiopian Federal Democratic Unity Forum (EFDUF). " Press Statement on Repressive Measures of Ethiopian Government." Miyazia 14, 2002 EC.
22. Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Forces (EPRDF). Addis Raey 2 (2), 2002 EC.
23. Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Forces (EPRDF). Addis Raey 2 (3), 2002 EC.
24. Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Forces (EPRDF). Limat, Demokrasina Abiyotawi Demokrasi (in Amharic). Addis Ababa, 2006.
25. Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Forces (EPRDF). Yeabiyotawi Demokrasi Estrategi, Taktikina Yeamarar Tiyake (in Amharic). Addis Ababa, 2006.
26. Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Forces (EPRDF). " Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front Programme." Rev. version, 1991.
27. European Union-Election Observation Mission (EU-EOM). Ethiopia Final Report House of People's Representatives and Council Elections May 2010. Brussels: EU-EOM, 2010.
28. European Union-Election Observation Mission (EU-EOM). Ethiopia Legislative Elections 2005, Final Report. Brussels: EU-EOM, 2005.
29. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE). " The Constitution of The Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia." Federal Negarit Gazeta (Addis Ababa) 1st Year, no. 1, August 21, 1995.
30. House of Peoples' Representatives (HPR). The House of Peoples' Representatives of the FDRE Rules of Procedures and Members Code of Conduct Regulation 3/2006. Addis Ababa: HPR.
31. House of Peoples' Representatives (HPR). "A Proclamation to Provide for the Electoral Code of Conduct for Political Parties, Proclamation." 662/2009.
32. Human Rights Watch (HRW). Arbitrary Arrests Continue, Detainees Face Torture and Ill-Treatment. New York: HRW, 2005
33. Human Rights Watch (HRW). Ethiopia Development Without Freedom: Aid Underwrites Repression in Ethiopia. New York: HRW, 2010.
34. Human Rights Watch (HRW). Ethiopia: Government Repression Undermined Poll. New York: HRW, 2010.
35. Human Rights Watch (HRW). Ethiopia: Repression Rising Ahead of May Elections. New York: HRW, 2010.
36. Human Rights Watch (HRW). Human Rights Abuses and Political Repression in Ethiopia's Oromia Region. New York: HRW, 2005.
37. Joseph, R. " Progress and Retreat in Africa: Challenges of a 'Frontier' Region." Journal of Democracy 19 2008: 96-108.
38. Leenco, Lata. 1999. The Ethiopian State at the Crossroads: Decolonization or Disintegration?, Lawrenceville, NJ and Asmara: Red Sea Press.
39. Lyons, T. Avoiding Conflict in the Horn of Africa: U.S. Policy and Eritrea. CSR no. 21. Washington, DC: Center for Preventive Action, Council on Foreign Relations, 2006.
40. Mazrui, A.A. " Democracy in Crisis in Post-Colonial Africa: In Search of Checks and Balances." Paper for the ORF-RLF International Conference on "Engaging with Emergent Africa", New Delhi India November 20-21 2008.
41. Merera Gudina. Competing Ethnic Nationalisms and the Quest for Democracy, 1960-2000. PhD diss., ISS. Maastricht, Ethiopia: Shaker Publishing, 2002.
42. National Democratic Institute/African American Institute. An Evaluation of the June 21, 1992 Elections in Ethiopia. Washington, DC and New York: NDI and AAI, 1992.
43. Ndjio, B. 2008. Millennial Democracy and Spectral Reality in Post-Colonial Africa. African Journal of International Affairs, 11: 115-56.
44. Ninsin, K.A. 2006. Introduction: The Contradictions and Ironies of Elections in Africa. Africa Development, 36: 1-10.
45. Nugent, P., and M. Hendrix. " Elections in Africa: Fair, Façade or Failure? " Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague, November 25, 2009.
46. Ottaway, M. " The Ethiopian Transition: Democratization or New Authoritarianism? " Northeast African Studies 2, no. 3 (new series) 1995: 67-84.
47. Pausewang, S. The 1994 Election and Democracy in Ethiopia. Human Rights Report 4. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of Human Rights, University of Oslo, 1994.
48. Pausewang, S. Local and Regional Elections in Ethiopia 21 June 1992. Human Rights Report 1. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of Human Rights, University of Oslo, 1992.
49. Reuters. " Tension is High in Key Ethiopia Election Region." Reuters, May 18, 2010.
50. Samatar, Abdi I. 2005. The Ethiopian Election of 2005: A Bombshell and Turning Point?. Review of African Political Economy, 32: 466-73.
51. Schedler, A. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, CO and London: Lynne Rienner, 2006.
52. Smith, L. Political Violence and Democratic Uncertainty in Ethiopia. Special Report. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2007.
53. Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE). Ethiopia's Economic Policy during the Transitional Period. Addis Ababa: TGE, 1991.
54. Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE). "A Proclamation to Provide for the Establishment of National/Regional Self-Governments". Negarit Gazeta 7 1992.
55. Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE). "The Transitional Charter of Ethiopia". Negarit Gazeta, July 22, 1991.
56. Tronvoll, K. 2010. The Ethiopian 2010 Federal and Regional Elections: Re-establishing the One-Party State. African Affairs, 438: 121-36.
57. Tronvoll, K., and O. Aadland. The Process of Democratization in Ethiopia: An Expression of Popular Participation or Political Resistance? Human Rights Report 5. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of Human Rights, University of Oslo, 1995.
58. van de Walle, N. 2002. Elections Without Democracy: Africa's Range of Regimes. Journal of Democracy, 13: 66-80.
59. Vestal, Th. M. " An Analysis of the New Constitution of Ethiopia and the Process of its Adoption." Northeast African Studies 3 (new series, 1996): 21-38.
60. Young, J. 1997. Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975-1991, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.