Tropical savannas

Geomorphology and Global Environmental Change

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 248-275

  Meadows, Michael E ^a   Thomas, David S G ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECOLOGY; FORESTRY; GEOMORPHOLOGY; VEGETATION;

AMERINDIANS; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS; SOUTH AMERICA; TREES AND SHRUBS; TROPICAL CLIMATES; VEGETATION FORMATIONS; WIDE SPREADS;

LANDFORMS;

EID: 84858206578     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511627057.010     Document Type: Chapter

References (143)

1. Abbadie, L. et al. (2006). Lamto: Structure, Functioning and Dynamics of a Savanna Ecosystem. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
2. Adams, M. E. (1996). Savanna environments. In A. Goudie, W. Adams and A. Orme, eds., The Physical Geography of Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 196-210.
3. Barker, P. and Gasse, F. (2003). New evidence for a reduced water balance in East Africa during the Last Glacial Maximum: implications for model-data comparison. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 198-211.
4. Bateman, M. et al. (2007): Detecting post-depositional sediment disturbance in sandy deposits using optical luminescence. Quaternary Geochronology, 2, 57-64.
5. Beerling, D. J. and Osbourne, C. P. (2006). The origin of the savanna biome. Global Change Biology, 12, 2023-2031.
6. Behling, H. (2002). South and southeastern Brazil grasslands during late Quaternary times: a synthesis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 177, 19-27.
7. Bignell, D. E. and Eggleton, P. (1995). Termites in ecosystems. In T. Abe, D. E. Bignell and M. Higashi, eds., Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology. Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 363-387.
8. Bird, M. I., Hope, G. and Taylor, D. (2004). Populating PEP II: the dispersal of humans and agriculture through Austral-Asia and Oceania. Quaternary International, 118-119, 145-163.
9. Boast, R. (1990). Dambos: a review. Progress in Physical Geography, 14, 153-177.
10. Bond, W. J. and Keeley, J. E. (2005). Fire as a global herbivore: the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 387-394.
11. Bond, W. J. and Midgley, G. F. (2000). A proposed CO2 controlled mechanism of woody plant invasion in grasslands and savannas. Global Change Biology, 6, 865-869.
12. Bond, W. J., Midgley, G. F. and Woodward, F. I. (2003). The importance of low atmospheric CO2 and fire in promoting the spread of grasslands and savannas. Global Change Biology, 9, 973-982.
13. Botha, G. A. and Federoff, N. (1995). Palaeosols in late Quaternary colluviums, northern Kwa Zulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21, 291-311.
14. Bowler, J. M. (1973). Clay dunes, their occurrence, formation and environmental significance. Earth-Science Reviews, 12, 279-310.
15. Bowler, J. M. (1986). Spatial variability and hydrologic evolution of Australian lake basins: analogue for Pleistocene hydrologic change and evaporite formation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 54, 21-41.
16. Bowman, D. M. J. S. (1998). Tansley Review No. 101: The impact of Aboriginal landscape burning on the Australian biota. New Phytologist, 140, 385-410.
17. Bowman, D. M. J. S. andYeates, D. (2006). A remarkable moment in Australian biogeography. New Phytologist, 170, 208-212.
18. Breuning-Madsen, H. et al. (2007). Characteristics and genesis of pisolitic soil layers in a tropical moist semi-deciduous forest of Ghana. Geoderma, 144, 130-138.
19. Brook, B. W. and Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2006). Postcards from the past: charting the landscape-scale conversion of tropical Australian savanna to closed forest during the twentieth century. Landscape Ecology, 21, 1253-1266.
20. Brook, G. A. et al. (2007). Timing of lake level changes in Etosha Pan, Namibia, since the middle Holocene from OSL ages of relict shorelines in the Okondeka region. Quaternary International, 175, 29-40.
21. Brown, D. J., McSweeny, K. and Helmke, P. A. (2004). Statistical, geochemical and morphological analyses of stone line formation in Uganda. Geomorphology, 62, 217-237.
