Phylogenetics and the evolution of major structural characters in the giant genus Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae)

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

Volumn 63, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 305-326

  Horn, James W ^a   van Ee, Benjamin W ^b   Morawetz, Jeffery J ^c   Riina, Ricarda ^d,e   Steinmann, Victor W ^f   Berry, Paul E ^d   Wurdack, Kenneth J ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF PALEOBIOLOGY   (United States)

^b BLACK HILLS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c RANCHO SANTA ANA BOTANIC GARDEN   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^e CSIC   (Spain)

^f AC   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Character state reconstruction; Convergent evolution; Cyathium; Euphorbia; Growth form; Multigene analyses; Xerophyte

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; DNA SEQUENCE; EUPHORBIA; EVOLUTION; GENETIC MARKER; GENETICS; HISTOLOGY; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PHYLOGENY; PLANT GENOME; PLANT LEAF; PLANT SEED;

BASE SEQUENCE; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; EUPHORBIA; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; GENETIC MARKERS; GENOME, PLANT; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PHYLOGENY; PLANT LEAVES; SEEDS; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA;

CHAMAESYCE; EUPHORBIA; EUPHORBIACEAE; EUPHORBIOIDEAE; MAGNOLIOPHYTA; XEROPHYTA;

EID: 84858082177     PISSN: 10557903     EISSN: 10959513     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.022     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Aditya S. A revision of geophytic Euphorbia species from India. Euphorbia World 2010, 6:18-21.
2. Akaike H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE T. Automat. Contr. 1974, 19:716-723.
3. Altekar G., Dwarkadas S., Huelsenbeck J.P., Ronquist F. Parallel Metropolis coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo for Bayesian phylogenetic inference. Bioinformatics 2004, 20:407.
4. Aubriot, X., 2008. Systématique des euphorbes malgaches: Révision du groupe d'Euphorbia pachysantha. Master 1 de Systématique, Evolution et Paléontologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
5. Bally P.R.O. The Genus Monadenium 1961, Benteli, Berne.
6. Barres L., Vilatersana R., Molero J., Susanna A., Galbany-Casals M. Molecular phylogeny of Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Aphyllis (Euphorbiaceae) inferred from nrDNA and cpDNA markers with biogeographic insights. Taxon 2011, 60:705-720.
7. Bell A.D. Plant Form: An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology 1991, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
8. Benedí, C., Molero, J., Simon, J., Vicens, J., 1997. Euphorbia. In: Castroviejo, S., Aedo, C., Benedí, C., Muñoz Garmendia, F., Nieto Feliner, G., Paiva, J. (Eds.), Flora Iberica: plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares, vol. 8. Haloragaceae-Euphorbiaceae. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, pp. 210-285.
9. Berg R.Y. Myrmecochorous plants in Australia and their dispersal by ants. Aust. J. Bot. 1975, 23:475-508.
10. Boissier P.E. Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbieae. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetalis 1862, vol. 15:1-188. Masson and Son, Paris.
11. Bruyns P.V., Mapaya R.J., Hedderson T. A new subgeneric classification of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) based on ITS and psbA-trnH sequence data. Taxon 2006, 55:397-420.
12. Cacho N.I., Berry P.E., Olsen M.E., Steinmann V.W., Baum D.A. Are spurred cyathia a key innovation? Molecular systematics and trait evolution in the slipper spurges (Pedilanthus clade: Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae). Am. J. Bot. 2010, 97:493-510.
13. Carmichael J.S., Selbo S.M. Ovule, embryo sac, embryo, and endosperm development in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). Can. J. Bot. 1999, 77:599-610.
14. Carter S. New species and taxonomic changes in Euphorbia from East and Northeast tropical Africa and a new species from Oman. Kew Bull. 1985, 40:809-825.
15. Carter S. Euphorbieae. Euphorbiaceae (Part 2) 1988, 409-564. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. R.M. Polhill (Ed.).
16. Carter S. Euphorbia section Somalica in Somalia. Euphorbia J. 1988, 5:26-38.
17. Carter S. A preliminary classification of Euphorbia subgenus Euphorbia. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 1994, 81:368-379.
18. Carter S., Eggli U. The CITES Checklist of Succulent Euphorbia Taxa (Euphorbiaceae) 2003, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn. second ed.
19. Corner E.J.H. The Seeds of Dicotyledons 1976, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
