On their knees: Distal femur asymmetry in ungulates and its relationship to body size and locomotion

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 433-445

  Janis, Christine M ^a   Shoshitaishvili, Boris ^a,b   Kambic, Robert ^a   Figueirido, Borja ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BODY SIZE; HABITAT SELECTION; HABITAT TYPE; LOCOMOTION; RUMINANT; UNGULATE;

ANIMALIA; BOVIDAE; CAMELIDAE; CERVIDAE; EQUIDAE; MAMMALIA; MEGALOCEROS; UNGULATA;

EID: 84858266463     PISSN: 02724634     EISSN: 19372809     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2012.635737     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Aiello, L., and, Dean, C. 1990. An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy, 596 London, U.K: Academic Press.
2. Aiello, L. C., and, Wheeler, P. 1995. The expensive-tissue hypothesis: the brain and digestive system in human and primate evolution. Current Anthropology, 36: 199-221.
3. Anderson, J. F., Hall-Martin, A., and, Russell, D. A. 1985. Long-bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs. Journal of Zoology, London (A), 207: 53-61.
4. Bertram, J. E. A., and, Biewener, A. A. 1990. Differential scaling of the long bones in the terrestrial Carnivora and other mammals. Journal of Morphology, 204: 157-169. (Pubitemid 20234533)
5. Biewener, A. A. 1989. Mammalian terrestrial locomotion and size. BioScience, 39: 776-783.
6. Clayton, H. M. 2004. The Dynamic Horse: A Biomechanical Guide to Equine Movement and Performance, 267 Mason, Missouri: Sport Horse Publications.
7. Damuth, J., and, Janis, C. M. 2011. On the relationship between hypsodonty and feeding ecology in ungulate animals, and its utility in palaeoecology. Biological Reviews, 86: 733-758.
8. Dyce, K. M., Wensing, C. J., and, Sack, W. O. 1996. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, 992 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: W.B. Saunders and Company.
9. Freudenberger, D. O. 1992. Gut capacity, functional allocation of gut volume and size distributions of digesta particles in two macropodid marsupials (Macropus robustus robustus and M. r. erubescens) and the feral goat (Capra hircus). Australian Journal of Zoology, 40: 551-561.
10. Heiple, K. G., and, Lovejoy, O. C. 1971. The distal femoral anatomy of Australopithecus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 35: 75-84.
11. Hermanson, J. W., and, MacFadden, B. J. 1992. Evolutionary and functional morphology of the shoulder region and stay-apparatus in fossil and extant horses (Equidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12: 377-386.
12. Hermanson, J. W., and, MacFadden, B. J. 1996. Evolutionary and functional morphology of the knee in fossil and extant horses (Equidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16: 349-357.
13. Hildebrand, M. 1987. The mechanics of horse legs. American Scientist, 75: 574-601.
14. Hutchinson, J. R., Schwerda, D., Famini, D. J., Dale, R. H. I., Fischer, M. S., and, Kram, R. 2006. The locomotor kinematics of Asian and African elephants: changes with speed and size. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209: 3812-3827. (Pubitemid 44682345)
15. Janis, C. M., Theodor, J. M., and, Boisvert, B. 2002. Locomotor evolution in camels revisited: a quantitative analysis of pedal anatomy and the evolution of the pacing gait. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22: 110-121.
16. Kappleman, J. 1988. Morphology and locomotor adaptations of the bovid femur in relation to habitat. Journal of Morphology, 198: 119-130.
17. Lister, A. M. 1994. The evolution of the giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 112: 65-100.
18. Mihlbachler, M. C. 2003. Demography of late Miocene rhinceroses (Teleoceras proterum and Aphelops malacorhinus) from Florida: linking mortality and sociality in fossil assemblages. Paleobiology, 29: 412-428. (Pubitemid 37090035)
19. Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 2015 Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
20. Quinn, G., and, Keough, M. 2002. Experimental and Data Analysis for Biologists, 556 Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press.
21. Pfau, T., Hinton, E., Whitehead, C., Wiktorowicz-Conroy, A., and, Hutchinson, J. R. 2011. Temporal gait parameters in the alpaca and the evolution of pacing and trotting locomotion in the Camelidae. Journal of Zoology, London, 283: 193-202.
22. Shockey, B. J. 2001. Specialized knee joints in some extinct, endemic, South American herbivores. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 46: 277-288.
23. Shockey, B. J., and, Anaya, F. 2008. Postcranial osteology of mammals from Salla, Bolivia (late Oligocene): form, function, and phylogenetic implications. In Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederick S. Szalay, Edited by: Sargis, E. J. and Dagosto, M. 135-157. New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
24. Shockey, B. J., Mihlbachler, M., Solounias, N., and, Hayes, P. 2008. Functional morphology of the knee in rhinos and the evolution of knee locking mechanisms among rhinocerotoid perissodactyls. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28 (3, Supplement): 142A
25. Stern, J. T. Jr., and, Sussman, R. L. 1983. Locomotor antomy of Australopithecus afarensis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 60: 279-317.
26. Wyche, S. 2002. The Horse's Muscles in Motion, 128 Marlborough, U.K.: The Crowood Press.