Scope of contemporary pharmacy practice: Roles, responsibilities, and functions of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 2010, Pages

  Albanese, Nicole Paolini ^a   Rouse, Michael J ^b   Schlaifer, Marissa ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^b Intl and Professional Affairs   (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

Credentialing; Licensure (pharmacists); Pharmacy technicians; Practice standards

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858235630     PISSN: 15443191     EISSN: 15443450     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1331/JAPhA.2010.10510     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Council on Credentialing in Pharmacy. White Paper. Credentialing in Pharmacy . 2006. Council on Credentialing in Pharmacy; http://www. pharmacycredentialing.org/ccp/Files/CCPWhitePaper2006.pdf; Accessed December 30, 2008.
2. Webb E. Prescribing medications: Changing the Paradigm for a Changing Health Care System. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1995;52:1693-5.
3. Model State Pharmacy Act and Model Rules of the National Boards of Pharmacy; National Association of Boards of Pharmacy; http://www.nabp.net; August 2008; Accessed: December 30, 2008.
4. Manasse HR and Speedie MK. Pharmacists, Pharmaceuticals, and Policy Issues Sharing the Work Force in Pharmacy. Am J Health-System Pharm. 2007; 64:e30-48.
5. Future Vision of Pharmacy Practice; Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners; http://www.ascp.com; August 2004; Accessed: December 30, 2008.
6. Dussault G, Dubois C-A. Human Resources for Health Policies: A Critical Component to Health Policies. Human Resources for Health. 2003; http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/1/1/1; Accessed: December 30, 2008.
7. Greiner AC, Knebel E, eds. Health Professions Education: A Bridge to Quality. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 2003:45-74.
8. Prescription Drug Trends; Kaiser Family Foundation; http://www.kff.org/ rxdrugs/upload/3057-06.pdf; May 2007; Accessed February 19, 2008.
9. Cumulative Policies of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy House of Delegates; AACP Argus Commission; www.aacp.org; 2005; Accessed October 23, 2007.
10. Medication Therapy Management Services Definition and Program Criteria; American Pharmacists Association; http://www.pharmacist.com/AM/Template.cfm? Section=Pharmacist-Practitioners&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay. cfm&CONTENTID=4577. Accessed July 6, 2008.
11. Bluml BM. Definition of Medication Therapy Management: Development of Profession Wide Consensus. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2005;45:566-72.
12. Medication Therapy Management in Pharmacy Practice: Core Elements of an MTM Service Model, Version 2.0; National Association of Chain Drug Stores; http://www.nacds.org/userassets/pdfs/MTM/FinalMTMServiceModel-WEB.pdf; March 2008; Accessed December 30, 2008.
13. The Official U.S. Government Site for People with Medicare. http://www.medicare.gov; Accessed July 2006.
14. The Joint Commission Sentinel Event Alert Issue 35; Patient Medication Safety Goals Number 8: Reconcile medications; http://www.jointcommission.org/ SentinelEvents/SentinelEventAlert/sea-35.htm; January 25, 2006; Accessed February 11, 2009.
15. Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. Accreditation Standards and Guidelines for the Professional Program in Pharmacy Leading to the Doctor in Pharmacy Degree. Standards for Curriculum, Standard 12: Professional Competencies and Outcome Expectations. http://www.acpe-accredit.org/pdf/ACPE- Revised-PharmD-Standards-Adopted-Jan152006.pdf; January 2006; Accessed February 11, 2009.
16. Isetts BJ, Schondelmeyer SW, Artz MB, et al. Clinical and Economic Outcomes of Medication Therapy Management Services: The Minnesota experience. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2008 Mar-Apr; 48(2):203-211.
17. Bunting BA, Smith BH, Sutherland SE. The Asheville Project: Clinical and Economic Outcomes of a Community-Based Long-Term Medication Therapy Management Program for Hypertension and Dyslipidemia. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2008;48(1):23-31.
18. American Pharmacists Association Foundation Diabetes Ten City Challenge; American Pharmacists Association: http://www.aphafoundation.org/Programs/ Diabetes-Ten-City-Challenge/; Accessed December 30, 2008.
19. Behind-the-Counter Availability of Certain Drugs; Comments of the American Pharmacists Association submitted to the Food and Drug Administration; Docket No. 2007N-0356; http://www.pharmacist.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section= Government-Affairs&TEMPLATE=/CM/Content-Display.cfm&CONTENTID=15052; December 17, 2007; Accessed July 5, 2008.
20. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Employment Statistics, 29-1051 Pharmacists. http://www.bls.gov/oes/2007/may/oes291051.htm; Accessed December 30, 2008.
21. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor: Occupational Outlook Handbook; http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos079.htm; 2008-09 edition. Accessed January 22, 2008.
22. Jones JM; Lobbyists Debut at Bottom of Honesty and Ethics List; Gallup; http://www.gallup.com/poll/103123/Lobbyists-Debut-Bottom-Honesty-ethics-List. aspx; December 10, 2007; Accessed December 30, 2008.
23. Carter BL, Elliott WJ. The Role of Pharmacists in the Detection, Management, and Control of Hypertension: A National Call to Action. Pharmacotherapy. 2000;20(2):119-122.
24. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2004 With Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. Hyattsville, Maryland: 2004.
25. Stagnitti MN. Statistical brief #21-Trends in Outpatient Prescription Drug Utilization and Expenditures: 1997-2000; Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
26. Levit K, Smith C, Cowan C, et al. Health Spending Rebound Continues in 2002. Health Affairs. 2004;23:147-59.
27. Hoffman JM, Shah ND, Vermeulen LC, et al. Projecting Future Drug Expenditures-2005. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004;61:145-58.
28. IMS Health. IMS Annual U.S. Pharmaceutical Market Performance™ http://www.imshealth.com/portal/site/imshealth/menuitem. a46c6d4df3db4b3d88f611019418c22a/?vgnextoid= 280c1d3be7a29110VgnVCM10000071812ca2RCRD&cpsextcurrchannel=1; Accessed February 11, 2009.
29. Bradberry JC, Droege M, Evans RL, et al. Curricula Then and Now: An Environmental Scan and Recommendations Since the Commission to Implement Change in Pharmaceutical Education: Report of the 2006-2007 Academic Affairs Committee. AACP; http://www.aacp.org/governance/COMMITTEES/academicaffairs/Documents/2006- 07-AcadAffairs-Final%20Report.pdf; Accessed December 30, 2008.
30. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Educational Outcomes 2004. Alexandria, VA: Center for the Advancement of Pharmaceutical Education Outcomes; 2004. http://www.aacp.org/resources/education/Documents/CAPE2004.pdf; 2004; Accessed February 11, 2009.
31. National Association of Board of Pharmacy North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) Blueprint http://www.nabp.net/ftpfiles/NABP01/ updatednaplexblueprint.pdf; Accessed February 11, 2009.
32. Summary of the Final Report of the Scope of Pharmacy Practice Project. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994;51:2179-82.
33. Maine LL. Pharmacy Practice Activity Classification. J Am Pharm Assoc. 1998;38(2):139-48. http://www.pharmacist.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section= Home&TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=2908; Accessed December 30, 2008.
34. Pradel FG, Palumbo FB, Flowers L, Mullins CD, Haines ST, Roffman DS. White paper: Value of Specialty Certification in Pharmacy. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2004 Sep-Oct;44(5):612-20.
35. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; PGY2 Residencies. http://www.ashp.org/Import/ACCREDITATION/ResidentInfo/NextStep.aspx; Accessed February 13, 2009.
36. Cranor CW, Buntin BA, Christensen DB. The Asheville Project: Long-Term Clinical and Economic Outcomes of a Community Pharmacy Diabetes Care Program. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2003;43:173-84.
37. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. http://www.cms.hhs.gov; Accessed July 2006.
38. Hammond RW, Schwartz AH, Campbell MJ, et al. Collaborative Drug Therapy Management by Pharmacists. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23(9):1210-25.
39. Health Resources and Services Administration. SHIP Grantee Hospitals may be Eligible for the 340B Drug Pricing Program. http://ruralhealth.hrsa.gov/news/ 340B.htm; Accessed February 13, 2009.
40. Keely JL. American College of Physicians (ACP) American Society of Internal Medicine (ASIM) Position Statement. Pharmacist Scope of Practice. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:79-85.
41. Woods TM. An Essential Ingredient. Am J Health-System Pharm. 2007;64:1911.
42. Cheung A, Sleight SM, Sisson NM. Pharmacy Practice in the Veterans Administration. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1987;44(4):747-54.
43. American Pharmacists Association Immunization Resources; http://www.pharmacist.com/AM/Template.cfm?Sect ion=Search1&template=/CM/ HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=15432; American Pharmacists Association; Accessed February 13, 2009.
44. Kaushal R, Bates DW, Landrigan C, et al. Medication Errors and Adverse Drug events in Pediatric Inpatients. JAMA. 2001;285:2114-2120.
45. American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. ASHP Guidelines for Providing Pediatric Pharmaceutical Services in Organized Health Care Systems. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994;51:1690-2.
46. Takata GS, Mason W, Taketomo C, Logsdon T, Sharek PJ. Development, Testing, and Findings of a Pediatric-Focused Trigger Tool to Identify Medication-Related Harm in US Children's Hospitals. Pediatrics. 2008;121;e927-935.
47. Fortescue EB, Kaushal R, Landrigan CP, et al. Prioritizing Strategies for Preventing Medication Errors and Adverse Drug Events in Pediatric Inpatients. Pediatrics. 2003;111:722-729.
48. Kaushal R, Bates DW, Abramson EL, et al. Unit-Based Clinical Pharmacists' Prevention of Serious Medication Errors in Pediatric Patients. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2008;65:1254-1260.
49. Burton ME, Shaw LM, Schentag JJ, Evans WE, eds. Applied Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Principles of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 4th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.
50. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Retooling for an Aging America: Building the Health Care Workforce. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12089. html; Washington, DC; April 14, 2008; Accessed December 30, 2008.
51. Delafuente JC. Reflections on Geriatric Pharmacy: The Times They are Changin'. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2006;40:950-1.