20. Cremers G. Architecture végétative de quelques espèces malagaches du genre Euphorbia L. Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 1977, 47:55-81.
21. Cremers G. Les euphorbes coralliformes de Madagascar. Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 1984, 54:23-64.
22. Croizat L. On the classification of Euphorbia. I. How important is the cyathium?. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 1936, 63:525-531.
23. Croizat L. On the classification of Euphorbia II. How should the cyathium be interpreted?. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 1937, 64:523-536.
24. Dressler R.L. The genus Pedilanthus (Euphorbiaceae). Contr. Gray Herb. 1957, 182:1-188.
25. Edwards E.J., Nyffeler R., Donoghue M.J. Basal cactus phylogeny: implications of the Pereskia (Cactaceae) paraphyly for the transition to the cactus life form. Am. J. Bot. 2005, 92:1177-1188.
26. Ehler N. Mikromorphologie der Samenoberflächen der Gattung Euphorbia. Plant Syst. Evol. 1976, 126:189-207.
27. Ehrenfeld J. Reproductive biology of three species of Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae). Am. J. Bot. 1976, 63:406-413.
28. Ehrenfeld J.G. Pollination of three species of Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce, with special reference to bees. Am. Midl. Nat. 1979, 101:87-98.
29. Espadaler X., Gómez C. Soil surface searching and transport of Euphorbia characias seeds. Acta Ecol. 1997, 18:39-46.
30. Felsenstein J. Maximum likelihood and minimum-steps methods for estimating evolutionary trees from data on discrete characters. Syst. Zool. 1973, 22:240-249.
31. Felsenstein J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 1985, 39:783-791.
32. Fisher J.B., Stevenson J.W. Occurrence of reaction wood in branches of dicotyledons and its role in tree architecture. Bot. Gaz. 1981, 142:82-95.
33. Forest F., Chase M.W., Persson C., Crane P.R., Hawkins J.A. The role of biotic and abiotic factors in evolution of ant dispersal in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae). Evolution 2007, 61:1675-1694.
34. Forster P.I. Revision of Euphorbia plumerioides Teijsm. ex Hassk. (Euphorbiaceae) and allies. Austrobaileya 1994, 4:227-246.
35. Frajman B., Schönswetter P. Giants and dwarfs: molecular phylogenies reveal multiple origins of annual spurges within Euphorbia subg. Esula. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2011, 61:413-424.
36. Frodin D. History and concepts of big plant genera. Taxon 2004, 53:753-776.
37. Gilbert M.G. Two new geophytic species of Euphorbia with comments on the subgeneric grouping of its African members. Kew Bull. 1987, 42:231-244.
38. Gonzalez-Voyer A., Fitzpatrick J.L., Kolm N. Sexual selection determines parental care patterns in cichlid fishes. Evolution 2008, 62:2015-2026.
39. Govaerts R., Frodin D.G., Radcliffe-Smith A. World checklist and bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (with Pandaceae) 2000, vol. 4. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
40. Haevermans, T., 2003. Le genre Euphorbia L. à Madagascar: phylogénie moléculaire et systématique. Thèse doctorale, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
41. Haevermans T., Hoffmann P., Lowry P.P., Labat J.-N., Randrianjohany E. Phylogenetic analysis of the Madagascan Euphorbia subgenus Lacanthis based on ITS sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 2004, 91:247-259.
42. Haevermans T., Labat J.-N. A synoptic revision of the Malagasy endemic Euphorbia pervilleana group. Syst. Bot. 2004, 29:118-124.
43. Hallé F., Oldemann R.A.A., Tomlinson P.B. Tropical Trees and Forests: An Architectural Analysis 1978, Springer, Berlin.
44. Hassall D.C. The genus Euphorbia in Australia. Aust. J. Bot. 1977, 25:429-453.
45. Hayden W.J. Ontogeny of the cotyledonary region of Chamaesyce maculata (Euphorbiaceae). Am. J. Bot. 1988, 75:1701-1713.
46. Hayden W.J., Troyanskaya O. Seedling development in species of Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae) with erect growth habits. Sida 1998, 18:419-431.
47. Herbst D. A new Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) from Hawaii. Pac. Sci. 1971, 25:489-490.
48. Hernández-Hernández T., Hernández H.M., Arturo De-Nova J., Puente R., Eguiarte L.E., Magallón S. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of growth form in Cactaceae (Caryophyllales, Eudicotyledoneae). Am. J. Bot. 2011, 98:44-61.
49. Holmes [Carter-Holmes], S., 1993. Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia. In: Thulin, M. (Ed.), Flora of Somalia, vol. 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 306-337.
50. Hoppe J.R. Die Morphogenese der Cyathiendrüsen und ihrer Anhänge, ihre blattypologische Deutung und Bedeutung. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1985, 105:497-581.
