Tbilisi reinvented: Planning, development and the unfinished project of democracy in Georgia

Planning Perspectives

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-24

  van Assche, Kristof ^a   Salukvadze, Joseph ^b  

^a Minnnesota State Universities St Cloud State   (United States)

^b TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY   (Georgia)

Author keywords

Development; Georgia; Institutions; Knowledge; Planning

Indexed keywords

GOVERNANCE APPROACH; PLANNING PROCESS; POLICY REFORM; POST-COMMUNISM; STRATEGIC APPROACH; URBAN DESIGN; URBAN DEVELOPMENT; URBAN PLANNING; URBAN POLITICS;

GEORGIA (REPUBLIC); TBILISI;

EID: 84858325592     PISSN: 02665433     EISSN: 14664518     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2011.601611     Document Type: Article

References (221)

1. R.G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
2. K. Van Assche, J. Salukvadze, and N. Shavisvili, eds., City Culture and City Planning in Tbilisi. Where East and West Meet (Lewiston: Mellen Press, 2009).
3. R. Gachechiladze, R. (1990) 'Social-Geographical Problems of a Metropolitan Region Within a Soviet Republic (A Case Study of the Tbilisi Metropolitan Region, Georgia)', Geoforum 21, no. 4 (1990): 475-82.
4. J. Salukvadze, 1985 'Osobennosti strukturi ispol'zovanija territorii g. Tbilisi (Peculiarities of land use structure of Tbilisi)' (Doctor's thesis/diss., Tbilisi [in Russian], 1985).
5. American Chamber of Commerce Georgia, Georgia Investment Guide, 2007. http://www.investmentguide.ge/index.php?sec_id=127&lang_id=ENG (accessed December 11, 2010).
6. V. Vardosanidze, 'Georgian Culture and Urbanization', Urban Design Studies 6 (2000): 105-15.
7. N. Shavishvili, 'View From Tbilisi: Georgia's Painful Transition From Soviet Republic to Indepen- dent State is Chronicled in its Architecture', The Architectural Review 108 (May) (2003): 142-4.
8. Baburov, Historic Cities of Georgia. Some Aspects of Preservation (Tbilisi: Academy of Sciences of Georgian SSR, 2003).
9. R. French, 'Conserving the Past in Soviet Cities' (Kennan institute occasional papers 235, Kennan Institute for advanced Russian studies, Washington, 1990)
10. R. French, 'Plans, Pragmatism and People. The Legacy of Soviet Planning for Todays Cities' (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995)
11. See Gachechiladze R (1990) in note 2 above.
12. D. Shaw, 'The Past, Present and Future of the Soviet City Plan', Planning Perspectives 6, no. 2 (1991): 125-38
13. O. Medvedkov, (1990) Soviet Urbanization (London: Routledge, 1990).
14. R. French, 'The Individuality of the Soviet City', in The Socialist City: Spatial Structure and Urban Policy, ed. R. French and F. Hamilton (Chichester: Wiley, 1979), 73-104.
15. W. Taubman, Governing Soviet Cities; Bureaucratic Politics and Urban Development in the USSR (NY: Praeger, 1973)
16. J. Bater, The Soviet City: Ideal and Reality (London: Edward Arnold, 1980).
17. G. Andrusz, 'The Built Environment in Soviet Theory and Practice', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 11 (1984): 478-98.
18. B. Frolic, 'Soviet Urban Sociology', International Journal of Comparative Sociology 12, no. 4 (1971): 234-57.
19. T. Boren, and M. Gentile, 'Metropolitan Processes in Post-communist States: An Introduction', Geografisker Annaler B 89 (2007): 95-110.
20. S. Fitzpatrick, (1999) Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
21. G. Huzinec, 'The Impact of Industrial Decision Making Upon the Soviet Urban Hierarchy', Urban Studies 15, no. 2 (1978): 139-48.
22. B. Ruble, Money Sings. The Changing Politics of Urban Space in Post-Soviet Yaroslavl (Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Cambridge University Press, 1995).
23. L. Anderson, Transitions to Democracy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999).
24. G. Andrusz, M. Harloe, and I. Szelenyi, eds., Cities After Socialism. Urban and Regional Change and Conflict in Post-socialist Societies (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996)
