Renin as a biomarker of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice

Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 312-317

  Volpe, M ^a,b   Battistoni, A ^a   Chin, D ^a   Rubattu, S ^a,b   Tocci, G ^b  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b IRCCS NEUROMED   (Italy)

Author keywords

Biomarker; Cardiovascular prognosis; Cardiovascular risk; Heart failure; Hypertension; Renin angiotensin aldosterone system

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CHYMOSIN;

BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHY; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; MORTALITY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHYMOSIN; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; PROGNOSIS; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM;

EID: 84858438738     PISSN: 09394753     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.12.006     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Biomarkers definition working group Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 69:89-95.
2. Morrow D.A., de Lemos J.A. Benchmarks for the assessment of novel cardiovascular biomarkers. Circulation 2007, 115:949-952.
3. Daubert M.A., Jeremias A. The utility of troponin measurement to detect myocardial infarction: review of the current findings. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2010, 6:691-699.
4. Angermann C.E., Ertl G. Natriuretic peptides-new diagnostic markers in heart disease. Herz 2004, 29:609-617.
5. Skeggs L.T., Dorer F.E., Kahn J.R., Lentz K.E., Levine M. The biochemistry of the renin-angiotensin system and its role in hypertension. Am J Med 1976, 60:737-748.
6. Volpe M., Savoia C., De Paolis P., Ostrowska B., Tarasi D., Rubattu S. The renin-angiotensin system as a risk factor and therapeutic target for cardiovascular and renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, 13(Suppl 3):S173-S178.
7. Ma T.K., Kam K.K., Yan B.P., Lam Y.Y. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade for cardiovascular diseases: current status. Br J Pharmacol 2010, 160:1273-1292.
8. Mehta P.K., Griendling K.K. Angiotensin II cell signaling: physiological and pathological effects in the cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007, 292:C82-C97.
9. Topouchian J., El Feghali R., Pannier B., Wang S., Zhao F., Smetana K., et al. Arterial stiffness and pharmacological interventions-the transcend arterial stiffness substudy (trans study). Vasc Health Risk Manag 2007, 3:381-387.
10. Meneton P., Galan P., Bertrais S., Heudes D., Hercberg S., Menard J. High plasma aldosterone and low renin predict blood pressure increase and hypertension in middle-aged Caucasian populations. J Hum Hypertens 2008, 22:550-558.
11. Skott O., Briggs J.P. Direct demonstration of macula densa-mediated renin secretion. Science 1987, 237:1618-1620.
12. Castrop H., Höcherl K., Kurtz A., Schweda F., Todorov V., Wagner C. Physiology of kidney renin. Physiol Rev 2010, 90:607-673.
13. Campbell D.J., Nussberger J., Stowasser M., Danser A.H.J., Morganti A. Activity assays and immunoassays for plasma renin and prorenin: information provided and precautions necessary for accurate measurement. Clin Chem 2009, 55:867-877.
14. Danser A.H.Jan, Deinum J. Renin, prorenin and the putative (pro)renin receptor. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2005, 6:163-165.
15. Campbell D.J., Nussberger J., Stowasser M., Danser A.H., Morganti A., Frandsen E., et al. Activity assays and immunoassays for plasma renin and prorenin: information provided and precautions necessary for accurate measurement. Clin Chem 2009, 55:867-877.
16. Brunner H.R., Laragh J.H., Baer L., Newton M.A., Goodwin F.T., Krakoff L.R., et al. Essential hypertension: renin and aldosterone, heart attack and stroke. N Engl J Med 1972, 286:441-449.
17. Alderman M.H., Madhavan S., Ooi W.L., Cohen H., Sealey J.E., Laragh J.H. Association of the renin-sodium profile with the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med 1991, 324:1098-1104.