51. Hoppe J.R., Uhlarz H. Morphogenese und typologische interpretation des Cyathiums von Euphorbia-Arten. Beitr. Biol. Pflanz. 1982, 56:63-98.
52. Huelsenbeck J.P., Ronquist F. MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 2001, 17:754-755. .
53. Jordan L.S., Jordan J.L., Jordan C.M. Changes induced by water on Euphorbia supina seed coat structures. Am. J. Bot. 1985, 72:1530-1536.
54. Jordan M.S., Hayden W.J. A survey of mucilaginous testa in Chamaesyce. Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 1992, 21:79-89.
55. Kass R.E., Raftery A.E. Bayes factors. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1995, 90:773-795.
56. Katoh K., Kuma K., Toh H., Miyata T. MAFFT version 5: improvement in accuracy of multiple sequence alignment. Nucl. Acids Res. 2005, 33:511-518.
57. Kluge A.G. A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis for relationships among Epicrates (Boidae, Serpentes). Syst. Zool. 1989, 38:7-25.
58. Koutnik D.L. A taxonomic revision of the Hawaiian species of the genus Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae). Allertonia 1987, 6:331-388.
59. Lengyel S., Grove A.D., Latimer A.M., Majer J.D., Dunn R.R. Ants sow the seeds of global diversification in flowering plants. PLoS ONE 2009, e5480. 10.1371/journal.pone.0005480.
60. Lengyel S., Grove A.D., Latimer A.M., Majer J.D., Dunn R.R. Convergent evolution of seed dispersal by ants, and phylogeny and biogeography in flowering plants: a global survey. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2010, 12:43-55.
61. Lewis P.O. A likelihood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphological character data. Syst. Biol. 2001, 50:913-925.
62. Maddison, W.P., Maddison, D.R., 2006. StocChar: a package of Mesquite modules for stochastic models of character evolution. Version 1.1.
63. Maddison, W.P., Maddison, D.R., 2010. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2.73. http://mesquiteproject.org.
64. Mauseth J.D. The structure of photosynthetic succulent stems in plants other than cacti. Int. J. Plant Sci. 2004, 165:1-9.
65. Mayfield M.H. Euphorbia johnstonii (Euphorbiaceae), a new species from Tamaulipas, Mexico, with notes on the subsection Acutae. Sida 1991, 15:573-579.
66. Molero J., Garnatje T., Rovira A., Garcia-Jacas N., Susanna A. Karyological evolution and molecular phylogeny in Macaronesian dendroid spurges (Euphorbia subsect. Pachycladae). Plant Syst. Evol. 2002, 231:109-132.
67. Molero J., Rovira A.-M., Vicens J. Euphorbia L. sect. Cymatospermum (Prokh.) Prokh. (Euphorbiaceae) en la Península Ibérica. Morfología de las semillas. Precisiones taxonómicas y corológicas somber algunos táxones críticos. Ann. Jard. Bot. Madrid 1996, 54:207-229.
68. Narbona E., Arista M., Ortiz P.L. Explosive seed dispersal in two perennial Mediterranean Euphorbia species (Euphorbiaceae). Am. J. Bot. 2005, 92:510-516.
69. Nylander J.A.A., Wilgenbusch J.C., Warren D.L., Swofford D.L. AWTY (are we there yet?): a system for graphical exploration of MCMC convergence in Bayesian phylogenetics. Bioinformatics 2008, 24:581-583.
70. Pagel M. Detecting correlated evolution on phylogenies: a general method for comparative analysis of discrete characters. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 1994, 225:37-45.
71. Pagel M. Inferring evolutionary processes from phylogenies. Zool. Scr. 1997, 26:331-348.
72. Pagel M. The maximum likelihood approach to reconstructing ancestral character states of discrete characters on phylogenies. Syst. Biol. 1999, 48:612-622.
73. Pagel M., Lutzoni F. Accounting for phylogenetic uncertainty in comparative studies of evolution and adaptation. Biological Evolution and Statistical Physics 2002, 148-161. Springer, Berlin. M. Lässig, A. Valleriani (Eds.).
74. Pagel, M., Meade, A., 2006a. BayesTraits Version 1.0 (revised 10.02.10). http://www.evolution.rdg.ac.uk/BayesTraits.html.
75. Pagel M., Meade A. Bayesian analysis of correlated evolution of discrete characters by reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo. Am. Nat. 2006, 167:808-825.
76. Pagel M., Meade A., Barker D. Bayesian estimation of ancestral character states on phylogenies. Syst. Biol. 2004, 53:673-684.
77. Park K.-R., Jansen R.K. A phylogeny of Euphorbieae subtribe Euphorbiinae (Euphorbiaceae) based on molecular data. J. Plant Biol. 2007, 50:644-649.
78. Pemberton R.W. Myrmecochory in the introduced range weed, leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Am. Midl. Nat. 1988, 119:431-435.
79. Posada D., Crandall K.A. MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 1998, 14:817-818. .
80. Prenner G., Cacho N.I., Baum D., Rudall P.J. Is LEAFY a useful marker gene for the flower-inflorescence boundary in the Euphorbia cyathium?. J. Exp. Bot. 2011, 62:345-350.