25. J. Kornai and S. Rose-Ackerman, eds., Building a Trustworthy State in Post-socialist Transition (New York: Palgrave, 2004).
26. A. Wilson, Virtual Politics. Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005).
27. see Andrusz et al. (1999) in note 11 above.
28. Ledeneva, How Russia Really Works: The Informal Practices That Shaped Post-Soviet Politics and Business (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006).
29. J. Allina-Pisano, Post-Soviet Potemkin Villages. Politics and Property Rights in the Black Earth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
30. see Van Assche et al. (2009) in note 1 above.
31. K. Van Assche, G. Verschraegen, and J. Salukvadze, 'Changing Frames: Citizen and Expert Participation in Georgian Planning', Planning Practice and Research, 24 no. 1: (2010): 300-21.
32. J. Elster, C. Offe, and U. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-Communist Societies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
33. Grzymala-Busse and P. Jones Luong (2002), 'Reconceptua- lizing the State: Lessons from Post-Communism', Politics & Society 30, no. 4 (2002): 529-54.
34. K. Verdery, The Vanishing Hectare. Property and Value in Post-socialist Transylvania (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003).
35. N. Luhmann, Political Theory in the Welfare State (Berlin: Mouton, 1990).
36. N. Luhmann, Social Systems (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995).
37. See Kornai J and Rose-Ackerman S (2004) in note 11 above.
38. N. Luhmann, 'The Limits of Steering', chapter 10, vol. 14, no. 1 of Wirtschaft der Gesellschaft) Theory, Culture and Society (Suhrkamp, Frankfurt: Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft, 1997): 41-57.
39. K. Van Assche and G. Verschraegen, 'The Limits of Planning. Niklas Luhmanns Social Systems Theory and the Analysis of Planning and Planning Ambitions', Planning Theory 7 no.3 (2008): 260-80.
40. See Ledeneva (2006) in note 12 above.
41. J. Higley and G. Lengyel, Elites After State Socialism. Theories and Analysis (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000).
42. See Ledeneva (2006) in note 12 above.
43. J. Hahn and Th. Friedgut, eds., Local Power and Post-Soviet Politics (Armon: Sharpe, 1994).
44. see Vardosanidze V (2000) in note 4 above.
45. See Allina-Pisano J (2008) in note 13 above.
46. See note 15 above.
47. See Ledeneva (2006) in note 12 above.
48. See Luhmann N (1995) in note 16 above.
49. See Luhmann N (1990, 1995) in note 16 above.
50. and Luhmann N (1997) in note 18 above.
51. D. North, Understanding the Process of Economic Change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005).
52. Greif, The Path to Economic Development. Lessons from Medieval Trade (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
53. See Anderson L (1999) in note 11 above
54. see Wilson A (2005) in note 12 above
55. see Kornai J and Rose-Ackerman S (2004) in note 11 above.
56. See Van Assche et al. (2010) in note 13 above.
57. K. Van Assche et al., 'Crossing Trails in the Marshes. Flexibility and Rigidity in the Governance of the Danube Delta', Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 83, no. 5 (2011); doi 10.1080/09640568.2010.547687.
58. See Shaw D (1991) in note 6 above.
59. D. Seidl, Organizational Identity and Self-transformation (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005).
60. D.M. Lang, The Georgians (London: Thames & Hudson, 1966).
61. See Suny RG (1994) in note 1 above.
62. D.M. Lang, The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1957).
63. K. Ziegler, Stadtebau in Georgien-vom sozialismus zur Marktwirschaft (Kaiserslautern: Kaiser-slautern University Press, 2006).
64. See Suny RG (1994) in note 1 above.
65. See Gachechiladze R (1990) in note 2 above
66. J. Salukvadze, 'The Post-Soviet Cities: Spatial and Social Structure in the Time of Transition (the Case Study of Tbilisi, Georgia' (paper submitted to the first British-Georgian geographical seminar, Tbilisi, 1993).
