Treatment of obstructed defecation

Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 24-33

  Ellis, C Neal ^a   Essani, Rahila ^a  

^a ALLEGHENY HEALTH NETWORK   (United States)

Author keywords

biofeedback; enterocele; pelvic dyssynergy; rectal prolapse; rectocele

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858728559     PISSN: 15310043     EISSN: 15309681     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1301756     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Drossman DA, Li Z, Andruzzi E., et al. U.S. householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Prevalence, sociodemography, and health impact. Dig Dis Sci: 1993; 38 9 1569 1580 (Pubitemid 23271409)
2. Stewart WF, Liberman JN, Sandler RS., et al. Epidemiology of constipation (EPOC) study in the United States: relation of clinical subtypes to sociodemographic features. Am J Gastroenterol: 1999; 94 12 3530 3540
3. Everhart JE, Go VL, Johannes RS, Fitzsimmons SC, Roth HP, White LR. A longitudinal survey of self-reported bowel habits in the United States. Dig Dis Sci: 1989; 34 8 1153 1162 (Pubitemid 19202107)
4. Drossman DA, Thompson WG, Talley NJ., et al. Identification of sub-groups of functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterol Int: 1990; 3 159 172
5. Snooks SJ, Setchell M, Swash M, Henry MM. Injury to innervation of pelvic floor sphincter musculature in childbirth. Lancet: 1984; 2 8402 546 550 (Pubitemid 14072058)
6. Sultan AH, Monga AK, Stanton SL. The pelvic floor sequelae of childbirth. Br J Hosp Med: 1996; 55 9 575 579
7. DeLancey JOL. Anatomic aspects of vaginal eversion after hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol: 1992; 166 6 Pt 1 1717 1724, discussion 1724-1728
8. Peschers UM, Schaer GN, DeLancey JOL, Schuessler B. Levator ani function before and after childbirth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol: 1997; 104 9 1004 1008 (Pubitemid 27400179)
9. Gill EJ, Hurt WG. Pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am: 1998; 25 4 757 769 (Pubitemid 28562495)
10. Norton PA, Baker JE, Sharp HC, Warenski JC. Genitourinary prolapse and joint hypermobility in women. Obstet Gynecol: 1995; 85 2 225 228
11. Smith AR. Role of connective tissue and muscle in pelvic floor dysfunction. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol: 1994; 6 4 317 319 (Pubitemid 24269004)
12. Olson AL, Smith VJ, Bergstrom JO, Colling JC, Clark AL. Epidemiology of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol: 1997; 85 501 506 (Pubitemid 27133519)
13. Preston DM, Lennard-Jones JE. Anismus in chronic constipation. Dig Dis Sci: 1985; 30 5 413 418 (Pubitemid 15051742)
14. Wald A, Caruana BJ, Freimanis MG, Bauman DH, Hinds JP. Contributions of evacuation proctography and anorectal manometry to evaluation of adults with constipation and defecatory difficulty. Dig Dis Sci: 1990; 35 4 481 487 (Pubitemid 20116749)
15. Kuijpers HC, Bleijenberg G. The spastic pelvic floor syndrome. A cause of constipation. Dis Colon Rectum: 1985; 28 9 669 672 (Pubitemid 15237986)
16. Roberts JP, Womack NR, Hallan RI, Thorpe AC, Williams NS. Evidence from dynamic integrated proctography to redefine anismus. Br J Surg: 1992; 79 11 1213 1215
17. Fleshman JW, Dreznik Z, Cohen E, Fry RD, Kodner IJ. Balloon expulsion test facilitates diagnosis of pelvic floor outlet obstruction due to nonrelaxing puborectalis muscle. Dis Colon Rectum: 1992; 35 11 1019 1025