22. Brunsden, D. (2001). A critical assessment of the sensitivity concept in geomorphology. Catena, 42, 99-123.
23. Bryant, R. G. et al. (2007). Dust emission response to climate in southern Africa. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D09207, doi: 10. 1029/2005JD007025.
24. Bullard, J. E. et al. (1997). Dunefield activity and interactions with climatic variability in the southwest Kalahari Desert. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 22, 165-174.
25. Burrough, S. L. et al. (2007). Multiphase Quaternary highstands at Lake Ngami, Kalahari, northern Botswana. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 253, 280-299.
26. Cole, M. M. (1982). Integrated use of remote sensing and geobotany in mineral exploration. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, 85, 13-28.
27. Cole, M. M. (1986). Savannas: Biogeography and Geobotany. London: Academic Press.
28. Collinson, A. S. (1988). Introduction to World Vegetation. London: Unwin Hyman.
29. de Busk, G. H. (1998). A 35 000 year pollen record from Lake Malawi and implications for the biogeography of Afromontane forests. Journal of Biogeography, 25, 479-500.
30. DeFries, R. S., Bounoua, L. and Collatz, C. J. (2002). Human modification of the landscape and surface climate in the next 50 years. Global Change Biology, 8, 438-458.
31. de Oliveira Filho, T. A. (1990). Floodplain murundus of central Brazil: evidence for the termite-origin hypothesis. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 8, 1-19.
32. Erikson, M. G., Olley, J. M. and Payton, R. W. (2000). Soil erosion history in central Tanzania based on OSL dating of colluvial and alluvial hillslope deposits. Geomorphology, 36, 107-128.
33. Eva, H. and Lambin, E. F. (2000). Fires and land cover change in the tropics: a remote sensing analysis at the landscape scale. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 765-776.
34. Fairhead, J. and Leach, M. (1996). Misreading the African Landscape: Society and Ecology in a Forest-Savanna Mosaic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35. Fitzsimmons, K. E. et al. (2007). The timing of linear dune activity in the Strzelecki and Tirari Deserts, Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26, 2598-2616.
36. Fryberger, S. G. and Goudie, A. S. (1981). Arid geomorphology. Progress in Physical Geography, 5, 420-428.
37. Gasse, F. and van Campo, E. (1998). A 40 000 year pollen and diatom record from Lake Tritrivakely, Madagascar, in the southern tropics. Quaternary Research, 49, 299-311.
38. Giertz, S., Junge, B. and Diekkrüger, B. (2005). Assessing the effects of land use change on soil physical properties and hydrological processes in the sub-humid tropical environment ofWest Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 20, 485-496.
39. Gillieson, D. (2006). A commentary on Michael F. Thomas's 'Lessons from the tropics for a global geomorphology'. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 27, 131-133.
40. Goudie, A. S. (1996). The geomorphology of the seasonal tropics. In A. Goudie, W. Adams and A. Orme, eds., The Physical Geography of Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 148-160.
41. Goudie, A. S. and Wells, G. L. (1995). The nature, distribution and formation of pans in arid zones. Earth Science Reviews, 38, 1-69.
42. Grove, A. T. (1969). Landforms and climatic change in the Kalahari and Ngamiland. Geographical Journal, 135, 191-212.
43. Grove, A. T. and Warren, A. (1968). Quaternary landforms and climate on the south side of the Sahara. Geographical Journal, 134, 194-208.
44. Haberle, S. G. (2005). A 23 000 year pollen record from Lake Euramoo, wet tropics of NE Queensland, Australia. Quaternary Research, 64, 343-536.
45. Harrison, S. P. and Prentice, C. I. (2003). Climate and CO2 controls on global vegetation: distribution at the last glacial maximum: analysis based on palaeovegetation data, biome modelling and palaeoclimate simulations. Global Change Biology, 9, 983-1004.
46. Hély, C. et al. (2006). Sensitivity of African biomes to changes in the precipitation regime. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15, 258-270.
47. Hesse, P., Magee, J. and van der Kaars, S. (2004). Late Quaternary climates of the Australian arid zone: a review. Quaternary International, 118-119, 87-102.
