Food bank Johannesburg, state, and civil society organisations in post-apartheid Johannesburg

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 809-829

  Warshawsky, Daniel Novik ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUREAUCRACY; CIVIL SOCIETY; FOOD SECURITY; NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION; POST-APARTHEID; PRIVATE SECTOR;

GAUTENG; JOHANNESBURG; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 84858380136     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: 14653893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057070.2011.617947     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Food security is defined as the state of being when food is available, accessible, nutritious, and safe to people in various cultural and socio-demographic contexts at different scales.
2. J. Crush and B. Frayne, The Invisible Crisis: Urban Food Security in Southern Africa, AFSUN Series No. 1 (Cape Town, African Food Security Urban Network, 2010).
3. FAO, The State of Food Insecurity (Rome, FAO, 2009).
4. J. Crush and B. Frayne, Pathways to Insecurity: Urban Food Supply and Access in Southern Africa, AFSUN Series No. 3 (Cape Town, African Food Security Urban Network, 2010).
5. Crush and Frayne, Pathways to Insecurity.
6. J. Clapp and M.J. Cohen, 'The Food Crisis and Global Governance', in M.J. Cohen and J. Clapp (eds), The Global Food Crisis: Governance Challenges and Opportunities (Waterloo, Wilfred Laurier University Press [WLUP], 2009), pp. 1-10.
7. S. Atkinson, 'Approaches and Actors in Urban Food Security in Low Income Countries', Habitat International, 19 (1995), pp. 151-163.
8. S. Devereux, 'Transfers and Safety Nets', in S. Devereux and S. Maxwell (eds), Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa (London, ITDG Publishing, 2001), pp. 267-293.
9. Global FoodBanking Network, 'Country Projects' (2009), available at http://www.foodbanking.org/work/, retrieved on 5 November 2009.
10. Global FoodBanking Network, 'About Us' (2009), available at http://www.foodbanking.org/about/, retrieved on 5 November 2009.
11. Global FoodBanking Network, 'What Is Food Banking?' (2009), available at http://www.foodbanking.org/about/foodbanking.html, retrieved on 5 November 2009.
12. FoodBank South Africa, 'Fact Sheet - 30 September 2009' (2009), available at http://www.foodbank.org.za/fact-sheets, retrieved on 7 November 2009.
13. The study area includes the Johannesburg metropolitan municipality, Ekurhuleni metropolitan municipality, and West Rand municipality.
14. FoodBank Johannesburg, 'FoodBank Jo'burg now serving city's hungry' (2009), available at http://www.foodbank.org.za/jhb/73-'FoodBankJo'burg-now-serving-city's-hungry, retrieved on 7 November 2009.
15. This figure is based on data supplied by FBSA.
16. Interview with manager, FoodBank Johannesburg, 27 March 2009.
17. Interview with administrator, Global FoodBanking Network, 31 March 2009.
18. M. Rudolph, S. Ruysenaar, T. Dlamini and F. Kroll, PUFS Johannesburg - A Sketch of Food Security, Poverty and Health in Three Study Areas in Johannesburg (Cape Town, Programme in Urban Food Security, 2009).
19. A. Habib and H. Kotzé, 'Civil Society, Governance and Development in an Era of Globalisation: The South African Case', in G. Mhone and O. Edigheji (eds), Governance in the New South Africa: The Challenges of Globalisation (Cape Town, University of Cape Town Press, 2003), pp. 246-270.
20. S. Parnell and J. Robinson, 'Development and Urban Policy: Johannesburg's City Development Strategy', Urban Studies, 43, 2 (February 2006), pp. 337-355.
21. B. Jessop, State Power (Malden, Massachusetts, Polity, 2007).
22. J. Ferguson, 'Formalities of Poverty: Thinking about Social Assistance in Neoliberal South Africa', African Studies Review, 50, 2 (September 2007), pp. 71-85.
23. H. Leitner, E.S. Sheppard, K. Sziarto and A. Maringanti, 'Contesting Urban Futures: Decentering Neoliberalism', in H. Leitner, J. Peck and E.S. Sheppard (eds), Contesting Neoliberalism: Urban frontiers (New York, The Guilford Press, 2007), pp. 1-25.
24. G. Hart, 'The Provocations of Neoliberalism: Contesting the Nation and Liberation after Apartheid', Antipode, 40, 4 (September 2008), pp. 678-705.