18. Whitehead WE, Wald A, Diamant NE, Enck P, Pemberton JH, Rao SS. Functional disorders of the anus and rectum. Gut: 1999; 45 Suppl 2 II55 II59 (Pubitemid 29434814)
19. Lau CW, Heymen S, Alabaz O, Iroatulam AJ, Wexner SD. Prognostic significance of rectocele, intussusception, and abnormal perineal descent in biofeedback treatment for constipated patients with paradoxical puborectalis contraction. Dis Colon Rectum: 2000; 43 4 478 482 (Pubitemid 30225429)
20. Enck P. Biofeedback training in disordered defecation. A critical review. Dig Dis Sci: 1993; 38 11 1953 1960 (Pubitemid 23336555)
21. Rao SS, Enck P, Loening-Baucke V. Biofeedback therapy for defecation disorders. Dig Dis: 1997; 15 Suppl 1 78 92 (Pubitemid 127520169)
22. Diamant NE, Kamm MA, Wald A, Whitehead WE. AGA technical review on anorectal testing techniques. Gastroenterology: 1999; 116 3 735 760
23. Chiarioni G, Whitehead WE, Pezza V, Morelli A, Bassotti G. Biofeedback is superior to laxatives for normal transit constipation due to pelvic floor dyssynergia. Gastroenterology: 2006; 130 3 657 664 (Pubitemid 43374515)
24. Rao SSC, Seaton K, Miller M., et al. Randomized controlled trial of biofeedback, sham feedback, and standard therapy for dyssynergic defecation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol: 2007; 5 3 331 338 (Pubitemid 46401529)
25. Chiarioni G, Salandini L, Whitehead WE. Biofeedback benefits only patients with outlet dysfunction, not patients with isolated slow transit constipation. Gastroenterology: 2005; 129 1 86 97 (Pubitemid 41002045)
26. Heymen S, Scarlett Y, Jones K, Ringel Y, Drossman D, Whitehead WE. Randomized, controlled trial shows biofeedback to be superior to alternative treatments for patients with pelvic floor dyssynergia-type constipation. Dis Colon Rectum: 2007; 50 4 428 441 (Pubitemid 46701610)
27. Heymen S, Jones KR, Scarlett Y, Whitehead WE. Biofeedback treatment of constipation: a critical review. Dis Colon Rectum: 2003; 46 9 1208 1217 (Pubitemid 37129559)
28. Burnett C, Whitehead WE, Drossman D. Psychological distress and impaired quality of life in patients with functional anorectal disorders. Gastroenterology: 1998; 114 A729
29. Heymen S, Wexner SD, Gulledge AD. MMPI assessment of patients with functional bowel disorders. Dis Colon Rectum: 1993; 36 6 593 596 (Pubitemid 23177420)
30. Nehra V, Bruce BK, Rath-Harvey DM, Pemberton JH, Camilleri M. Psychological disorders in patients with evacuation disorders and constipation in a tertiary practice. Am J Gastroenterol: 2000; 95 7 1755 1758 (Pubitemid 30485014)
31. Dykes S, Smilgin-Humphreys S, Bass C. Chronic idiopathic constipation: a psychological enquiry. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol: 2001; 13 1 39 44 (Pubitemid 32099566)
32. Koutsomanis D, Lennard-Jones JE, Roy AJ, Kamm MA. Controlled randomised trial of visual biofeedback versus muscle training without a visual display for intractable constipation. Gut: 1995; 37 1 95 99
33. Jones KR, Heymen S, Whitehead WE. Biofeedback for anorectal disorders. In: Drutz HP, Hershorn S, Diamant NE., eds. Urogynaecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery. London Springer-Verlag: 2003; 313 325
34. Joo JS, Agachan F, Wolff B, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD. Initial North American experience with botulinum toxin type A for treatment of anismus. Dis Colon Rectum: 1996; 39 10 1107 1111 (Pubitemid 26330519)
35. Hallan RI, Williams NS, Melling J, Waldron DJ, Womack NR, Morrison JFB. Treatment of anismus in intractable constipation with botulinum A toxin. Lancet: 1988; 2 8613 714 717
