Motivation across time and place: What gaze can tell us about aging and culture

Social Psychology of Visual Perception

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 27-49

  Isaacowitz, Derek M ^a   Fung, Helene H ^b  

^a BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858740080     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (86)

1. Allard, E. S., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2008). Are preferences in emotional processing affected by distraction? Examining the age-related positivity effect in visual fixation within a dual-task paradigm. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 15, 725-743.
2. Antonucci, T C., Akiyama, H., & Lansford, J. E. (1998). Negative effects of close social relations. Family Relations, 47, 379-384.
3. Bailey, M., & McLaren, S. (2005). Physical activity alone and with others as predictors of sense of belonging and mental health in retirees. Aging & Mental Health, 9, 82-90.
4. Balcetis, E., & Dunning, D. (2006). See what you want to see: Motivational influences on visual perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 612-625.
5. Baltes, M. M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). The process of successful aging: Selection, optimization and compensation. In U. M. Staudinger & U. Lindenberger (Eds.), Understanding human development: Dialogues with lifespan psychology (pp. 81-104). Boston: Kluwer Academic.
6. Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In P. B. Baltes & M. M. Margret (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-34). New York: Cambridge University Press.
7. Brosgole, L., & Weisman, J. (1995). Mood recognition across the ages. International Journal of Neuroscience, 82, 169-189.
8. Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7, 331-338.
9. Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165-181.
10. Carstensen, L. L., & Mikels, J. A. (2005). At the intersection of emotion and cognition: Aging and the positivity effect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 117-121.
11. Carstensen, L. L., Mikels, J. A., & Mather, M. (2006). Aging and the intersection of cognition, motivation and emotion. In J. Birren & K. W Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (6th ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
12. Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., & Nesselroade, J. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 644-655.
13. Carstensen, L. L. & Turk-Charles, S. (1994). The salience of emotion across the adult life course. Psychology and Aging, 9, 259-264.
14. Chang, E. C. (2002). Optimism-pessimism and stress appraisal: Testing a cognitive interactive model of psychological adjustment in adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 675-690.
15. Chang, E. C., Sanna, L. J., & Yang, K. M. (2003). Optimism, pessimism, affectivity, and psychological adjustment in US and Korea: A test of a mediation mode. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 1195-1208.
16. Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2007). Emotion regulation and aging. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 307-327). New York: Guilford Press.
17. Charles, S. T., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and emotional memory: The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 310-324.
18. Cheng, S.-T., Fung, H. H., & Chan, A. C. M. (2009). Self-perception and psychological well-being: The benefits of foreseeing a dark future. Manuscript submitted for publication.
19. Ebner, N. C., Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2006). Changes in personal goal orientation from young to late adulthood: From striving for gains to maintenance and prevention of losses. Psychology and Aging, 21, 664-678.
20. Eich, E., & Metcalfe, J. (1989). Mood dependent memory for internal versus external events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 443-455.
21. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V (1975). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. Oxford, UK: Prentice Hall.
22. Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T., Raz, A., & Posner, M. I. (2002). Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 340-347.
23. Fernandez-Duque, D., & Black, S. E. (2006). Attentional networks in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 20, 133-143.
24. Fredrickson, B. L. (1995). Socioemotional behavior at the end of college life. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12, 261-276.
25. Freund, A., & Baltes, P. (1998). Selection, optimization, and compensation as strategies of life management. Correlations with subjective indicators of successful aging, Psychology and Aging, 13, 531-543.
26. Freund, A. M., Riediger, M., & Hennecke, M. (in press). Age-related differences in outcome and process orientation. European Journal of Developmental Psychology.
27. Frey, D., & Stahlberg, D. (1986). Selection of information after receiving more or less reliable self-threatening information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 431-441.
