Late Quaternary environmental and landscape dynamics revealed by a pingo sequence on the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 39, Issue , 2012, Pages 26-44

  Wetterich, Sebastian ^a   Grosse, Guido ^b   Schirrmeister, Lutz ^a   Andreev, Andrei A ^c   Bobrov, Anatoly A ^d   Kienast, Frank ^e   Bigelow, Nancy H ^b   Edwards, Mary E ^b,f  

^a ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^d MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

^e SENCKENBERG RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Central Beringia; Holocene Thermal Maximum; Picea sp.; Pingo; Spruce; Thermokarst

Indexed keywords

CENTRAL BERINGIA; HOLOCENES; PICEA SP.; PINGO; SPRUCE; THERMOKARST;

ANIMALS; ANOXIC SEDIMENTS; DYNAMICS; FORESTRY; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; LAKES;

PLANTS (BOTANY);

AGGRADATION; CONIFEROUS FOREST; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; ERODIBILITY; FOSSIL RECORD; GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL CYCLE; GRAZING; HYPSITHERMAL; LANDSCAPE CHANGE; PALEOECOLOGY; PINGO; POLLEN; REFUGE; SEDIMENTARY SEQUENCE; THERMOKARST; TREELINE; VEGETATION HISTORY; WOODLAND;

ALASKA; ANIMALS; ECOSYSTEMS; GEOLOGY; LAKES; PICEA; RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS; SEDIMENTS;

ALASKA; BERING STRAIT; SEWARD PENINSULA; UNITED STATES;

ANIMALIA; LARIX; PICEA;

EID: 84858181566     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.01.027     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Abbott M.B., Edwards M.E., Finney B.P. A 40,000-yr record of environmental change from Burial Lake in Northwest Alaska. Quaternary Research 2010, 74:156-165.
2. Ager T.A. Late Quaternary vegetation and climate history of the central Bering land bridge from St. Michael Island, western Alaska. Quaternary Research 2003, 60:19-32.
3. Alaska Climate Research Center, 2008. Online source: http://climate.gi.alaska.edu.
4. Anderson P.M. Late Quaternary vegetational change in the Kotzebue sound area, northwestern Alaska. Quaternary Research 1985, 24:307-321.
5. Anderson P.M. Late Quaternary pollen records from the Kobuk and Noatak River drainages, northwestern Alaska. Quaternary Research 1988, 29:263-276.
6. Anderson P.M., Brubaker L.B. Modern pollen assemblages from northern Alaska. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 1986, 46:273-291.
7. Anderson P.M., Lozhkin A.V. The Stage 3 interstadial complex (Karginskii/middle Wisconsinan interval) of Beringia: variations in paleoenvironments and implications for paleoclimatic interpretations. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:93-125.
8. Anderson P.M., Edwards M.E., Brubaker L.B. Results and paleoclimatic implications of 35 years of paleoecological research in Alaska. The Quaternary Period in the United States Development in Quaternary Science 2004, 427-440. Elsevier, New York. A.R. Gillespie, S.C. Porter, B.F. Atwater (Eds.).
9. Anderson L.L., Hu F.S., Nelson D.M., Petit R.J., Paige K.N. Ice-age endurance: DNA evidence of a white spruce refugium in Alaska. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences 2006, 103:12447-12450.
10. Anderson L.L., Hu F.-S., Paige K.N. Phylogeographic history of white spruce during the Last Glacial Maximum: uncovering cryptic refugia. Journal of Heredity 2011, 102:207-216.
11. Andreev A.A., Schirrmeister L., Tarasov P.E., Ganopolski A., Brovkin V., Siegert C., Wetterich S., Hubberten H.-W. Vegetation and climate history in the Laptev Sea region (Arctic Siberia) during late Quaternary inferred from pollen records. Quaternary Science Reviews 2011, 30:2182-2199.
12. Barber V.A., Juday G.P., Finney B.P. Reduced growth of Alaskan white spruce in the twentieth century from temperature-induced drought stress. Nature 2000, 405:668-673.
13. Bartlein P.J., Anderson P.M., Edwards M.E., McDowell P.F. A framework for interpreting paleoclimatic variations in eastern Beringia. Quaternary International 1991, 10-12:73-83.