36. Yu DH, Cui FD. Surgical treatment of puborectalis syndrome. J Pract Surg: 1990; 10 1599 1600
37. Barnes PRH, Hawley PR, Preston DM, Lennard-Jones JE. Experience of posterior division of the puborectalis muscle in the management of chronic constipation. Br J Surg: 1985; 72 6 475 477 (Pubitemid 15022836)
38. Kamm MA, Hawley PR, Lennard-Jones JE. Lateral division of the puborectalis muscle in the management of severe constipation. Br J Surg: 1988; 75 7 661 663
39. Richardson AC. The anatomic defects in rectocele and enterocele. J Pelvic Surg: 1995; 1 214 221
40. Bartolo DC, Roe AM, Virjee J, Mortensen NJ, Locke-Edmunds JC. An analysis of rectal morphology in obstructed defaecation. Int J Colorectal Dis: 1988; 3 1 17 22 (Pubitemid 18090518)
41. Turnbull GK, Bartram CI, Lennard-Jones JE. Radiologic studies of rectal evacuation in adults with idiopathic constipation. Dis Colon Rectum: 1988; 31 3 190 197 (Pubitemid 18096396)
42. Sarles JC, Arnaud A, Selezneff I, Olivier S. Endo-rectal repair of rectocele. Int J Colorectal Dis: 1989; 4 3 167 171 (Pubitemid 19206224)
43. Pfeifer J, Agachan F, Wexner SD. Surgery for constipation: a review. Dis Colon Rectum: 1996; 39 4 444 460 (Pubitemid 26116877)
44. Arnold MW, Stewart WRC, Aguilar PS. Rectocele repair. Four years' experience. Dis Colon Rectum: 1990; 33 8 684 687 (Pubitemid 20251995)
45. Sehapayak S. Transrectal repair of rectocele: an extended armamentarium of colorectal surgeons. A report of 355 cases. Dis Colon Rectum: 1985; 28 6 422 433 (Pubitemid 15042915)
46. van Dam JH, Huisman WM, Hop WCJ, Schouten WR. Fecal continence after rectocele repair: a prospective study. Int J Colorectal Dis: 2000; 15 1 54 57
47. Ayabaca SM, Zbar AP, Pescatori M. Anal continence after rectocele repair. Dis Colon Rectum: 2002; 45 1 63 69 (Pubitemid 34072753)
48. Ting KH, Mangel E, Eibl-Eibesfeldt B, Müller-Lissner SA. Is the volume retained after defecation a valuable parameter at defecography? Dis Colon Rectum: 1992; 35 8 762 767
49. Halligan S, Bartram CI. Is barium trapping in rectoceles significant? Dis Colon Rectum: 1995; 38 7 764 768
50. Infantino A, Masin A, Melega E, Dodi G, Lise M. Does surgery resolve outlet obstruction from rectocele? Int J Colorectal Dis: 1995; 10 2 97 100
51. Mellgren A, Anzn B, Nilsson BY., et al. Results of rectocele repair. A prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum: 1995; 38 1 7 13
52. Murthy VK, Orkin BA, Smith LE, Glassman LM. Excellent outcome using selective criteria for rectocele repair. Dis Colon Rectum: 1996; 39 4 374 378 (Pubitemid 26116864)
53. Karlbom U, Graf W, Nilsson S, Phlman L. Does surgical repair of a rectocele improve rectal emptying? Dis Colon Rectum: 1996; 39 11 1296 1302 (Pubitemid 26389544)
54. van Dam JH, Ginai AZ, Gosselink MJ., et al. Role of defecography in predicting clinical outcome of rectocele repair. Dis Colon Rectum: 1997; 40 2 201 207 (Pubitemid 27074293)
55. Tjandra JJ, Ooi BS, Tang CL, Dwyer P, Carey M. Transanal repair of rectocele corrects obstructed defecation if it is not associated with anismus. Dis Colon Rectum: 1999; 42 12 1544 1550 (Pubitemid 30007587)
56. Janssen LW, van Dijke CF. Selection criteria for anterior rectal wall repair in symptomatic rectocele and anterior rectal wall prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum: 1994; 37 11 1100 1107 (Pubitemid 24366547)