67. See Van Assche et al. (2009) in note 1 above
68. see Vardosanidze V (2000) in note 4 above.
69. L. Rhinelander, 'The Incorporation of the Caucasus into the Russian Empire: The Case of Georgia' (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1972.)
70. see note 36 above
71. see Suny RG (1994) in note 1 above.
72. See Van Assche et al. (2009) in note 1 above.
73. See Suny RG (1994) in note 1 above
74. see Rhinelander L (1972) in note 40 above.
75. J. Baulig et al., Architekturfuhrer Tbilisi (Kaiserslautern: Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern, 2004).
76. See Van Assche et al. (2009) in note 1 above.
77. See notes 36, 43 above.
78. See Salukvadze J (1993) in note 38 above
79. see Ziegler K (2006) in note 36 above
80. see Van Assche et al. (2009) in note 1 above.
81. See Andrusz G (1984) in note 8 above
82. P. Weitzman, 'Soviet Long Term Consumption Planning: Distribution According to Rational Need', Soviet Studies 26, no. 3, (1974): 305-21.
83. see Bater J (1980) in note 8 above.
84. See French R (1995) in note 6 above.
85. See Van Assche et al. (2009) in note 1 above.
86. T. Kvirkvelia, Architecture of Tbilisi (Moscow: Strooizdat, 1985 [in Russian]).
87. See Boren T and Gentile M (2007) in note 9 above
88. see Huzinec G (1978) in note 9 above
89. J. Kornai, Economics of Shortage (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1980).
90. See Huzinec G (1978) in note 9 above.
91. See Kornai J (1980) in note 51 above
92. see Taubman W (1973) in note 8 above.
93. R. French, 'Changing Spatial Patterns in Soviet Cities-Planning or Pragmatism', Urban Geography 8, no. 4 (1987): 309-20.
94. B. Frolic, 'Decision Making in Soviet Cities', American Political Sciences Review 66 (1972): 38-52.
95. See French R (1979) in note 7 above
96. J. Hough, 'Soviet Urban Politics and Comparative Urban Theory', Journal of Comparative Administration 5 (November) (1972): 311-34.
97. see Shaw D (1991) in note 6 above.
98. D. Smith, Urban Inequality Under Socialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
99. See Bater J (1980) in note 8 above
100. see Kornai J (1980) in note 51 above
101. D. Tumanishvili, ed., Main Issues of the Tbilisi Urban Rehabilitation (Tbilisi, 2001).
102. J. Hough and M. Fainsod, How the Soviet Union is Governed (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979)
103. see Andrusz G (1984) in note 8 above
104. R. French R and F. Hamilton, eds., The Socialist City: Spatial Structure and Urban Policy (Chichester: Wiley, 1979)
105. see Kornai J (1980) in note 51 above.
106. J. Pallot and D. Shaw, Planning in the Soviet Union (London: Croom Helm, 1981)
107. see Hough J (1972) in note 56 above.
108. See French R and Hamilton F (1979) in note 59 above.
109. R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia. Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995).
110. see Suny RG (1994) in note 1 above.
111. See Fitzpatrick S (1999) in note 9 above
112. see French R (1995) in note 6 above
113. see Ruble B (1995) in note 10 above.
114. See Ziegler K (2006) in note 36 above.
115. See Salukvadze J (1993) in note 38 above.
116. See Gachechiladze R (1990) in note 2 above
117. See Van Assche et al. (2009) in note 1 above.
118. W.C. Brumfield, A History of Russian Architecture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)
119. T. Velmans and A. Alpago Novello, Miroir de l' invisible. Peintures murales et architecture de la Georgie (Melleray: Zodiaque, 1996).
120. See Baburov (1977) in note 5 above
121. J. Hahn, Soviet Grassroots: Citizen Participation in Local Soviet Government (London: I.B Tauris, 1988).
122. See notes 36, 43 above
123. See Baburov (1977) in note 5 above
124. See French R (1990) in note 6 above
125. See Hahn J (1988) in note 68 above.
126. See notes 62, 4 above.
127. W. Steavenson, Stories I Stole (New York: Grove Press, 2004).
128. R.G. Suny, (1995) 'Elite Transformation in Late-Soviet and Post-Soviet Transcaucasia, or: What Happens When the Ruling Class Cańt Rule'? in Patters in Post-Soviet Leadership, ed. Timothy J. Colton and Robert C. Tucker (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995), 141-67