18. Volpe M., Lembo G., De Luca N., Lamenza F., Tritto C., Ricciardelli B., et al. Abnormal hormonal and renal responses to saline load in hypertensive patients with parental history of cardiovascular accidents. Circulation 1991, 84:92-100.
19. Gonzalez M.C., Cohen H.W., Sealey J.E., Laragh J.H., Alderman M.H. Enduring direct association of baseline plasma renin activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 2011, 24:1181-1186. 10.1038/ajh.2011.172.
20. Meade T.W., Cooper J.A., Peart W.S. Plasma renin activity and ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:616-619.
21. Wang T.J., Gona P., Larson M.G., Tofler G.H., Levy D., Newton-Cheh C., et al. Multiple biomarkers for the prediction of first major cardiovascular events and death. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:2631-2639.
22. Parikh N.I., Gona P., Larson M.G., Wang T.J., Newton-Cheh C., Levy D., et al. Plasma renin and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study. Eur Heart J 2007, 28:2644-2652. [Epub 2007 Sep 25].
23. Daimon M., Konta T., Oizumi T., Karasawa S., Kaino W., Takase K., et al. Higher plasma renin activity is a risk factor for total mortality in older Japanese individuals: the takahata study. Metabolism 2011 Oct 14, [Epub ahead of print].
24. Verma S., Gupta M., Holmes D.T., Xu L., Teoh H., Gupta S., et al. Plasma renin activity predicts cardiovascular mortality in the heart outcomes prevention evaluation (HOPE) study. Eur Heart J 2011, 32:2135-2142.
25. Tomaschitz A., Pilz S., Ritz E., Morganti A., Grammer T., Amrein K., et al. Associations of plasma renin with 10-year cardiovascular mortality, sudden cardiac death, and death due to heart failure. Eur Heart J 2011, 32:2642-2649.
26. Muhlestein J.B., May H.T., Bair T.L., Prescott M.F., Horne B.D., White R., et al. Relation of elevated plasma renin activity at baseline to cardiac events patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2010, 106:764-769.
27. Katayama T., Nakashima H., Furudono S., Honda Y., Suzuki S., Yano K. Evaluation of neurohormonal activation (adrenomedullin, BNP, catecholamines, etc.) in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Intern Med 2004, 43:1015-1022.
28. Rouleau J.L., Packer M., Moyè L., de Champlain J., Bichet D., Klein M., et al. Prognostic Value of neurohormonal activation in patients with an acute myocardial infarction: effect of captopril. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24:583-591.
29. Vantrimpont P., Rouleau J.L., Ciampi A., Harel F., de Champlain J., Bichet D., et al. Two-years time course and significance of neurohormonal activation in the survival and ventricular enlargement (SAVE) study. Eur Heart J 1998, 19:1552-1563.
30. Sim J.J., Shi J., Calara F., Rasgon S., Jacobsen S., Kalantar-Zadeh K. Association of plasma renin activity and aldosterone-renin ratio with prevalence of chronic kidney disease: the Kaiser Permanente Southern California Cohort. J Hypertens 2011, 29:2226-2235.
31. Falkenhahn M., Gohlke P., Paul M., Stoll M., Unger T. Two-years time course and significance of neurohormonal activation in the survival and ventricular enlargement (SAVE) study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994, 24(Suppl 2):S6-S13.
32. Chan A.K., Sanderson J.E., Wang T., Lam W., Yip G., Wang M., et al. Aldosterone receptor antagonism induces reverse remodeling when added to angiotensin receptor blockade in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 50:591-596.
33. Quercioli A., Mach F., Montecucco F. Novel treatment strategy with direct renin inhibition against heart failure. Panminerva Med 2010, 52:41-51.
34. Rockman H.A., Juneau C., Chatterjee K., Rouleau J.L. Long-term predictors of sudden and low output death in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1989, 64:1344-1348.