14. Begét J., Mason O., Anderson P. Age, extent and climatic significance of the c. 3400 BP Aniakchak Tephra, Western Alaska, USA. The Holocene 1992, 2:51-56.
15. Begét J.E., Hopkins D.M., Charron S.D. The largest known maars on Earth, Seward Peninsula, Northwest Alaska. Arctic 1996, 49:62-69.
16. Berger G.W., Anderson P.M. Extending the geochronometry of Arctic lake cores beyond the radiocarbon limit by using thermoluminescence. Journal of Geophysical Research 2000, 105:15439-15455.
17. Berggren G. Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Northwest-European Plant Species with Morphological Descriptions: Part 2. Cyperaceae 1969, Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm.
18. Berglund B.E., Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M. Pollen analysis and pollen diagrams. Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology 1986, 455-484. Interscience, New York. B.E. Berglund (Ed.).
19. Beug H.-J. Leitfaden der Pollenbestimmung für Mitteleuropa und angrenzende Gebiete 2004, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München.
20. Bobrov A.E., Kuprianova L.A., Litvinseva M.V., Tarasevich V.F. Sporae Pteridophytorum et Pollen Gymnospermarum Monocotyledonearumque Florae partis Europaeae URSS 1983, Nauka, Leningrad.
21. Brigham-Grette J. New perspectives on Beringian Quaternary paleogeography, stratigraphy, and glacial history. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:15-24.
22. Brubaker L.B., Anderson P.M., Oswald W.W. A new pollen record from Ahaliorak Lake, North Slope, Alaska. Third Annual Paleoclimates from Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) PI Abstracts Volume 1995, Boulder CO, pp. 54-57.
23. Brubaker L.B., Anderson P.M., Edwards M.E., Lozhkin A.V. Beringia as a glacial refugium for boreal trees and shrubs: new perspectives from mapped pollen data. Journal of Biogeography 2005, 32:833-848.
24. Calkin P.E., Kaufman D.S., Przybyl B.J., Whitford W.B., Peck B.J. Glacier regimes, periglacial landforms, and Holocene climate change in the Kigluaik Mountains, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 1998, 30:154-165.
25. Charron, S.D., 1995. Surficial mapping of the Cape Espenberg-Devil Mountain Region and lakecore analyses from North Killeak Lake, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, Western Alaska, Unpublished Masters thesis, University of Massachusetts.
26. Cody W.J. Flora of the Yukon Territory 1996, NRC Research Press, Ottawa.
27. Colinvaux P.A. The environment of the Bering land bridge. Ecological Monographs 1964, 34:297-329.
28. Colinvaux P.A. Bering Land Bridge: evidence of spruce in late-Wisconsin times. Science 1967, 156:380-383.
29. Colinvaux P.A. Historical ecology in Beringia: the south land bridge coast at St. Paul Island. Quaternary Research 1981, 16:18-36.
30. Delorme L.D. Pleistocene freshwater Ostracoda from Yukon, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1968, 46:253-266.
31. Detterman R.L. Early Holocene warm interval in northern Alaska. Arctic 1970, 23:130-132.
32. Edwards M.E., Armbruster W.S. A tundra-steppe transition on Kathul Mountain, Alaska, USA. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research 1989, 21:296-304.
33. Edwards M.E., Brubaker L.B., Lozhkin A.V., Anderson P.M. Structurally novel biomes: a response to past warming in Beringia. Ecology 2005, 86:1696-1703.
34. Elias S.A., Short S.K., Nelson C.H., Birks H.H. Life and times of the Bering land bridge. Nature 1996, 382:60-63.
35. Elias S.A., Short S.K., Birks H.H. Late Wisconsin environments of the Bering Land Bridge. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1997, 136:293-308.
36. Elias S.A. Late Pleistocene climates of Beringia, based on analysis of fossil beetles. Quaternary Research 2000, 53:229-235.
37. Elias S.A. Mutual climatic range reconstructions of seasonal temperatures based on Late Pleistocene fossil beetle assemblages in Eastern Beringia. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:77-91.
38. Fægri K., Iversen J. Textbook of Pollen Analysis 1989, 69-89. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. fourth ed. K. Fægri, P.E. Kaland, K. Krzywinski (Eds.).