25. S. Hall, 'Gramsci's Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity', Journal of Communication Inquiry, 10, 5 (June 1986), pp. 5-27.
26. A. Habib, 'State-Society Relations in Post-Apartheid SouthAfrica', Social Research, 72, 3 (Fall 2005), pp. 671-693.
27. During the late-apartheid period of 1976-1994, anti-apartheid CSOs received substantial financial resources from foreign donors and local businesses and churches sympathetic to the anti-apartheid cause. Also, before 1994, university students and other young activists staffed anti-apartheid CSOs. These financial and human resources were essential to the growth of anti-apartheid CSOs and ultimately central in the demise of the apartheid regime.
28. A. Habib and R. Taylor, 'South Africa: anti-apartheid NGOs in transition', Voluntas, 10, 1 (March 1999), pp. 73-82.
29. C. Rogerson, 'Ten Years of Changing Development Planning in a Democratic South Africa', International Development Planning Review, 26, 4 (2004), pp. 355-358.
30. S. Parnell, 'Building Developmental Local Government to Fight Poverty: Institutional Change in the City of Johannesburg', International Development Planning Review, 26, 4 (2004), pp. 377-399.
31. Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, 'The Integrated Food Security Strategy for South Africa', (2002), available at http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=70243, retrieved on 15 December 2009, p. 6.
32. S. Ruysenaar, Silhouettes and Safety Nets: Unpacking National Food Security Policy and Agricultural Interventions in Gauteng (Master's Thesis, University of Witwatersrand, 2009).
33. M. Swilling, Implications of the South African Non-Profit Sector Study (Cape Town, University of Stellenbosch, 2002).
34. P. Bond, Élite Transition (Sterling, Virginia, Pluto Press, 2000).
35. N. de Jager, 'The South African Government and the Application of Co-optive Power', Politikon, 33, 1 (April 2006), pp. 101-12.
36. Although standard protocol guided each interview, question format was open and exploratory. All interviews are cited in the same manner: (interviewee role, institution, date). As multiple interviews were completed on the same day, many interviews have the same interview date. Interviews were edited for grammatical clarity when necessary.
37. I attended the Johannesburg Food Bank Grand Opening on 26 May 2009 and participated in multiple Johannesburg-based Food Security Forum meetings in March-July 2009.
38. Footnote 32.
39. Food bank affiliated NGOs, quasi-food bank affiliated NGOs, and non-food bank affiliated CSOs.
40. While much of these data were collected over numerous months through participant observation and thus cannot be attributed to a particular date, specific facts are cited in the same manner when possible. For citation format, see Footnote 32.
41. Interview with administrator, Global FoodBanking Network, 31 March 2009.
42. Interview with administrator, Global FoodBanking Network, 31 March 2009.
43. Interview with administrator, Global FoodBanking Network, 31 March 2009.
44. FoodBank South Africa, 'The FoodBank SA Network' (2009), available at http://www.foodbank.org.za/who-we-are/network, retrieved on 7 November 2009.
45. FoodBank South Africa, 'Fact sheet - 30 September 2009'.
46. Interview with manager, FoodBank Johannesburg, 27 March 2009.
47. FBSA has not formally released financial information. Interview with administrator, Global FoodBanking Network, 4 January 2009; Interview with administrator, FoodBank Johannesburg, 17 June 2009. 44 This includes R16,000,000 or $2,133,333 from the parastatal National Lotteries, R3,300,000 or $440,000 from the South African National Department of Social Development, R1,000,000 or $133,333 from Pioneer Foods, and R183,738 or $24,498 from GFN (Administrator, FoodBank South Africa, 11 January, 2009). The exchange rate was R1 to $7.5 in November 2009.
48. Footnote 44 for conversions. Interview with administrator, FoodBank South Africa, 11 January 2009.
49. Formerly known as the Johannesburg Fresh Produce Market.
50. Interviews with manager, FoodBank Johannesburg, 17 March 2009 and 7 May 2009.
51. Global FoodBanking Network, 'What is Food Banking?'.
52. Interview with administrator, Global FoodBanking Network, 31 March 2009; Interview with administrator, FoodBank Johannesburg, 18 June 2009; Interview with manager, FoodBank Johannesburg, 7 May 2009.
53. Beneficiary organisations often pay user fees to their respective food banks as a way to purchase food for a relatively nominal price.