57. van Dam JH, Hop WC, Schouten WR. Analysis of patients with poor outcome of rectocele repair. Dis Colon Rectum: 2000; 43 11 1556 1560
58. Jeffcoate TN. Posterior colpoperineorrhaphy. Am J Obstet Gynecol: 1959; 77 3 490 502
59. Kahn MA, Stanton SL. Posterior colporrhaphy: its effects on bowel and sexual function. Br J Obstet Gynaecol: 1997; 104 1 82 86 (Pubitemid 27019900)
60. Glavind K, Madsen H. A prospective study of the discrete fascial defect rectocele repair. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand: 2000; 79 2 145 147 (Pubitemid 30098798)
61. Kenton K, Shott S, Brubaker L. Outcome after rectovaginal fascia reattachment for rectocele repair. Am J Obstet Gynecol: 1999; 181 6 1360 1363, discussion 1363-1364
62. Porter WE, Steele A, Walsh P, Kohli N, Karram MM. The anatomic and functional outcomes of defect-specific rectocele repairs. Am J Obstet Gynecol: 1999; 181 6 1353 1358, discussion 1358-1359
63. Cundiff GW, Weidner AC, Visco AG, Addison WA, Bump RC. An anatomic and functional assessment of the discrete defect rectocele repair. Am J Obstet Gynecol: 1998; 179 6 Pt 1 1451 1456, discussion 1456-1457
64. Kahn MA, Stanton SL. Techniques of rectocele repair and their effects on bowel function. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct: 1998; 9 1 37 47 (Pubitemid 28276681)
65. Ryhammer AM, Laurberg S, Srensen FH. Effects of age on anal function in normal women. Int J Colorectal Dis: 1997; 12 4 225 229 (Pubitemid 27344515)
66. Zbar AP, Lienemann A, Fritsch H, Beer-Gabel M, Pescatori M. Rectocele: pathogenesis and surgical management. Int J Colorectal Dis: 2003; 18 5 369 384 (Pubitemid 37062727)
67. Khubchandani IT, Sheets JA, Stasik JJ, Hakki AR. Endorectal repair of rectocele. Dis Colon Rectum: 1983; 26 12 792 796 (Pubitemid 14208266)
68. Kahn MA, Stanton SL, Kumar DA. Randomized prospective trial of posterior colporrhaphy vs transanal repair of rectocele: preliminary findings. Int Urogynecol J: 1997; 8 246 247
69. Pitchford CA. Rectocele: a cause of anorectal pathologic changes in women. Dis Colon Rectum: 1967; 10 6 464 466
70. Sullivan ES, Leaverton GH, Hardwick CE. Transrectal perineal repair: an adjunct to improved function after anorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum: 1968; 11 2 106 114
71. Khubchandani IT, Clancy JP III, Rosen L, Riether RD, Stasik JJ Jr. Endorectal repair of rectocele revisited. Br J Surg: 1997; 84 1 89 91 (Pubitemid 27033116)
72. Ho YH, Ang M, Nyam D, Tan M, Seow-Choen F. Transanal approach to rectocele repair may compromise anal sphincter pressures. Dis Colon Rectum: 1998; 41 3 354 358 (Pubitemid 28141602)
73. Schouten WR, Gordon PH. Constipation. In: Gordon PH, Nivatvongs S., eds. Principles and Practice of Surgery for the Colon, Rectum, and Anus. St. Louis, MO Quality Medical Publishing: 1999; 1214 1218
74. Ellis CN. Anterior levatoroplasty for the treatment of chronic anterior anal fissures in women with an associated rectocele. Dis Colon Rectum: 2004; 47 1170 1174
75. Marti MC, Roche B, Delaval J. Rectoceles: value of video-defecography in selection of treatment policy. Colorectal Dis: 1999; 1 324 329
76. Van Laarhoven CJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI, Halligan S, Hawley PR, Phillips RK. Relationship between anatomic and symptomatic long-term results after rectocele repair for impaired defecation. Dis Colon Rectum: 1999; 42 2 204 210, discussion 210-211
77. Block IR. Transrectal repair of rectocele using obliterative suture. Dis Colon Rectum: 1986; 29 11 707 711 (Pubitemid 17190068)