35. Francis G.S., Cohn J.N., Johnson G., Rector T.S., Goldman S., Simon A. Plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity, and congestive heart failure. Relations to survival and the effects of therapy in V-HeFT II. The V-HeFT VA cooperative studies group. Circulation 1993, 87(6 Suppl):VI40-VI48.
36. Latini R., Masson S., Anand I., Salio M., Hester A., Judd D., et al. Val-HeFT investigators. The comparative prognostic value of plasma neurohormones at baseline in patients with heart failure enrolled in Val-HeFT. Eur Heart J 2004, 25:292-299.
37. Masson S., Solomon S., Angelici L., Latini R., Anand I.S., Prescott M., et al. Val-Heft Investigators. Elevated plasma renin activity predicts adverse outcome in chronic heart failure, independently of pharmacologic therapy: data from the valsartan heart failure trial (Val-HeFT). J Card Fail 2010, 16:964-970.
38. Vergaro G., Emdin M., Iervasi A., Zyw L., Gabutti A., Poletti R., et al. Prognostic value of plasma renin activity in heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2011, 108:246-251. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.03.034.
39. Volpe M., Francia P., Tocci G., Rubattu S., Cangianiello S., Elena Rao M.A., et al. Prediction of long-term survival in chronic heart failure by multiple biomarker assessment: a 15-year prospective follow-up study. Clin Cardiol 2010, 33:700-707.
40. Luetscher J.A., Kraemer F.B., Wilson D.M., Schwartz H.C., Bryer-Ash M. Increased plasma inactive renin in diabetes mellitus. A marker of microvascular complications. N Engl J Med 1985, 312:1412-1417.
41. Franken A.A.M., Derkx F.H.M., Blankestijn P.J., Janssen JA.M.J.L., Mannesse C.K., Hop W., et al. Plasma prorenin as an early marker of microvascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab 1992, 18:137-143.
42. Franken A.A.M., Derkx F.H.M., Man in't Veld A.J., Hop W.C.J., Van Rens G.H., Peperkamp E., et al. High plasma prorenin in diabetes mellitus and its correlation with some complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990, 71:1008-1015.
43. Daneman D., Cromton C.H., Balfe J.W., Sochett E.B., Chatzilias A., Cotter B.R., et al. Plasma prorenin as an early marker of nephropathy in diabetic (IDDM) adolescents. Kidney Int 1994, 46:1154-1159.
44. Amemiya S., Ishihara T., Higashida K., Kusano S., Ohyama K., Kato K. Altered synthesis of prorenin in patient with insulin-dependent diabetes; plasma prorenin as a marker predicting the elevation of nephropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1990, 10:115-122. 10.1016/0168-8227(90)90032-O.
45. Deinum J., Ronn B., Mathiesen E., Derkx F.H.M., Hop W.C.P., SchaleKamp M.A.D.H. Increase in serum prorenin precedes onset of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1999, 42:1006-1010.
46. Makimattila S., Summanen P., Matinlauri I., Mantysaari M., Schlenzka A., Aalto M., et al. Serum total renin, and independent marker of the activity and severity of retinopathy in patients with IDDM. Br J Ophthalmol 1998, 82:937-944.
47. Kawazu S., Minagawa S., Yazawa M., Tsuchida A., Ihara C., Hosaka D., et al. Sex difference and possible relationship to microvascular complications of serum prorenin levels in type 2 diabetic patients, measured by a novel antibody-activating direct enzyme kinetic assay. J Diabetes Complications 2004, 18:275-281. 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2004.03.001.
48. Mercure C., Prescott G., Lacombe M.J., Silversides D.W., Reudelhuber T.L. Chronic increases in circulating prorenin are not associated with renal or cardiac pathologies. Hypertension 2009, 53:1062-1069.
49. Maede T. Plasma renin and the incidence of cardiovascular disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2010, 11:91-98.
50. Hlatky M.A., Greenland P., Arnett D.K., Ballantyne C.M., Criqui M.H., Elkind M.S., et al. Criteria for evaluation of novel markers of cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 2009 May 5, 119(17):2408-2416.
51. Sealey J.E., Laragh J.H. Aliskiren, the first renin inhibitor for treating hypertension: reactive rennin secretion may limit its effectiveness. Am J Hypertens 2007, 20:587-597.