54. Through a series of new laws, including the Non-profit Organisations Act of 1997, Lotteries Act of 1997, and the National Development Agency Act of 1998, the South African government legitimised civil society as legally viable, financially supported, and symbolically important institutions in post-apartheid society.
55. M. Swilling, B. Russell, and A. Habib, The Size and Scope of the Non-Profit Sector in South Africa (Cape Town, University of Stellenbosch, 2002).
56. Footnote 44.
57. Interview with administrator, FoodBank South Africa, 11 January 2009.
58. Interview with administrator, FoodBank Johannesburg, 17 June 2009.
59. Interview with manager, FoodBank Johannesburg, 27 March 2009.
60. Interview with manager, FoodBank Johannesburg, 17 March 2009.
61. Habib and Kotzé, 'Civil Society, Governance and Development in an Era of Globalisation'.
62. Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, The Integrated Food Security Strategy for South Africa (2002), available at http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=70243, retrieved on 15 December 2009, p. 6.
63. Interview with administrator, Department of Public Works, South Africa, 9 November 2009.
64. Department of Social Development, South Africa, Strategic Plan 2006/7-2009/10 (2006), available at http://www.dsd.gov.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=26&Itemid=39, retrieved on 14 February 2008.
65. City of Johannesburg, Johannesburg Integrated Development Plan 2007/8 (2006), available at http://www.joburg.org.za/content/view/960/114/, retrieved on 14 February 2009.
66. Parnell and Robinson 'Development and Urban Policy'.
67. J. Poppendieck, Sweet Charity (New York, Viking, 1998).
68. J. Wolpert, What Charity Can and Cannot Do (New York, The Twentieth Century Fund, 1996).
69. P. Allen, 'Reweaving the Food Security Safety Net: Mediating Entitlement and Entrepreneurship', Agriculture and Human Values, 16 (1999), pp. 117-129.
70. G. Riches, 'Food Banks and Food Security: Welfare Reform, Human Rights and Social Policy. Lessons from Canada?', Social Policy and Administration, 36 (2002), pp. 648-663.
71. G. Henderson, '"Free" Food, the Local Production of Worth, and the Circuit of Decommodification: a Value Theory of the Surplus', Environment and Planning D, 22, 4 (2004), pp. 485-512.
72. D.N. Warshawsky, 'New Power Relations Served Here: the Growth of Food Banking in Chicago', Geoforum, 41, 5 (September 2010), pp. 763-775.
73. B. Jessop, The Future of the Capitalist State (Cambridge, UK, Polity Press, 2002).
74. Interview with administrator, Global FoodBanking Network, 31 March 2009; Interview with administrator, food business, 23 April 2009.
75. Accenture, Global Food Banking Network South African Expansion Project (London, Accenture, 2009).
76. Interview with administrator, food business, 23 April 2009.
77. Interview with administrator, food manufacturer, 24 April 2009.
78. Interview with administrator, food retailer, 2 April 2009; Interview with administrator, food business, 23 April 2009.
79. Interview with administrator, food retailer, 2 April 2009.
80. Interview with administrator, food business, 23 April 2009.
81. Feedback, 'Feedback Food Redistribution' (2009), available at http://www.feedback.org.za, retrieved on 15 August 2008.
82. Interview with administrator, Feedback, 8 August 2008.
83. Impumelelo, 'Feedback Food Security and Community Development Programme' (2008), available at http://www.impumelelo.org.za/awards/2008/platinum/feedback-food-security-community-developmentprogramme-1, retrieved on 1 February 2010.
84. Exchange rate of R1 to $7.3 on 1 April 2007.
85. Estimate based on discussion with FeedBack staff. See Footnote 78 for conversion.
86. Footnote 78 for conversion.
87. Feedback administrators stated that most funding came from private sources, such as corporations, foundations, and individuals.
88. November 2009 estimate of FBSA network operating budget which totalled R26,485,741 or $3,531,432.
89. Interview with administrator, FoodBank Johannesburg, 7 May 2009.
90. Joburg FoodBank, 'Foodbank Johannesburg Fresh Produce Market' (2009), available at http://www.jfpm.co.za/index.aspx?PageKey=Foodbank, retrieved on 5 February 2009.