78. Pescatori M, Favetta U, Dedola S., et al. Transanal stapled excision of rectal mucosal prolapse. Tech Coloproctol: 1997; 1 96 98
79. Altomare DF, Rinaldi M, Veglia A, Petrolino M, De Fazio M, Sallustio P. Combined perineal and endorectal repair of rectocele by circular stapler: a novel surgical technique. Dis Colon Rectum: 2002; 45 11 1549 1552 (Pubitemid 35345884)
80. Longo A. Obstructed defecation because of rectal pathologies. Novel surgical treatment: stapled transanal resection (STARR). Paper presented at: The Annual Cleveland Clinic Foundation Colorectal Disease Symposium 2004; February 12-14, 2004; Ft. Lauderdale, FL
81. Boccasanta P, Venturi M, Stuto A., et al. Stapled transanal rectal resection for outlet obstruction: a prospective, multicenter trial. Dis Colon Rectum: 2004; 47 8 1285 1296, discussion 1296-1297 (Pubitemid 39180202)
82. Boccasanta P, Venturi M, Salamina G, Cesana BM, Bernasconi F, Roviaro G. New trends in the surgical treatment of outlet obstruction: clinical and functional results of two novel transanal stapled techniques from a randomised controlled trial. Int J Colorectal Dis: 2004; 19 4 359 369 (Pubitemid 38868303)
83. Jayne DG, Schwandner O, Stuto A. Stapled transanal rectal resection for obstructed defecation syndrome: one-year results of the European STARR Registry. Dis Colon Rectum: 2009; 52 7 1205 1212, discussion 1212-1214
84. Titu LV, Riyad K, Carter H, Dixon AR. Stapled transanal rectal resection for obstructed defecation: a cautionary tale. Dis Colon Rectum: 2009; 52 10 1716 1722
85. Dodi G, Pietroletti R, Milito G, Binda G, Pescatori M. Bleeding, incontinence, pain and constipation after STARR transanal double stapling rectotomy for obstructed defecation. Tech Coloproctol: 2003; 7 3 148 153 (Pubitemid 37339284)
86. Pescatori M, Dodi G, Salafia C, Zbar AP. Rectovaginal fistula after double-stapled transanal rectotomy (STARR) for obstructed defecation. Int J Colorectal Dis: 2005; 20 1 83 85 (Pubitemid 40057886)
87. Watson SJ, Loder PB, Halligan S, Bartram CI, Kamm MA, Phillips RK. Transperineal repair of symptomatic rectocele with Marlex mesh: a clinical, physiological and radiologic assessment of treatment. J Am Coll Surg: 1996; 183 3 257 261 (Pubitemid 26299190)
88. Hoffman MJ, Kodner IJ, Fry RD. Internal intussusception of the rectum. Diagnosis and surgical management. Dis Colon Rectum: 1984; 27 7 435 441 (Pubitemid 14093004)
89. Mellgren A, Schultz I, Johansson C, Dolk A. Internal rectal intussusception seldom develops into total rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum: 1997; 40 7 817 820 (Pubitemid 27295055)
90. Freimanis MG, Wald A, Caruana B, Bauman DH. Evacuation proctography in normal volunteers. Invest Radiol: 1991; 26 6 581 585
91. Shorvon PJ, McHugh S, Diamant NE, Somers S, Stevenson GW. Defecography in normal volunteers: results and implications. Gut: 1989; 30 12 1737 1749 (Pubitemid 20061262)
92. van Tets WF, Kuijpers JHC. Internal rectal intussusceptionfact or fancy? Dis Colon Rectum: 1995; 38 10 1080 1083
93. Brown AJ, Anderson JH, McKee RF, Finlay IG. Surgery for occult rectal prolapse. Colorectal Dis: 2004; 6 3 176 179 (Pubitemid 38660638)
94. Kelvin FM, Maglinte DD, Benson JT. Evacuation proctography (defecography): an aid to the investigation of pelvic floor disorders. Obstet Gynecol: 1994; 83 2 307 314 (Pubitemid 24043309)