48. Hesse, P. P. and Simpson, R. L. (2006). Variable vegetation cover and episodic sand movement on longitudinal desert sand dunes. Geomorphology, 81, 276-291.
49. Hoffman, W. A. and Moreira, A. G. (2002). The role of fire in population dynamics of woody plants. In P. S. Oliveira and R. J. Marquis, eds., The Cerrados of Brazil: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Savanna. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 159-177.
50. Holt, J. A., Coventry, R. J. and Sinclair, D. F. (1980). Some aspects of the biology and pedological significance of mound-building termites in a red and yellow earth landscape near Charters Towers, North Queensland. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 18, 97-109.
51. Hope, G. A. et al. (2004). History of vegetation and habitat change in the Austral-Asian region. Quaternary International, 118-119, 103-126.
52. IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S. et al., eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53. Johnson, R. W. and Tothill, J. C. (1985). Definitions and broad geographic outline of savanna lands. In J. C. Tothill and J. G. Mott, eds., Ecology and Management of the World's Savannas. Canberra: Australian Academy of Science, pp. 1-13.
54. Juyal, N. et al. (2003). Luminescence chronology of aeolian deposition during the late Quaternary of the southern margin of Thar Desert, India. Quaternary International, 104, 87-98.
55. Kampunzu, A. B. et al. (2007). Origins and palaeo-enviroments of Kalahari duricrusts in the Moshaweng dry valleys (Botswana) as detected by major and trace element composition. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 48, 199-221.
56. Knight, M., Thomas, D. S. G. and Wiggs, G. F. S. (2004). Challenges of calculating dunefield mobility over the twentyfirst century. Geomorphology, 59, 197-213.
57. Kniveton, D. R. and McLaren, S. J. (2000). Geomorphological and climatological perspectives on land surface-climate change. In S. J. McLaren and D. R. Kniveton, eds., Linking Climate Change to Land Surface Change. Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 247-260.
58. Knox, J. C. (1984). Fluvial response to small scale climate changes. In J. E. Costa and P. J. Fleisher, eds., Developments and Applications of Geomorphology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 318-342.
59. Knox, J. C. (2000). Sensitivity of modern and Holocene floods to climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 439-457.
60. Lamb, H. F., Darbyshire, I. and Verschuren, D. (2003). Vegetation response to rainfall variation and human impact in central Kenya during the past 1100 years. The Holocene, 13, 285-292.
61. Lambin, E. F. and Geist, H. J. (2001). Global land-use and landcover change: what have we learned so far? Land Use/Cover Change Newsletter, 4, 27-30.
62. Lambin, E. F. et al. (2001). The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Global Environmental Change, 11, 261-269.
63. Langbein, W. B. and Schumm, S. A. (1958). Yield of sediment in relation to mean annual precipitation. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 39, 1076-1084.
64. Larson, W. E., Lindstrom, M. J. and Schumacher, T. E. (1997). The role of severe storms in soil erosion: a problem needing consideration. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 52, 90-95.
65. Lawson, M. P. and Thomas, D. S. G. (2002). Late Quaternary lunette dune sedimentation in the southwestern Kalahari, South Africa: luminescence based chronologies of aeolian activity. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21, 825-836.
66. Livingstone, D. A. (1971). A 22 000 year pollen record from the plateau of Zambia. Limnology and Oceanography, 16, 349-356.
67. Lomolino, M. V., Riddle, B. R. and Brown, J. H. (2005). Biogeography, 3rd edn. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
68. Mäckel, R. (1974). Dambos: a study of morphodynamic activity of plateau regions of Zambia. Catena, 1, 327-365.
69. Mäckel, R. (1985). Dambos and related landforms in Africa: an example for the ecological approach to tropical geomorphology. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie (Supplement), 52, 1-24.
70. Marchant, R. et al. (2006). Colombian dry-moist forest transitions in the Llanos Orientales: a comparison of model and pollen-based biome reconstructions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 234, 28-44.
71. Martin, H. A. (2006). Cenozoic climatic change and the development of the arid vegetation in Australia. Journal of Arid Environments, 66, 533-563.