91. Joburg FoodBank administrators stated that most funding came from the City of Johannesburg government.
92. Interview with administrator, Joburg FoodBank, 30 June 2009. Exchange rate of R1 to $10.1 on 1 March 2009.
93. Interview with manager, Joburg FoodBank, 17 March 2009.
94. Interview with fieldworker, FoodBank Johannesburg, 17 June 2009.
95. Interview with manager, Operation Hunger, 3 June 2009.
96. Interview with manager, Operation Hunger, 3 June 2009.
97. Operation Hunger, Annual Report and Profile (Germiston, South Africa, Operation Hunger, 2008).
98. Operation Hunger, 'What Is Operation Hunger?' (2009), available at http://www.operationhunger.co.za/index.html, retrieved 17 November 2009.
99. Interview with administrator, Operation Hunger, 8 August 2008.
100. Exchange rate of R1 to $8.0 on 1 April 2008.
101. Interview with administrator, Operation Hunger, 3 June 2009.
102. 48.8 per cent government grants and contracts, 21.3 per cent domestic foundation grant, 11.8 per cent investment income, 2.1 per cent private donations, and 16.0 per cent other.
103. Interview with manager, Operation Hunger, 3 June 2009.
104. Interview with manager, Operation Hunger, 3 June 2009.
105. Interview with manager, Operation Hunger, 3 June 2009.
106. Interview with administrator, Food and Trees for Africa, 6 April 2009; Interview with administrator; Food Gardens Foundation, 2008.
107. D.N. Warshawsky, State, Civil Society, and Food Insecurity in Post-Apartheid Johannesburg (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Southern California, 2011).
108. FoodBank South Africa, 'Fact sheet - 30 September 2009'.
109. Interview with manager, food security NGO, 13 May 2009.
110. Interview with manager, food security NGO, 13 May 2009.
111. Interview with administrator, Global FoodBanking Network, 31 March 2009.
112. Interview with administrator, FoodBank Johannesburg, 19 March 2009.
113. Interview with administrator, FoodBank Johannesburg, 18 June 2009.
114. M. Koc, R. MacRae, L.J.A. Mougeot, and J. Welsh, 'Introduction: Food Security Is a Global Concern?', in M. Koc, R. MacRae, L.J.A. Mougeot and J. Welsh (eds), For Hunger-Proof Cities (Ottawa, Canada, International Development Research Centre, 1999), pp. 1-7.
115. Interview with fieldworker, food security CBO, 28 May 2009; Interview with manager, Food Security CBO, 28 May 2009.
116. Footnote 100.
117. L.M. Salamon and H.K. Anheier, Defining the Non-Profit Sector: A Cross-National Analysis (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1997).
118. A. Habib, B. Maharaj and A. Nyar, 'Giving, Development and Poverty Alleviation', in A. Habib and B. Maharaj (eds), Giving and Solidarity (Cape Town, Human Sciences Research Council, 2008), pp. 17-44.
119. M. Seleoane, 'Resource Flows in Poor Communities: A Reflection on Four Case Studies', in A. Habib and B. Maharaj (eds), Giving and Solidarity (Cape Town, Human Sciences Research Council, 2008), pp. 121-158.
120. FoodBank Johannesburg, 'FoodBank Jo'burg Now Serving'.
121. Footnote 14.
122. Footnote 17.
123. Footnote 2.
124. A.J. Bebbington, S. Hickey and D.C. Mitlin, 'Introduction: Can NGOs Make a Difference? The Challenge of Development Alternatives', in A.J. Bebbington, S. Hickey and D.C. Mitlin (eds), Can NGOs Make a Difference? (New York, Zed Books, 2008), pp. 3-37.
125. N.R. Fyfe, 'Making Space for "Neo-communitarianism?" the Third Sector, State, and Civil Society in the UK', Antipode, 37, 3 (June 2005), pp. 536-557.
126. J. Wolch, The Shadow State (New York, The Foundation Center, 1990).
127. P. North, 'Communities at the Heart? Community Action and Urban Policy in the UK', in R. Imrie and M. Raco (eds), Urban Renaissance? New Labour, Community, and Urban Policy (Bristol, Policy Press, 2003), pp. 121-138.
128. Bond, Élite Transition.
129. J. Gough, 'Neoliberalism and Socialisation in the Contemporary City: Opposites, Complements and Instabilities', Antipode, 34, 3 (July 2002), pp. 405-426.
130. Footnotes 63, 65-67.
131. Footnote 67.