39. Flemal R.C. Pingos and pingo scars: their characteristics, distribution, and utility in reconstructing former permafrost environments. Quaternary Research 1976, 6:37-53.
40. Forcino F.L., Richards E.J., Leighton L.R., Chojnacki N., Stafford E.S. The sensitivity of paleocommunity sampling strategy at different spatiotemporal scales. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2012, 313-314:246-253.
41. Froese D.G., Westgate J.A., Reyes A.V., Enkin R.J., Preece S.J. Ancient permafrost and a future, warmer Arctic. Science 2008, 321:1648.
42. GBIF Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2011, Online source:. http://data.gbif.org.
43. Goetcheus V.G., Birks H.H. Full-glacial upland tundra vegetation preserved under tephra in the Beringia National Park, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:135-147.
44. Goetcheus V.G., Hopkins D.M., Edwards M.E., Mann D.H. Window on the Bering Land Bridge: a 17,000 yr BP paleosurface on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Current Research in the Pleistocene 1994, 11:131-132.
45. Goslar T., Czernik J., Goslar E. Low-energy 14C AMS in Poznan radiocarbon Laboratory, Poland. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 2004, 223-224:5-11.
46. Grimm E. Tilia and Tiliagraph 1991, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, IL, USA.
47. Grimm E. Tilia, Tiliagraph and TGView 2.0.2 2004, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, IL, USA.
48. Grosse G., Jones B.M. Spatial distribution of pingos in Northern Asia. The Cryosphere 2011, 5:13-33.
49. Grosse G., Schirrmeister L., Siegert C., Kunitsky V.V., Slagoda E.A., Andreev A.A., Dereviagyn A.Y. Geological and geomorphological evolution of a sedimentary periglacial landscape in Northeast Siberia during the Late Quaternary. Geomorphology 2007, 86:25-51.
50. Hammond T., Yarie J. Spatial prediction of climatic state factor regions in Alaska. Ecoscience 1996, 3:490-501.
51. Hicks S. When no pollen does not mean no trees. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2006, 15:253-261.
52. Höfle C., Ping C.-L. Properties and soil development of late-Pleistocene paleosols from Seward Peninsula, northwest Alaska. Geoderma 1996, 71:219-243.
53. Höfle C., Edwards M.E., Hopkins D.M., Mann D.H. The full-glacial environment of the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska, reconstructed from the 21,500-year-old Kitluk paleosol. Quaternary Research 2000, 53:143-153.
54. Hogg E.H. Climate and the southern limit of the western Canadian boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 1994, 24:1835-1845.
55. Hopkins D.M. Cenozoic history of the Bering Land Bridge. Science 1959, 129:1519-1528.
56. Hopkins D.M. History of Imuruk Lake, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1959, 70:1033-1046.
57. Hopkins D.M. Geology of the Imuruk Lake Area Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Geological Survey Bulletin 1963, 141-C:1-101.
58. The Bering Land Bridge 1967, Stanford University Press, Stanford. D.M. Hopkins (Ed.).
59. Hopkins D.M. Sea level history in Beringia during the past 250,000 years. Quaternary Research 1973, 3:520-540.
60. Hopkins D.M. Aspects of the paleogeography of Beringia during the late Pleistocene. Paleoecology of Beringia 1982, 3-28. Academic Press, New York. D.M. Hopkins, J.V. Matthews, C.E. Schweger, S.B. Young (Eds.).
61. Hopkins D.M., Kidd J.G. Thaw lake sediments and sedimentary environments. 5th International Permafrost Conference 1988, 790-795. Tapir, Trondheim.
62. Hopkins D.M., Karlstrom T.N.V., Black R., Pewe T.L., Fernold A.T., Muller E.H. Permafrost and Ground Water in Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 264 1955, 1-70 pp.
63. Hopkins D.M., MacNeil F.S., Merklin R.L., Petrov O.M. Quaternary correlations across Bering Strait. Science 1965, 147:1107-1114.
64. Hopkins D.M., Giterman R.E., Matthews J.V. Interstadial mammoth remains and associated pollen and insect fossils, Kotzebue Sound area, northwestern Alaska. Geology 1976, 4:169-172.
65. Hopkins D.M., Smith P.A., Matthews J.V. Dated wood from Alaska and the Yukon: implications for forest refugia in Beringia. Quaternary Research 1981, 15:217-249.