95. Farouk R, Duthie GS, MacGregor AB, Bartolo DC. Rectoanal inhibition and incontinence in patients with rectal prolapse. Br J Surg: 1994; 81 5 743 746 (Pubitemid 24192116)
96. Briel JW, Schouten WR, Boerma MO. Long-term results of suture rectopexy in patients with fecal incontinence associated with incomplete rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum: 1997; 40 10 1228 1232
97. Rutter KRP. Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome; its relation to mucosal prolapse. Clin Gastroenterol: 1985; 4 505 530
98. Goei R, Baeten C, Arends JW. Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: findings at barium enema study and defecography. Radiology: 1988; 168 2 303 306
99. Kuijpers HC, Schreve RH, ten Cate Hoedemakers H. Diagnosis of functional disorders of defecation causing the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum: 1986; 29 2 126 129 (Pubitemid 16113882)
100. Halligan S, Nicholls RJ, Bartram CI. Evacuation proctography in patients with solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: anatomic abnormalities and frequency of impaired emptying and prolapse. AJR Am J Roentgenol: 1995; 164 1 91 95
101. Tjandra JJ, Fazio VW, Church JM, Lavery IC, Oakley JR, Milsom JW. Clinical conundrum of solitary rectal ulcer. Dis Colon Rectum: 1992; 35 3 227 234
102. Binnie NR, Papachrysostomou M, Clare N, Smith AN. Solitary rectal ulcer: the place of biofeedback and surgery in the treatment of the syndrome. World J Surg: 1992; 16 5 836 840
103. Halligan S, Nicholls RJ, Bartram CI. Proctographic changes after rectopexy for solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and preoperative predictive factors for a successful outcome. Br J Surg: 1995; 82 3 314 317
104. Berman IR, Harris MS, Rabeler MB. Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse. Patient selection, technique, and three-year follow-up. Dis Colon Rectum: 1990; 33 7 573 580 (Pubitemid 20211446)
105. Christiansen J, Zhu BW, Rasmussen OO, Srensen M. Internal rectal intussusception: results of surgical repair. Dis Colon Rectum: 1992; 35 11 1026 1028, discussion 1028-1029
106. Sielezneff I, Malouf A, Cesari J, Brunet C, Sarles JC, Sastre B. Selection criteria for internal rectal prolapse repair by Delorme's transrectal excision. Dis Colon Rectum: 1999; 42 3 367 373 (Pubitemid 29143837)
107. Graf W, Karlbom U, Phlman L, Nilsson S, Ejerblad S. Functional results after abdominal suture rectopexy for rectal prolapse or intussusception. Eur J Surg: 1996; 162 11 905 911
108. McCue JL, Thomson JPS. Rectopexy for internal rectal intussusception. Br J Surg: 1990; 77 6 632 634 (Pubitemid 20190013)
109. Mellgren A, Bremmer S, Johansson C., et al. Defecography. Results of investigations in 2,816 patients. Dis Colon Rectum: 1994; 37 11 1133 1141 (Pubitemid 24366553)
110. Mellgren A, Johansson C, Dolk A., et al. Enterocele demonstrated by defecography is associated with other pelvic floor disorders. Int J Colorectal Dis: 1994; 3 121 124 (Pubitemid 24247556)
111. Tulikangas PK, Piedmonte MR, Weber AM. Functional and anatomic follow-up of enterocele repairs. Obstet Gynecol: 2001; 98 2 265 268 (Pubitemid 32744760)
112. Kobashi KC, Leach GE. Pelvic prolapse. J Urol: 2000; 164 6 1879 1890
113. Vanbeckevoort D, Van Hoe L, Oyen R, Ponette E, De Ridder D, Deprest J. Pelvic floor descent in females: comparative study of colpocystodefecography and dynamic fast MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging: 1999; 9 3 373 377 (Pubitemid 29180129)