52. Beers MH. Explicit Criteria for Determining Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use by the Elderly. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(14):1531-36.
53. Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, et al. Updating the Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults. Results of a US Consensus Panel of Experts. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2716-2724.
54. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rates of Preventive Care Practices per 100 Adults with Diabetes, United States, 2005; http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/preventive/ fAllPractices.htm; March 26, 2007; Accessed December 30, 2008.
55. American Medical Association. Health and Ethic Policies of the Policies of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy House of Delegates 1980-2008; AACP Academic Affairs Committee, 1987. http://www.aacp.org/ governance/HOD/Documents/Cumulative%20Policies,%201980-2008.pdf; Accessed February 13, 2009.
56. 2008 Actions of the APhA House of Delegates; San Diego, CA; Pharmacy Compounding Accreditation; American Pharmacists Association; http://www.pharmacist.com/Content/NavigationMenu3/AboutAPha/HouseofDelegates/ APhA-House-of-Delega.htm; March 14-17, 2008; Accessed February 13, 2009.
57. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission; http://www.nrc.gov. Accessed December 30, 2008.
58. Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. The Role of Pharmacists in Managed Health Care Organizations. http://www.amcp.org/amcp.ark?p=AA8CD7EC; Accessed February 13, 2009.
59. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ASHP Statement on the Pharmacist's Role in Hospice and Palliative Care. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2002;59:1770-3. http://www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/BestPractices/Hospice.aspx. Accessed 02/13/09.
60. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Cumulative Accessed February 13, 2009.
61. White Paper on Pharmacy Technicians 2002: Needed Changes Can no Longer Wait. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2003;60:37-51; http://www.ashp.org/s-ashp/docs/ files/Tech-WhitePaper.pdf; Accessed February 13, 2009.
62. Survey of Pharmacy Law; National Association of Boards of Pharmacy; http://www.nabp.net; Accessed December 30, 2008.
63. National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. The Model State Pharmacy Act and Model Rules (Model Act); http://www.nabp.net; Accessed February 13, 2009.
64. Zellmer WA. Role of Pharmacy Organizations in Transforming the Profession: The Case of Pharmaceutical Care. Am J Health-System Pharm. 2001;58(21):2041-2049.
65. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Model Curriculum for Pharmacy Technician Training. 2nd Edition. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; http://www.ashp.org/Import/MEMBERCENTER/Technicians/Training/Model- Curriculum.aspx. Bethesda, MD. 2001; Accessed February 13, 2009.
66. Position Statement: Pharmacy Technician Education, Training, and Certification. Adopted by the Board of Regents, August 10, 2007; American College of Clinical Pharmacy; http://www.accp.com/docs/positions/ positionStatements/Technician-Position-Statement.pdf; Accessed February 13, 2009.
67. 2008 Actions of the APhA House of Delegates; San Diego, CA; March 14-17, 2008. Pharmacy Technician Education and Training; American Pharmacists Association; http://www.pharmacist. com/Content/NavigationMenu3/AboutAPha/ HouseofDelegates/APhA-House-of-Delega.htm; Accessed February 13, 2009.
68. ASHP Policy Positions: Education and Training. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; http://www.ashp.org/Import/PRACTICEANDPOLICY/ PolicyPositionsGuidelinesBestPractices/BrowsebyTopic/Education/PolicyPositions. aspx;
69. AMA. H-120.945; AMA Action on Non FDA-Approved Compounded Medications; www.ama-assn.org/ad-com/polfind/Hlth-Ethics.doc; Accessed February 13, 2009.
70. Pharmacy Technician Accreditation Regulations and Standards; American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; http://www.ashp.org/Import/ACCREDITATION/ TechnicianAccreditation/RegulationsStandards.aspx; Accessed February 13, 2009.
71. Pharmacy Technician Certification Board. PTCB's National Pharmacy Technician Certification Program is accredited by the NCCA; https://www.ptcb. org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Press-Releases1&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay. cfm&CONTENTID=2366; Accessed February 13, 2009.
72. Institute for the Certification of Pharmacy Technicians. Exam for Certification of Pharmacy Technicians Receives Distinguished NCCA Accreditation. http://www.nationaltechexam.org/AnnouncementRetrieve.aspx?ID=10247; Accessed February 13, 2009.
73. Pharmacy Technician Certification Board. https://www.ptcb.org/AM/ Template.cfm?Section=Press-Releases1&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay. cfm&CONTENTID=2975; Accessed February 13, 2009.
74. Muenzen PM, Corrigan MM, Mobley Smith MA, Rodrigue PG. Updating the Pharmacy Technician Certification Examination: A Practice Analysis Study. Am J Health-System Pharm. 2005;62:2542-6.
75. Pharmacy Technician Certification Board. Updated PTCE Blueprint and New Passing Standard Study. https://www.ptcb.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Press- Releases1&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=2174; Accessed February 13, 2009.
76. Institute for the Certification of Pharmacy Technicians. Exam for Certification of Pharmacy Technicians. Exam content; http://www. nationaltechexam.org/excptinfo.html#6; Accessed February 13, 2009.
77. Webb CE. Key Questions in Credentialing in Pharmacy. [unpublished]