66. Hu F.S., Brubaker L.B., Anderson P.M. Postglacial vegetation and climate change in the northern Bristol Bay region, southwestern Alaska. Quaternary Research 1995, 43:382-392.
67. Hu F.S., Brubaker L.B., Gavin D.G., Higuera P.E., Lynch J.A., Rupp T.S., Tinner W. How climate and vegetation influence the fire regime of the Alaskan boreal-forest biome: the Holocene perspective. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2006, 11:829-846.
68. Hubberten H.-W., Andreev A., Astakhov V.I., Demidov I., Dowdeswell J.A., Henriksen M., Hjort C., Houmark-Nielsen M., Jakobsson M., Kuzmina S., Larsen E., Lunkka J.P., Lysa A., Mangerud J., Möller P., Saarnisto M., Schirrmeister L., Sher A.V., Siegert C., Siegert M.J., Svendsen J.I. The periglacial climate and environment in northern Eurasia during the last glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:1333-1357.
69. Hultén E. Outline of the History of Arctic and Boreal Biota during the Quaternary Period 1937, Bokförlags Aktiebolaget Thule, Stockholm.
70. Hultén E. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories, A Manual of Vascular Plants 1968, Stanford University Press, Stanford.
71. Hyvärinen H., Ritchie J.C. Pollen stratigraphy of Mackenzie pingo sediments, N.W.T., Canada. Arctic and Alpine Research 1975, 7:261-272.
72. Jessen K. Key to subfossil Potamogeton. Botanisk Tidsskrift 1955, 52:1-7.
73. Jones M.C., Yu Z. Rapid deglacial and early Holocene expansion of peatlands in Alaska. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010, 107:7347-7352.
74. Jones M., Grosse G., Arp C.D., Jones M.C., Walter Anthony K.M., Romanovsky V.E. Modern thermokarst lake dynamics in the continuous permafrost zone, northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research 2011, 116:G00M03.
75. Jones B.M., Grosse G., Hinkel K.M., Arp C.D., Walker S., Beck R.A., Galloway J.P. Assessment of pingo distribution and morphometry using an IfSAR derived DSM, western Arctic Coastal Plain, northern Alaska. Geomorphology 2012, 138(1):1-14.
76. Jordan J.W., Mason O.K. A 5000 year record of intertidal peat stratigraphy and sea level change from northwest Alaska. Quaternary International 1999, 60:37-47.
77. Jorgenson M.T., Yoshikawa K., Kanevskiy M., Shur Y.L., Romanovsky V., Marchenko S., Grosse G., Brown J., Jones B. Permafrost characteristics of Alaska. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost 2008, 121-122. University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK. D. Kane, K. Hinkel (Eds.).
78. Kanevskiy M., Shur Y., Fortier D., Jorgenson M.T., Stephani E. Cryostratigraphy of late Pleistocene syngenetic permafrost (yedoma) in northern Alaska, Itkillik River exposure. Quaternary Research 2011, 75:584-596.
79. Kaufman D.S., Hopkins D.M. Late Cenozoic Radiometric Dates, Seward and Baldwin Peninsulas, and Adjacent Continental Shelf, Alaska. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 1985, 85-374 pp.
80. Kaufman D.S., Hopkins D.M. Glacial history of the Seward Peninsula. Glaciation of Alaska: The Geologic Record 1986, 51-78. Alaska Geological Society, Anchorage. T.D. Hamilton, K.M. Reed, R.M. Thorson (Eds.).
81. Kaufman D.S., Manley W.F. Pleistocene Maximum and Late Wisconsin glacier extents across Alaska, U.S.A. Developments in Quaternary Science 2004, vol. 2b:9-27. Elsevier, Amsterdam. J. Ehlers, P.L. Gibbard (Eds.).
82. Kaufman D.S., Ager T.A., Anderson N.J., Anderson P.M., Andrews J.T., Bartlein P.J., Brubaker L.B., Coats L.L., Cwynar L.C., Duvall M.L., Dyke A.S., Edwards M.E., Eisner W.R., Gajewski K., Geirsdóttir A., Hu F.S., Jennings A.E., Kaplan M.R., Kerwin M.W., Lozhkin A.V., MacDonald G.M., Miller G.H., Mock C.J., Oswald W.W., Otto-Bleisner B.L., Porinchu D.F., Rühland K., Smol J.P., Steig E.J., Wolfe B.B. Holocene thermal maximum in the western Arctic (0-180° W). Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:529-560.