28. Fung, H. H., Carstensen, L. L., & Lang, F R. (2001). Age-related patterns in social networks among European Americans and African Americans: Implications for socioemotional selectivity across the life span. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 52, 185-206.
29. Fung, H. H., Carstensen, L. L., & Lutz, M. A. (1999). Influence of time on social preferences: Implications for life-span development. Psychology and Aging, 14, 595-604.
30. Fung, H. H., Ho, Y. W, Tam, K.-P., & Tsai, J. (2008a). Value moderates age differences in personality: The example of relationship orientation. Manuscript under review.
31. Fung, H. H., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Lu, A. Y (2008b). Self-construal moderates age-related negativity suppression effect in memory: Evidence from Hong Kong Chinese. Manuscript under review.
32. Fung, H. H., Isaacowitz, D. M., Lu, A. Y., & Li, T (in press). Interdependent self-construal moderates age-related negativity reduction effect in memory and visual attention, Psychology and Aging.
33. Fung, H. H., Isaacowitz, D. M., Lu, A. Y., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2008c). Age-related positivity enhancement is not universal: Older Hong Kong Chinese look away from positive stimuli. Psychology and Aging, 23, 440-446.
34. Fung, H. H., & Ng, S. K. (2006). Age differences in the sixth personality factor: Age differences in interpersonal relatedness among Canadians and Hong Kong Chinese. Psychology and Aging, 21, 810-814.
35. Fung, H. H., & Tang, L. Y T (2005). Age differences in memory for emotional messages: Do older people always remember the positive better. Aging International, 30, 244-261.
36. Griffin, Z. (2004). The eyes are right when the mouth is wrong. Psychological Science, 15, 814-821.
37. Gruhn, D., Smith, J., & Baltes, P.B. (2005). No aging bias favoring memory for positive material: Evidence from a heterogeneity-homogeneity list paradigm using emotionally toned words. Psychology and Aging, 20, 579-588.
38. Handley, I. M., & Lassiter, G. D. (2002). Mood and information processing: When happy and sad look the same. Motivation and Emotion, 26, 223-255.
39. Heckhausen, H. (1991). Motivation and action. New York: Springer-Verlag.
40. Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Fleeson, W (2001). Developmental regulation before and after a developmental deadline: The sample case of "biological clock" for childbearing. Psychology and Aging, 16, 400-413.
41. Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794.
42. Herzog, A. R., Franks, M. M., Markus, H. R., & Holmberg, D. (1998). Activities and wellbeing in older age: Effects of self-concept and educational attainment. Psychology and Aging, 13, 179-185.
43. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
44. Isaacowitz, D. M. (2005). The gaze of the optimist. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 407-415.
45. Isaacowitz, D. M., Allard, E., Murphy, N. A., & Schlangel, M. (2009). The time course of ogerelated preferences towards positive and negative stimuli. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 64B, 188-192.
46. Isaacowitz, D. M., Loeckenhoff, C., Wright, R., Sechrest, L., Riedel, R., Lane, R.A., & Costa, P. T. (2007). Age differences in recognition of emotion in lexical stimuli and facial expressions. Psychology and Aging, 22, 147-159.
47. Isaacowitz, D. M., Toner, K., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2008). Looking while unhappy: Mood congruent gaze in young adults, positive gaze in older adults. Psychological Science, 19, 848-853.
48. Isaacowitz, D. M., Toner, K., & Neupert, S. D. (2009). Use of gaze for realtime mood regulation: Effects of age and attentional functioning. Psychology and Aging, 24, 989-994.
49. Isaacowitz, D. M., Toner, K., Neupert, S. D., & Choi, Y. S. (2010). Individual differences in the age-related use of gaze for mood regulation: Beyond executive control. Manuscript in preparation.
50. Isaacowitz, D. M., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2006a). Is there anagerelated positivity effect in visual attention? A comparison of two methodologies. Emotion, 6, 511-516.
51. Isaacowitz, D. M., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2006b). Selective preference in visual fixation away from negative images in old age? An eye-tracking study. Psychology and Aging, 21, 40-48.
52. John, O. P. (1990). The "Big Five" factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 66-100). New York: Guilford.
53. Kennedy, Q., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2004) The role of motivation in the age-related positive bias in autobiographical memory. Psychological Science, 15, 208-214.
54. Kitayama, S., & Karasawa, M. (1995). Self: A cultural psychological perspective. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 133-163.
55. Knight, M., Seymour, T L., Gaunt, J. T., Baker, C., Nesmith, K., & Mather, M. (2007). Aging and goal-directed emotional attention: Distraction reverses emotional biases. Emotion, 7, 705-714.
56. Kwan, V S. Y., Bond, M. H., & Singelis, T M. (1997). Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction: Adding relationship harmony to self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1038-1051.
