The scope for replacing seclusion with time out in acute inpatient psychiatry in England

Journal of Advanced Nursing

Volumn 68, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 826-835

  Bowers, Len ^a   Ross, Jamie ^a   Nijman, Henk ^b   Muir Cochrane, Eimear ^c   Noorthoorn, Eric ^d   Stewart, Duncan ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

^c FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^d Mental Health Centre GGNet Warnsveld   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Disturbed behaviour; Inpatients; Psychiatric nursing; Psychiatry wards; Safety; Seclusion

Indexed keywords

ACUTE DISEASE; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGGRESSION; ARTICLE; AUTOMUTILATION; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HOSPITAL; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; NURSING; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PSYCHIATRIC NURSING; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SAFETY; SOCIAL ISOLATION; STANDARD; STATISTICS; UNITED KINGDOM; UTILIZATION REVIEW; VIOLENCE;

ACUTE DISEASE; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGGRESSION; ENGLAND; FEMALE; HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC; HUMANS; INPATIENTS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PSYCHIATRIC NURSING; RESTRAINT, PHYSICAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SAFETY MANAGEMENT; SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL ISOLATION; VIOLENCE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84858288641     PISSN: 03092402     EISSN: 13652648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05784.x     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Abma T., Widdershoven G. & Lendermeijer B. (2005) Dwang en drang in de psychiatrie: kwaliteit van vrijheidsbeperkende interventies [Restraint in Psychiatric Hospitals: The Quality of Patients Freedom-Restricted Interventions]. Lemma, Utrecht.
2. Ahmed A.G. & Lepnurm M. (2001) Seclusion practice in a Canadian forensic psychiatric hospital. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 29(3), 303-309.
3. American Psychiatric Association (2003) Learning from Each Other: Success Stories and Ideas for Reducing Restraint/Seclusion in Behavioural Health. American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA.
4. Australian Government (2008) National Mental Health Seclusion and Restraint Project. Retrieved from on 22 June 2011.
5. Bowers L., Douzenis A., Galeazzi G., Forghieri M., Tsopelas C., Simpson A. & Allan T. (2005) Disruptive and dangerous behaviour by patients on acute psychiatric wards in three European centres. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 40, 822-828.
6. Bowers L., Allan T., Haglund K., Muir-Cochrane E., Nijman H., Simpson A. & Van Der Merwe M. (2008a) The City 128 Extension: Locked Doors in Acute Psychiatry, Outcome and Acceptability. City University, London.
7. Bowers L., Jones J. & Simpson A. (2008b) The demography of nurses and patients on acute psychiatric wards in England. Journal of Clinical Nursing 18, 884-892.
8. Bowers L., Van Der Merwe M., Nijman H., Hamilton B., Noorthoorn E., Stewart D. & Muir-Cochrane E. (2010) The practice of seclusion and time out on English acute psychiatric wards: the City-128 study. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 24, 275-286.
9. Bowers L., Brennan G., Ransom S., Winship G. & Theodoridou C. (2011) The nursing observed illness intensity scale. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 18, 28-34.
10. Care Quality Commission (2010) Count me in 2009. Results of the 2009 National Census of Inpatients and Patients on Supervised Community Treatment in Mental Health and Learning Disability Services in England and Wales. Care Quality Commission, London.
11. Carmel H. & Hunter M. (1989) Staff injuries from inpatient violence. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 40(1), 41-46.
12. Department of Health (2002) National Minimum Standards for General Adult Services in Psychiatric Intensive Care Units (PICU) and Low Secure Environments. Department of Health, London.
13. Department of Health (2008) Code of Practice Mental Health Act 1983. The Stationery Office, London.
14. El-Badri S.M. & Mellsop G. (2002) A study of the use of seclusion in an acute psychiatric service. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 36(3), 399-403.
15. Exworthy T., Mohan D., Hindley N. & Basson J. (2001) Seclusion: punitive or protective. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 12(2), 423-433.
16. Hoekstra T., Lendemeijer H. & Jansen M. (2004) Seclusion: the inside story. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 11, 276-283.
17. Holmes D., Kennedy S.L. & Perron A. (2004) The mentally ill and social exclusion: a critical examination of the use of seclusion from the patient's perspective. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 25(6), 559-578.
18. Janssen W., Noorthoorn E., De Vries W., Hutschemaekers G. & Lendermeijer B. (2008) The use of seclusion in the Netherlands compared to countries in and outside Europe. International Journal of the Law and Psychiatry 31, 463-470.
19. Lanza M.L. (1988) Factors relevant to patient assault. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 9(239), 257.
20. LeGris J., Walters M. & Browne G. (1999) The impact of seclusion on the treatment outcomes of psychotic in-patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing 30(2), 448-459.
21. Martin T. & Daffern M. (2006) Clinician perceptions of personal safety and confidence to manage inpatient aggression in a forensic psychiatric setting. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 13, 90-99.
22. Meehan T., Bergen H. & Fjeldson K. (2004) Staff and patient perceptions of seclusion: has anything changed? Journal of Advanced Nursing 47(1), 33-38.
23. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2005) Clinical Guideline 25 Violence: The Short-Term Management of Disturbed/Violent Behaviour in Psychiatric Inpatient Settings and Emergency Departments. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, London.
24. Needham I., Abderbalden C., Halfens R., Fischer J. & Dassen T. (2005) Non-somatic effects of patient aggression on nurses: a systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 49(3), 283-296.
25. O'Brien L. & Cole R. (2003) Close-observation areas in acute psychiatric units: a literature review. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 12, 165-176.
26. O'Brien L. & Cole R. (2004) Mental health nursing practice in acute psychiatric close-observation areas. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 13, 89-99.
27. Smith G., Davis R., Bixler E., Lin H.-M., Altenor A., Altenor R., Hardentstine B. & Kopchick G. (2005) Pennsylvania State Hospital system's seclusion and restraint reduction program. Psychiatric Services 56(9), 1115-1122.
28. Steinert T., Lepping P., Bernhardsgrutter R., Conca A., Hatling T., Janssen W., Keski-Valkama A., Mayoral F. & Whittington R. (2010) Incidence of seclusion and restraint in psychiatric hospitals: an international comparison. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 45, 889-897.
29. Stewart D., Van Der Merwe M., Bowers L., Simpson A. & Jones J. (2010) A review of interventions to reduce mechanical restraint and seclusion among adult psychiatric inpatients. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 31(6), 413-424.
30. Stolker J., Hugenholtz G. & Heerdink E. (2005) Seclusion and the use of anti-psychotics in hospitalised psychiatric patients. Psychology, Crime and Law 11, 489-495.
31. Sullivan D., Wallis M. & Lloyd C. (2004) Effects of patient-focused care on seclusion in a psychiatric intensive care unit. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 11(11), 503-508.
32. Tooke S.K. & Brown J.S. (1992) Perceptions of seclusion: comparing patient and staff reactions. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing 30(8), 23-26.
33. Whittington R., Bowers L., Nolan P., Simpson A. & Neil L. (2009) Approval ratings of inpatient coercive interventions in a national sample of mental health service users and staff in England. Psychiatric Services 60(6), 792-798.
34. Wilson E.B. (1927) Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association 22, 209-212.