83. Kienast F., Tarasov P., Schirrmeister L., Grosse G., Andreev A.A. Continental climate in the East Siberian Arctic during the last interglacial: implications from palaeobotanical records. Global and Planetary Change 2008, 60:535-562.
84. Kupriyanova L.A., Alyoshina L.A. Pollen and Spores of Plants from the Flora of European Part of USSR 1972, vol. I. Academy of Sciences USSR, Komarov Botanical Institute, Leningrad, (in Russian).
85. Kupriyanova L.A., Alyoshina L.A. Pollen and Spores of Plants from the Flora of European Part of USSR 1978, Academy of Sciences USSR, Komarov Botanical Institute, Leningrad, (in Russian).
86. Kuzmina S., Elias S., Matheus P., Storer J.E., Sher A. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum, inferred from insect fossils from a tephra buried soil at Tempest Lake, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 267:245-255.
87. Les D.H. The phytogeography of Ceratophyllum demersum and C. echinatum (Ceratophyllaceae) in glaciated North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 1986, 64:498-509.
88. Lozhkin A.V., Anderson P.M. Forest or no forest: implications of the vegetation record for climatic stability in Western Beringia during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3. Quaternary Science Reviews 2011, 30:2160-2181.
89. Mackay J.R. Pingos of the Pleistocene Mackenzie Delta area. Geographical Bulletin 1962, 18:21-63.
90. Mackay J.R. Pingo ice of the western Arctic coast, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1985, 22:1452-1464.
91. Mackay J.R. Growth of Ibyuk Pingo, western Arctic coast, Canada, and some implications for environmental reconstructions. Quaternary Research 1986, 26:68-80.
92. Mai D.H. Development of the water plant and swamp associations of Europe from the Cretaceous to the Quaternary. Flora 1985, 176:449-511.
93. Mai D.H. Tertiäre Vegetationsgeschichte Europas. Methoden und Ergebnisse. (Tertiary vegetation history of Europe. Methods and results) 1995, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena.
94. Manley W.F. Postglacial Flooding of the Bering Land Bridge: A Geospatial Animation 2002, INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Online source:. http://instaar.colorado.edu/QGISL/bering_land_bridge.
95. Manley W.F., Daly C. Alaska Geospatial Climate Animations of Monthly Temperature and Precipitation 2005, INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Online source:. http://instaar.colorado.edu/QGISL/AGCA.
96. Mann D.H., Groves P., Reanier R.E., Kunz M.L. Floodplains, permafrost, cottonwood trees, and peat: what happened the last time climate warmed suddenly in arctic Alaska?. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:3812-3830.
97. Matthews J.V. Quaternary environments at Cape Deceit (Seward Peninsula, Alaska) - evolution of a tundra ecosystem. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1974, 85:1353-1384.
98. Matthews J.V. Wisconsin environment of interior Alaska: pollen and macrofossil analysis of a 27 meter core from the Isabella Basin (Fairbanks, Alaska). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1974, 11:828-841.
99. McCulloch D., Hopkins D. Evidence for an early recent warm interval in Northwestern Alaska. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1966, 77:1089-1108.
100. McDowell P.F., Edwards M.E. Evidence of Quaternary climatic variations in a sequence of loess and related deposits at Birch Creek, Alaska: implications for the Stage 5 climatic chronology. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:63-76.
101. McManus D.A., Creager J.S. Sea-level data for parts of the Bering-Chukchi shelves of Beringia from 19,000 to 10,000 14C yr BP. Quaternary Research 1984, 21:317-325.
102. Meisch C. Freshwater Ostracoda of Western and Central Europe 2000, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin.
103. Meyer H., Schirrmeister L., Yoshikawa K., Opel T., Wetterich S., Hubberten H.-W., Brown J. Permafrost evidence for severe winter cooling during the Younger Dryas in northern Alaska. Geophysical Research Letters 2010, 37:L03501.