57. Lassiter, G. D., Koenig, L. J., & Apple, K. J. (1996). Mood and behavior perception: Mood can increase and decrease effortful processing of information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 794-810.
58. Light, J., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2006). The effect of developmental regulation on visual attention: The example of the "Biological Clock". Cognition and Emotion, 20, 623-645.
59. Lu, A. Y., Wadlinger, H. A., Fung, H. H., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2007, August). Testing the positivity effect among Hong Kong Chinese. In Q. Kennedy & H. H. Fung (chairs), American-Chinese differences in socioemotional aspects of aging. Symposium conducted at 115th convention of American Psychological Association, San Francisco.
60. Luo, J., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2007). How optimists face skin cancer: Risk assessment, attention, memory, and behavior. Psychology & Health, 22, 963-984.
61. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
62. Markus, H. R., Uchida, Y., Omoregie, H., Townsend, S. S. M., & Kitayama, S. (2006). Going for the gold: Models of agency in Japanese and Americans. Psychological Science, 17, 103-112.
63. Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces. Psychological Science, 14, 409-415.
64. Mather, M., & Knight, M. (2005). Goal-directed memory: The role of cognitive control in older adults' emotional memory. Psychology and Aging, 20, 554-570.
65. Mayer, J. D., McCormick, L. J., & Strong, S. E. (1995). Mood-congruent memory and natural mood: New evidence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 736746.
66. Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1998). A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 809-848.
67. Mroczek, D. K., & Kolarz, C. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1333-1349.
68. Murphy, N. A., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2008). Preferences for emotional information in older adults: A meta-analysis of memory and attention studies. Psychology and Aging, 23, 263-286.
69. Murphy, N. A., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (in press). Age effects and gaze patterns in recognizing emotional expressions: An in-depth look at gaze measures and covariates. Cognition and Emotion.
70. Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3-72.
71. Park, D. C., Nisbett, R., & Hedden, T (1999). Aging, culture, cognition. Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54B, P75-P84.
72. Poon, C. Y. M., & Fung, H. H. (2008). Physical activity and psychological well-being among Hong Kong Chinese older adults: Exploring the moderating role of self-construals. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 66, 1-19.
73. Pruzan, K., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2006). An attentional application of socioemotional selectivity theory in college students. Social Development, 15, 326-338.
74. Rook, K. S. (2001). Emotional health and positive versus negative social exchanges: A daily diary analysis. Applied Developmental Science, 5, 86-97.
75. Ruffman, T., Henry, J. D., Livingstone, V, & Phillips, L. H. (2008). A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 863-881.
76. Schulz, R., & Heckhausen, J. (1996). A life span model of successful aging. American Psychologist, 51, 702-714.
77. Sekuler, R., & Sekuler, A. B. (2000). Age-related changes, optical factors, and neural processes. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology, Vol. 8 (pp. 180-183). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; New York: Oxford University Press.
78. Spieler, D. H., Mayr, U., & LaGrone, S. (2006). Outsourcing cognitive control to the environment: Adult age differences in the use of task cues. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 787-793.
79. Sullivan, S., Ruffman, T., & Hutton, S. (2007). Age differences in emotion recognition skills and the visual scanning of emotion faces. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62, P53-P60.
80. Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506-520.
81. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
82. Tsai, J. L., Knutson, B., & Fung, H. H. (2006). Cultural variation in affect valuation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 288-307.
83. Uchida, Y. (2007, August). Happiness in east and west: Themes and variations. Paper presented at the meeting on "Expanding horizons of cultural psychology: Advances in research and teaching", Stanford University, Stanford CA.
84. Wilson, H. R., Loffler, G., & Wilkinson F (2002). Synthetic faces, face cubes, and the geometry of face space. Vision Research, 42, 2909-2923.
85. Wong, B., Cronin-Golomb, A., & Neargarder, S. A. (2005). Patterns of visual scanning as predictors of emotion identification in normal aging. Neuropsychology, 19(6), 739-749.
86. Yeung, D. Y., Fung, H. H., & Lang, F. R. (2008). Self-construal moderates age differences in social network characteristics. Psychology and Aging, 23, 222-226.