72. McFarlane, M. J. (1983). Laterites. In A. S. Goudie and K. Pye, eds., Chemical Sediments and Geomorphology: Precipitates and Residua in the Near-Surface Environment. London: Academic Press, pp. 7-58.
73. McFarlane, M. J. and Whitlow, R. (1990). Key factors affecting the initiation and progress of gullying in dambos in parts of Zimbabwe andMalawi. Land Degradation and Rehabilitation, 2, 215-235.
74. Meadows, M. E. (1985). Dambos and environmental change in Malawi, Central Africa. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie (Supplement), 52, 147-169.
75. Meadows, M. E. (2001). The role of Quaternary environmental change in the evolution of landscapes: case studies from southern Africa. Catena, 42, 39-57.
76. Meyer, V. W. et al. (1999). Distribution and density of termite mounds in the northern Kruger National Park, with specific reference to those constructed by Macrotermes Holmgren (Isoptera: Termitidae). African Entomology, 7, 123-130.
77. Moglen, G. E., Eltahir, E. A. B. and Bras, R. L. (1998). On the sensitivity of drainage density to climate change. Water Resources Research, 34, 855-862.
78. Morgan, R. P. C. and Mngomezulu, D. (2003). Threshold conditions for initiation of valley side gullies in the Middle Veld of Swaziland. Catena, 50, 401-414.
79. Moss, P. T. andKershaw, A. P. (2000). The last glacial cycle from the humid tropics of northeastern Australia: comparison of a terrestrial and a marine record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 155, 155-176.
80. Motta, P. E. F., Curi, N. and Franzmeier, D. P. (2002). Relation of soils and geomorphic surfaces in the Brazilian Cerrado. In P. S. Oliviera and R. J. Marquis, eds., The Cerrados of Brazil: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Savanna. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 13-32.
81. Nash, D. J. and Shaw, P. A. (1998). Silica and carbonate relations in silcrete-calcrete intergrade duricrusts from the Kalahari of Botswana and Namibia. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 27, 11-25.
82. Okwakol, M. J. N. (2000). Changes in termite (Isoptera) communities due to the clearance and cultivation of tropical forest in Uganda. African Journal of Ecology, 38, 1-7.
83. Persano, C. et al. (2002). Apatite (U/Th)/He age constraints on the development of the Great Escarpment on the southeastern Australian passive margin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 200, 79-90.
84. Plisnier, P. D., Serneels, S. and Lambin, E. F. (2000). Impact of ENSO on East African ecosystems: a multivariate analysis based on climate and remote sensing data. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 9, 481-497.
85. Poesen, J. et al. (2003). Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs. Catena, 50, 91-133.
86. Pullan, R. A. (1979). Termite hills in Africa: their characteristics and evolution. Catena, 6, 267-291.
87. Reading, A. J., Thompson, R. D. and Millington, A. C. (1995). Humid Tropical Environments. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
88. Ringrose, S. et al. (2003). Vegetation cover trends along the Botswana Kalahari transect. Journal of Arid Environments, 54, 297-317.
89. Ringrose, S. et al. (2005). Sedimentological and geochemical evidence for palaeoenvironmental change in the Makgadikgadi subbasin, in relation to the MOZ rift depression, Botswana. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 217, 265-287.
90. Roberts, N. (1988). Dambos and development: management of a fragile ecological resource. Journal of Biogeography, 15, 141-148.
91. Römer, W. (2007). Differential weathering and erosion in an inselbergs landscape in southern Zimbabwe: a morphometric study and some notes on factors influencing the long-term development of inselbergs. Geomorphology, 86, 349-368.
92. Sankaran, M. et al. (2005). Determinants of woody cover in African savannas. Nature, 438, 846-849.
93. Scholes, R. J. and Walker, B. H. (1993). An African Savanna: Synthesis of the Nylsvley Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
94. Scott, L. (1982). A late Quaternary pollen record from the Transvaal Bushveld, South Africa. Quaternary Research, 17, 339-370.
95. Scott, L. (1987). Pollen analysis of hyaena coprolites and sediments from Equus Cave, Taung, southern Kalahari (South Africa). Quaternary Research, 28, 144-156.