104. Muhs D.R., Ager T.A., Bettis A.E.I., McGeehin J.P., Been J., Beget J.E., Pavich Milan J., Stafford T.W.J., Stevens D.A.S.P. Stratigraphy and palaeoclimatic significance of Late Quaternary loess-palaeosol sequences of the Last Interglacial-Glacial cycle in central Alaska. Quaternary Science Reviews 2003, 22:1947-1986.
105. Murton J.B. Thermokarst-lake-basin sediments, Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, western arctic Canada. Sedimentology 1996, 43:737-760.
106. Murton J.B. Thermokarst sediments and sedimentary structures, Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, Western Arctic Canada. Global and Planetary Change 2001, 28:175-192.
107. Nakao K., La Pierre J., Ager T.A. Climatic changes in Interior Alaska. Climatic Changes in Interior Alaska 1980, 16-23. Department of Geophysics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo. K. Nakao (Ed.).
108. Nelson R.E., Carter L.D. Paleoenvironmental analysis of insects and extralimital Populus from an early Holocene site on the Arctic Slope of Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 1987, 19:230-241.
109. Økland K.A., Økland J. Freshwater bryozoans (Bryozoa) of Norway: distribution and ecology of Cristatella mucedo and Paludicella articulata. Hydrobiologia 2000, 421:1-24.
110. Pewé T.L. Quaternary Geology of Alaska. Geological Survey Professional Paper 835 1975, 1-145 pp.
111. Raynolds M.K., Walker D.A., Maier H.A. NDVI patterns and phytomass distribution in the circumpolar Arctic. Remote Sensing of Environment 2006, 102:271-281.
112. Reille M. Pollen et spores d'Europe et d'Afrique du nord 1992, Laboratoire de Botanique historique et de Palynologie, Marseille.
113. Reille M. Pollen et spores d'Europe et d'Afrique du nord, supplement 1 1995, Laboratoire de Botanique historique et de Palynologie, Marseille.
114. Reille M. Pollen et spores d'Europe et d'Afrique du nord, supplement 2 1998, Laboratoire de Botanique historique et de Palynologie, Marseille.
115. Reimer P.J., Baillie M.G.L., Bard E., Bayliss A., Beck J.W., Blackwell P.G., Bronk Ramsey C., Buck C.E., Burr G.S., Edwards R.L., Friedrich M., Grootes P.M., Guilderson T.P., Hajdas I., Heaton T.J., Hogg A.G., Hughen K.A., Kaiser K.F., Kromer B., McCormac F.G., Manning S.W., Reimer R.W., Richards D.A., Southon J.R., Talamo S., Turney C.S.M., van der Plicht J., Weyhenmeyer C.E. IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0-50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 2009, 51:1111-1150.
116. 4. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2011, 108(12):4748-4753.
117. Ritchie J.C. Past and Present Vegetation of the Far Northwest of Canada 1984, University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
118. Ritchie J.C., Lichti-Federovich S. Pollen dispersal phenomena in Arctic-Subarctic Canada. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 1967, 3:255-266.
119. Ritchie J.C., Cwynar L.C., Spear R.W. Evidence from north-west Canada for an early Holocene Milankovitch thermal maximum. Nature 1983, 305:126-128.
120. Romanovskii N.N. Basics of Cryogenesis in the Lithosphere 1993, Moscow University Press, 335 pp. (in Russian).
121. Romanovskii N.N., Hubberten H.-W., Gavrilov A.V., Tumskoy V.E., Kholodov A.L. Permafrost of the east Siberian Arctic shelf and coastal lowlands. Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:1359-1369.
122. Rupp R.S., Chapin F.S., Starfield A.M. Response of subarctic vegetation to transient climatic change on the Seward Peninsula in north-west Alaska. Global Change Biology 2001, 6:541-555.
123. Santos G.M., Southon J., Griffin S., Beaupre S.R., Druffel E.R. Ultra small-mass 14C-AMS sample preparation and analysis at the KCCAMS Facility. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 2007, 259:293-302.
124. Schirrmeister L., Siegert C., Kuznetsova T., Kuzmina S., Andreev A., Kienast F., Meyer H., Bobrov A. Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic records from permafrost deposits in the Arctic region of Northern Siberia. Quaternary International 2002, 89:97-118.