114. Wiskind AK, Creighton SM, Stanton SL. The incidence of genital prolapse after the Burch colposuspension. Am J Obstet Gynecol: 1992; 167 2 399 404, discussion 404-405
115. Chaliha C, Stanton SL. Complications of surgery for genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol: 1999; 106 12 1238 1245
116. Zimmern PE, Leach GE, Ganabathi K. The urological aspects of vaginal vault prolapse. Diagnosis and surgical aspects. AUA Update Series: 1993; XII 193 212
117. Timmons MC, Addison WA, Addison SB, Cavenar MG. Abdominal sacral colpopexy in 163 women with posthysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse and enterocele. Evolution of operative techniques. J Reprod Med: 1992; 37 4 323 327
118. Zimmern PE, Leach GE. Repair of enterocele and rectocele, perineal repair, and vault suspension. Atlas Urol Clin North Am: 1994; 2 47 60
119. Benson JT, Lucente V, McClellan E. Vaginal versus abdominal reconstructive surgery for the treatment of pelvic support defects: a prospective randomized study with long-term outcome evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol: 1996; 175 6 1418 1421, discussion 1421-1422
120. Miklos JR, Kohli N, Lucente V, Saye WB. Site-specific fascial defects in the diagnosis and surgical management of enterocele. Am J Obstet Gynecol: 1998; 179 6 Pt 1 1418 1422, discussion 1822-1823
121. Gosselink MJ, van Dam JH, Huisman WM, Ginai AZ, Schouten WR. Treatment of enterocele by obliteration of the pelvic inlet. Dis Colon Rectum: 1999; 42 7 940 944 (Pubitemid 29328467)
122. Jean F, Tanneau Y, Le Blanc-Louvry I, Leroi AM, Denis P, Michot F. Treatment of enterocele by abdominal colporectosacropexy - efficacy on pelvic pressure. Colorectal Dis: 2002; 4 5 321 325
123. Mellgren A, Dolk A, Johansson C, Bremmer S, Anzn B, Holmström B. Enterocele is correctable using the Ripstein rectopexy. Dis Colon Rectum: 1994; 37 8 800 804 (Pubitemid 24255128)
124. Oettle GJ, Roe AM, Bartolo DC, Mortensen NJ. What is the best way of measuring perineal descent? A comparison of radiographic and clinical methods. Br J Surg: 1985; 72 12 999 1001 (Pubitemid 16179278)
125. Lubowski DZ, Jones PN, Swash M, Henry MM. Asymmetrical pudendal nerve damage in pelvic floor disorders. Int J Colorectal Dis: 1988; 3 3 158 160
126. Sullivan ES, Longaker CJ, Lee PYH. Total pelvic mesh repair: a ten-year experience. Dis Colon Rectum: 2001; 44 6 857 863 (Pubitemid 32522076)
127. Lahr SJ, Lahr CJ, Srinivasan A, Clerico ET, Limehouse VM, Serbezov IK. Operative management of severe constipation. Am Surg: 1999; 65 12 1117 1121, discussion 1122-1123
128. Welgoss JA, Vogt VY, McClellan EJ, Benson JT. Relationship between surgically induced neuropathy and outcome of pelvic organ prolapse surgery. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct: 1999; 10 1 11 14 (Pubitemid 29132250)
129. Benson JT, McClellan E. The effect of vaginal dissection on the pudendal nerve. Obstet Gynecol: 1993; 82 3 387 389 (Pubitemid 23251358)
130. Benson JT. Defect approach to pelvic organ prolapse surgery. In: Stanton SL, Zimmern PE., eds. Female Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery. London Springer-Verlag: 2003; 365 368
131. Silvis R, Gooszen HG, Kahraman T., et al. Novel approach to combined defaecation and micturition disorders with rectovaginovesicopexy. Br J Surg: 1998; 85 6 813 817 (Pubitemid 28300516)
132. Iglesia CB, Fenner DE, Brubaker L. The use of mesh in gynecologic surgery. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct: 1997; 8 2 105 115 (Pubitemid 27405802)