129. See note 71 above.
130. See note 36 above.
131. N. Gallina, 'Puzzles of State Transformation: The Cases of Armenia and Georgia', Caucasian Review of International Affairs 4, no. 1 (2010): 20-34
132. See Allina-Pisano J (2008) in note 13 above.
133. N. Shavishvili, 'Vake I Not a Residential District', Caucasus Matsne 3, no. 2 (2004): 112-7.
134. See French R (1995) in note 6 above
135. See Bater J (1980) in note 8 above.
136. See Shavishvili N (2003) in note 5 above
137. K. Van Assche and M. Duineveld, 'On Context, Harmony and Tbilisi, Kamara', Annual Journal of Georgian Technical University Faculty of Architecture 6, no. 2 (2006): 99-110.
138. Z. Shatirishvili, 'National Narratives and New Politics of Memory in Georgia', Small Wars and Insurgencies 20, no. 2 (2009): 391-9.
139. See Van Assche et al. (2009) in note 1 above.
140. A. Pusca, Revolution, Democratic Transition and Disillusionment (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009).
141. See Vardosanidze V (2000) in note 4 above.
142. See Van Assche et al. (1994) in note 1 above.
143. J. Wheatley, (2008) 'Georgia's Democratic Stalemate', Open Democracy. net, 14-4, http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_power/caucasus_fractures/georgia_democratic_stalemate (accessed December 11, 2010).
144. M. Bader, 'Fluid Party Politics and the Challenge for Democracy Assistance in Georgia', Caucasian Review of International Affairs (2008).
145. J. Wheatley, Georgia From National Awakening to Rose Revolution. Delayed Transition in the Former Soviet Union (Berlin: Ashgate, 2005).
146. J. Salukvadze, 'Land Reform and Land Management in Post-Soviet Georgia'. Anthropology of East Europe Review. Special Issue: Reassessing Peripheries in Post-Communist Studies 17, no. 2 (1999): 5-15.
147. L.A. Mitchell, 'Compromising Democracy: State Building in Saakashvili's Georgia', Central Asian Survey 28, no. 2 (2009): 171-82
148. See Shatirishvili Z (2009) in note 78 above.
149. P. Allmendinger, Planning Theory (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002).
150. K. Van Assche, 'Apportez- moi les citoyens et incluez- les!' in Le schemas directeurs a Bruxelles, ed. M. Hubert and F. Delmotte (Brussels: La Cambre, 2008), 325-40
151. J. Hillier, Shadows of Power (London: Routledge, 2002).
152. L. Way, 'State Power and Autocratic Stability. Armenia and Georgia compared', in The Politics of Transition in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Enduring Legacies and Emerging Challenges, ed. Amanda E. Wooden and Christoph H. Stefes (London: Routledge, 2009).
153. Z. Chiaberashvili and G. Tevzadze, 'Power Elites in Georgia: Old and New', in From Revolution to Reform: Georgia's Internal Struggle with Democratic Institution Building, ed. H. Fluri Philipp and Cole Eden (Vienna: National Defense Academy and Bureau for Security Policy, 2005), 187-207.
154. D. Darchiashvili, 'Power Structures in Georgia', in 'IDEA, Building Democracy in Georgia. Power Structures, The Weak State Syndrom and Corruption in Georgia' (Discussion Paper No. 5, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Stockholm, 2005), 8-15.
155. See Gallina N (2010) note 74 above.
156. M. Corso, 'Georgia Moves to Defend Property Rights', in Eurasia.- net, Sept. 2 (2007). http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav020907a.shtml (accessed December 11, 2010)
157. J. Wheatley, Georgia From National Awakening to Rose Revolution. Delayed Transition in the Former Soviet Union (Berlin: Ashgate, 2005).
158. V. Papava, 'Georgia's Hollow Revolution', Harvard International Review (2008). http://hir.harvard.edu/index.php?page=article&id=1682&p=3 (accessed December 11, 2010).
159. See AMCHAM (2007) in note 3 above
160. See Van Assche et al. (2009) in note 1 above.
161. See Gallina N (2010) in note 74 above
162. P. Manning, 'Rose Colored Glasses? Color Revolutions and Cartoon Chaos in Post-Socialist Georgia', Cultural Anthropology 22, no. 2 (2007): 171-213.