125. Schirrmeister L., Grosse G., Kunitsky V., Magens D., Meyer H., Dereviagin A., Kuznetsova T., Andreev A., Babiy O., Kienast F., Grigoriev M., Overduin P.P., Preusser F. Periglacial landscape evolution and environmental changes of Arctic lowland areas for the last 60,000 years (western Laptev Sea coast, Cape Mamontov Klyk). Polar Research 2008, 27:249-272.
126. Shackleton J. Environmental Histories from Whitefish and Imuruk Lakes, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Institute of Polar Studies Report No. 76 1982, Ohio State University, Columbus.
127. Sher A.V., Kuzmina S.A., Kuznetsova T.V., Sulerzhitsky L.D. New insights into the Weichselian environment and climate of the East Siberian Arctic, derived from fossil insects, plants, and mammals. Quaternary Science Reviews 2005, 24:533-569.
128. Smith A.J., Delorme L.D. Chapter 19-Ostracoda. Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates (Aquatic Ecology) 2010, 725-771. Elsevier, London, Burlington MA, San Diego CA. J.H. Thorp, A.P. Covich (Eds.).
129. Spiker E., Kelley L., Rubin M. U.S. Geological Survey radiocarbon dates XIII. Radiocarbon 1978, 20:139-156.
130. Staplin F.L. Pleistocene Ostracoda of Illinois. Part I. Subfamilies Candoninae, Cyprinae, general ecology, morphology. Journal of Paleontology 1963, 37:758-797.
131. Staplin F.L. Pleistocene Ostracoda of Illinois. Part II. Subfamilies Cyclocyprinae, Cypridopsinae, Ilyocyprinae; families Darwinulidae and Cytheridae. Stratigraphic ranges and assemblage patterns. Journal of Paleontology 1963, 37:1164-1203.
132. Stewart J.R., Lister A.M. Cryptic northern refugia and the origins of the modern biota. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2001, 16:608-613.
133. Stockmarr J. Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis. Pollen et Spores 1971, 13:615-621.
134. Stuiver M., Grootes P.M. GISP2 oxygen isotope ratios. Quaternary Research 2000, 53:277-284.
135. Swain F.M. Pleistocene Ostracoda from the Gubik formation, Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska. Journal of Paleontology 1963, 37:798-834.
136. Multi-language Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-ice Terms 1998, National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology, Boulder CO, Revised in May 2005. R. van Everdingen (Ed.).
137. van Geel B. Non-pollen palynomorphs. Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators 2001, vol. 3:99-119. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. J.P. Smol, H.J.B. Birks, W.M. Last (Eds.).
138. Vorren K.-D., Elverland E., Blaauw M., Ravna E.K., Jensen C.A.H. Vegetation and climate c. 12 300-9000 cal. yr BP at Andøya, NW Norway. Boreas 2009, 38:401-420.
139. Walker M.D., Everett K.R., Walker D.A., Birkeland P.W. Soil development as an indicator of relative pingo age, Northern Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 1996, 28:352-362.
140. Walker D.A., Raynolds M.K., Daniëls F.J.A., Einarsson E., Elvebakk A., Gould W.A., Katenin A.E., Kholod S.S., Markon C.J., Melnikov E.S., Moskalenko N.G., Talbot S.S., Yurtsev B.A., Team C.A.V.M. The circumpolar arctic vegetation map. Journal of Vegetation Science 2005, 16:267-282.
141. 4 during the last deglaciation. Science 2007, 318:633-636.
142. Wetterich S., Kuzmina S., Andreev A.A., Kienast F., Meyer H., Schirrmeister L., Kuznetsova T., Sierralta M. Palaeoenvironmental dynamics inferred from late Quaternary permafrost deposits on Kurungnakh Island, Lena Delta, Northeast Siberia, Russia. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27:1523-1540.
143. Wooller M.J., Zazula G.D., Blinnikov M., Gaglioti B.V., Bigelow N.H., Sanborn P., Kuzmina S., La Farge C. The detailed palaeoecology of a mid-Wisconsinan interstadial (ca. 32 000 14C a BP) vegetation surface from interior Alaska. Journal of Quaternary Science 2011, 26:746-756.
144. Yurtsev B.A. Relics of the xerophyte vegetation of Beringia in northeastern Asia. Paleoecology of Beringia 1982, 157-177. Academic Press, New York. D.M. Hopkins, J.V. Matthews, C.E. Schweger, S.B. Young (Eds.).