96. Scott, L. (1989). Late Quaternary vegetation history and climatic change in the eastern Orange Free State, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany, 55, 107-116.
97. Scott, L. (1999). Vegetation history and climate in the savanna biome since 190 000 ka: a comparison of pollen data from the Tswaing Crater (the Pretoria Saltpan) and Wonderkrater. Quaternary International, 57-58, 215-223.
98. Scott, L. (2002). Grassland development under glacial and interglacial conditions in southern Africa: review of pollen, phytolith and isotope evidence. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 177, 47-57.
99. Shakesby, R. A. and Whitlow, R. (1991). Perspectives on prehistoric and recent gullying in Central Zimbabwe. GeoJournal, 23, 49-58.
100. Shaw, P. A. and Thomas, D. S. G. (1998). Pans, playas and salt lakes. In D. S. G. Thomas, ed., Arid Zone Geomorphology. Chichester: John Wiley, pp. 293-318.
101. Shi, N. and Dupont, L. M. (1997). Vegetation and climatic history of southwest Africa: a marine palynological record of the last 300 000 years. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 6, 117-131.
102. Shi, N. et al. (2000). Correlation between vegetation in southwestern Africa and oceanic upwelling in the past 21 000 years. Quaternary Research, 54, 72-80.
103. Shi, N. et al. (2001). Southeast trade wind variations during the past 135 kyr: evidence from pollen spectra in eastern South Atlantic sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 187, 311-321.
104. Shorrocks, B. (2007). The Biology of African Savannas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
105. Showers, K. B. (2005). Imperial Gullies: Soil Erosion and Conservation in Lesotho. Athens: Ohio University Press.
106. Sidorchuk, A. et al. (2003). Gully erosion modelling and landscape response in the Mbuluzi River catchment of Swaziland. Catena, 50, 507-525.
107. Sørenson, R. et al. (2001). Stratigraphy and formation of late Pleistocene colluvial apron in Morongoro District, central Tanzania. Palaeoecology of Africa, 27, 95-116.
108. Stokes, S., Thomas, D. S. G. and Shaw, P. A. (1997a). New chronological evidence for the nature and timing of linear dune field development in the southwest Kalahari Desert. Geomorphology, 20, 81-93.
109. Stokes, S., Thomas, D. S. G. and Washington, R. (1997b). Multiple episodes of aridity in southern Africa since the last interglacial period. Nature, 388, 154-158.
110. Stuut, J.-B. W. et al. (2002). A 300 kyr record of aridity and wind strength in southwestern Africa: inferences from grain-size distributions of sediments on Walvis Ridge, SE Atlantic. Marine Geology, 180, 221-233.
111. Telfer, M. W. and Thomas, D. S. G. (2006). Complex Holocene lunette dune development, South Africa: implications for palaeoclimate and models of pan development in arid regions. Geology, 34, 853-856.
112. Telfer, M. W. and Thomas, D. S. G. (2007). Late Quaternary linear dune accumulation and chronostratigraphy of the southwestern Kalahari: implications for aeolian palaeoclimate reconstructions and predictions of future dynamics. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26, 2617-2630.
113. Thomas, D. S. G. and Shaw, P. A. (1991). The Kalahari Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
114. Thomas, D. S. G. and Shaw, P. A. (2002). Late Quaternary environmental change in central southern Africa: new data, synthesis, issues and prospects. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21, 783-797.
115. Thomas, D. S. G. et al. (2000). Dune activity as a record of late Quaternary aridity in the northern Kalahari: evidence from northern Namibia interpreted in the context of regional arid and humid chronologies. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 156, 253-259.
116. Thomas, D. S. G. et al. (2003). Late Pleistocene wetting and drying in the NW Kalahari: an integrated study from the Tsodilo Hills, Botswana. Quaternary International, 104, 53-67.
117. Thomas, D. S. G., Knight, M. and Wiggs, G. S. F. (2005). Remobilisation of southern African desert dune systems by twenty-first century global warming. Nature, 435, 1218-1221.