163. See Way L (2009) in note 87 above
164. J. Wheatley, Georgia From National Awakening to Rose Revolution. Delayed Transition in the Former Soviet Union (Berlin: Ashgate, 2005)
165. See Z Chiaberashvili and Tevzadze G (2005) in note 87 above
166. See Darchiashvili D (2005) in note 87 above
167. See Gallina N (2010) in note 74 above.
168. See Way L (2009) in note 87 above
169. See Mitchell LA (2009) in note 84 above
170. See Manning P (2007) in note 90 above.
171. G. Nodia and A.P. Scholtbach, The Political Landscape of Georgia. Political Parties, Achievements, Challenges and Prospects (Delft: Eburon, 2006)
172. M. Hikari Cecire, 'Is the West Losing Georgia?', World Politics Review Feb. (2010). http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/article.aspx?id=5095 (accessed December 11, 2010).
173. See Luhmann N (1990) in note 16 above
174. M. King and C. Thornhill, Niklas Luhmann's Theory of Politics and Law (New York: Palgrave, 2003)
175. See Van Assche K and Verschraegen G (2008) in note 18 above.
176. See AMCHAM (2007) in note 3 above.
177. See Shavishvili N (2003) in note 5 above.
178. See Van Assche et al. (2009) in note 1 above.
179. A. Greif, The Path to Economic Development. Lessons from Medieval Trade, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
180. See Van Assche et al. (2009) in note 1 above.
181. See note 27 above
182. See Greif A (2007) in note 98 above.
183. Jokhadze, N. (2005) Corruption in Illegal Construction in Urban Territories-Tbilisi Case Study, 2005. www.traccc.cdn.ge (accessed July 2, 2008).
184. See Van Assche K and M Duineveld (2006) in note 77 above.
185. J. Devdariani, 'Georgia: Rise and Fall of the Façade Democracy', Democratizatsiya 12, no. 1 (2004):79-115
186. See Jokhadze N (2005) in note 102 above
187. See Gallina N (2010) in note 74 above.
188. See Van Assche K and Verschraegen G (2008) in note 18 above.
189. See Allmendinger P (2002) in note 85 above.
190. See note 27 above.
191. ′, American Journal of Sociology 104, no. 1 (1998): 1-50
192. See Gallina N (2010) in note 74 above
193. See note 15 above.
194. See Anderson L (1999) in note 11 above
195. See Kornai J and Rose-Ackerman S (2004) in note 11 above
196. See notes 27, 86 above.
197. R. Tabatadze et al., Georgian Judiciary. Is the Georgian Justice Independent and What is the Guarantee of Its Independence (Tbilisi: GYLA, 2007)
198. See Corso M (2007) in note 88 above.
199. P. Gurgenidze, An Assessment of Georgian Civil Society (Tbilisi: CTC, 2006). http://ctc.wanex.net/data/file_db/N4xYnzzsTx_Civicus_CSI_Georgia_2005_eng.pdf (accessed December 11, 2010)
200. See Wheatley J (2008) in note 82 above.
201. See Van Assche et al. (2009) in note 1 above
202. See Shavishvili N (2003) in note 5 above
203. see note 36 above.
204. See Gallina N (2010) in note 74 above
205. See Darchiashvili D (2005) in note 87 above
206. See Higley J and Lengyel G (2000) in note 19 above
207. J. Dryzek, Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)
208. See Luhmann N (1990) in note 16 above.
209. P. Healey, Collaborative Planning. Shaping Places in Fragmented Societies (London: Macmillan, 1997)
210. K. Van Assche, Signs in Time. An Interpretive Account of Urban Planning and Design, the People and Their Histories (Wageningen: Wageningen University, 2004)
211. J. Innes and D. Booher, (2010) Planning With Complexity. An Introduction to Collaborative Rationality for Public Policy (London: Routledge, 2010).
212. See Gurgenidze P (2006) in note 110 above.
213. See Dryzek J (2002) in note 112 above.
214. See Luhmann N (1997) in note 18 above
215. See Luhmann N (1990) in note 16 above
216. N. Luhmann, Ecological Communication (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).
217. See Anderson L (1999) in note 11 above.
218. See Elster J, et al. (1998) in note 14 above.
219. See Luhmann N (1995) in note 16 above
220. See North D (2005) in note 27 above
221. See Greif A (2007) in note 98 above.