118. Thomas, M. F. (1966). Some geomorphological implications of deep weathering patterns in crystalline rocks in Nigeria. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 40, 173-193.
119. Thomas, M. F. (1974). Tropical Geomorphology. London: Macmillan.
120. Thomas, M. F. (1994). Geomorphology in the Tropics: A Study of Weathering and Denudation in Low Latitudes. Chichester: John Wiley.
121. Thomas, M. F. (2001). Landscape sensitivity in time and space: an introduction. Catena, 42, 83-98.
122. Thomas, M. F. (2004). Landscape sensitivity to rapid environmental change: a Quaternary perspective with examples from tropical areas. Catena, 55, 107-124.
123. Thomas, M. F. (2006). Lessons from the tropics for a global geomorphology. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 27, 111-127.
124. Thomas, M. F. andMurray, A. S. (2001). On the age and significance of Quaternary colluviums in central Zambia. Palaeoecology of Africa, 27, 117-133.
125. Tripaldi, A. and Forman, S. L. (2006). Geomorphology and chronology of late Quaternary dune fields of western Argentina. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 251, 300-320.
126. Valentin, C., Poesen, J. and Yong L. (2005a). Preface. Catena, 63, 129-131.
127. Valentin, C., Poesen, J. and Yong L. (2005b). Gully erosion: impacts, factors and control. Catena, 63, 132-153.
128. van Langevelde, F. et al. (2003). Effects of fire and herbivory on the stability of savanna ecosystems. Ecology, 84, 337-350.
129. Vincens, A. (1991). Late Quaternary vegetation history of the South Tanganyika basin: climatic implications in South Central Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 86, 207-226.
130. von der Heyden, C. J. (2004). The hydrology and hydrogeology of dambos: a review. Progress in Physical Geography, 28, 544-564.
131. von der Heyden, C. J. and New, M. (2003). The role of a dambo in the hydrology of a small Zambian catchment and the river network downstream. Hydrology and Earth Systems Sciences, 7, 339-357.
132. Wang, L. et al. (2007). Biogeochemistry of Kalahari sands. Journal of Arid Environments, 71, 259-279.
133. Washington, R. et al. (2003). Dust storm areas determined by the Total Ozone Monitoring Spectrometer and surface observations. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 93, 297-313.
134. Watson, A., Price-Williams, D. and Goudie, A. S. (1984). The palaeoenvironmental interpretation of colluvial sediments and palaeosols of the late Pleistocene hypothermal in southern Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 45, 225-249.
135. Watson, A., Price-Williams, D. and Goudie, A. S. (1987). Reply to 'Is gullying associated with highly sodic colluvium?' Further comment to the environmental interpretation of southern African dongas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 58, 123-128.
136. Werger, M. J. A. (1983). Tropical grasslands, savannas, woodlands: natural and man-made. In W. Holzner, M. J. A. Werger and I. Ikusima, eds., Man's Impact on Vegetation. Dordrecht: Dr W Junk, pp. 107-137.
137. Widdowson, M. (2007). Laterite and ferricrete. In D. J. Nash and S. J. McLaren, eds., Geochemical Sediments and Landscapes. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 46-94.
138. Wiggs, G. F. S. et al. (1994). Dune mobility and vegetation cover in the southwest Kalahari Desert. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 20, 515-529.
139. Wille, M. et al. (2003). Sub-millennium scale migrations of the rainforest savanna boundary in Colombia: 14C wigglematching and pollen analysis of core Las Margaritas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 193, 201-223.
140. Williams, M. J. A. (1968). Termites and soil development near Brock's Creek, Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Science, 31, 153-154.
141. Woodward, F. I, Lomas, M. R. and Kelly, C. K. (2004). Global climate and the distribution of plant biomes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 359, 1465-1476.
142. Yaalon, D. (1987). Is gullying associated with highly sodic colluvium? Further comment to the environmental interpretation of southern African dongas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 58, 121-128.
143. Zawada, P. K. and Hattingh, J. (1994). Preliminary findings of a national palaeoflood hydrological investigation for South African rivers: implications for flood prediction and Holocene climate change. South African Journal of Science, 90, 567-568.