81. Prenner G., Hopper S.D., Rudall P.J. Pseudanthium development in Calycopeplus paucifolius, with particular reference to the evolution of the cyathium in Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae-Malpighiales). Aust. Syst. Bot. 2008, 21:152-161.
82. Prenner G., Rudall P.J. Comparative ontogeny of the cyathium in Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) and its allies: exploring the organ-flower-inflorescence boundary. Am. J. Bot. 2007, 94:1612-1629.
83. Prokhanov Y.I. Genus 856. Euphorbia. Gerniales, Sapindales, Rhamnales 1949, vol. 14:233-378. Keter Press, Jerusalem. B.K. Shishkin, E.G. Bobrov (Eds.).
84. Radcliffe-Smith A. Euphorbia. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 1982, vol. 7:571-630. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
85. Rambaut, A., 1996-2002. Se-Al: sequence alignment editor ver. 2.0. http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/.
86. Rambaut, A., Charleston, M., 2002. TreeEdit. Phylogenetic tree editor, ver. 1.0 alpha 10. http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/treeedit/.
87. Rambaut A., Drummond, A.J., 2003-2007. Tracer ver. 1.5. MCMC trace analysis package. http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/.
88. Rauh W. The Succulent and Xerophytic Plants of Madagascar 1995, vol. 1. Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, California.
89. Rauh W. Euphorbia pachysantha Baillon, a remarkable and little-known arborescent Euphorbia from Madagascar. Cactus Succul. J. USA 1996, 68:35-39.
90. Rauh W. The Succulent and Xerophytic Plants of Madagascar 1998, vol. 2. Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, California.
91. Reeves J.H. Heterogeneity in the substitution process of amino acid sites of proteins coded for by mitochondrial DNA. J. Mol. Evol. 1992, 35:17-31.
92. Ritz C.M., Zimmermann N.F.A., Hellwig F.H. Phylogeny of subsect. Meleuphorbia (A. Berger) Pax & Hoffm. (Euphorbia L.) reflects the climatic regime of South Africa. Plant Syst. Evol. 2003, 241:245-259.
93. 2 photosynthesis in Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae). Exp. Bot. 2011, 62:3183-3195.
94. Salisbury B.A., Kim J. Ancestral state estimation and taxon sampling density. Syst. Biol. 2001, 50:557-564.
95. Sanderson M.J. A non-parametric approach to estimating divergence times in the absence of rate constancy. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1997, 14:1218-1231.
96. Schulter D., Price T., Mooers A.O., Ludwig D. Likelihood of ancestor states in adaptive radiation. Evolution 1997, 51:1699-1711.
97. Scotland R.W. Deep homology: a view from systematics. BioEssays 2010, 32:438-449.
98. Sernander R. Entwurf einer monographie der europäischen Myrmekochoren. K. Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 1906, 41:1-410.
99. Shimodaira H. An approximately unbiased test of phylogenetic tree selection. Syst. Biol. 2002, 51:492-508.
100. Shimodaira H. Approximately unbiased tests of regions using multistep-multiscale bootstrap resampling. Ann. Stat. 2004, 32:2616-2641.
101. Shimodaira H., Hasegawa M. CONSEL: for assessing the confidence of phylogenetic tree selection. Bioinformatics 2001, 17:1246-1247. .
102. Simmons M.P. Independence of alignment and tree search. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2004, 31:874-879.
103. Simmons M.P., Hayden W.J. Revision of the cerrado hemicryptophytic Chamaesyce of Boissier's "Pleiadeniae" (Euphorbiaceae). Brittonia 1997, 49:155-180.
104. Smith S.A., Beaulieu J.M. Life history influences rates of climatic niche evolution in flowering plants. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 2009, 276:4345-4352.
105. Smith S.A., Donoghue M.J. Rates of molecular evolution are linked to life history in flowering plants. Science 2008, 322:86-89.
106. Steinmann V.W. The Evolution of Succulence in the New World Species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) 2001, Claremont University, Claremont, California, Doctoral Dissertation.
107. Steinmann V.W. The submersion of Pedilanthus into Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae). Acta Bot. Mex. 2003, 65:45-50.
108. Steinmann V.W., Porter J.M. Phylogenetic relationships in Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) based on ITS and ndhF sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 2002, 89:453-490.
109. Steinmann V.W., van Ee B., Berry P.E., Gutiérrez J. The systematic position of Cubanthus and other shrubby endemic species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in Cuba. Ann. Jard. Bot. Madrid 2007, 64:123-133.
110. Suzuki N., Ohnishi Y. Significance of the simultaneous growth of vegetative and reproductive organs in the prostrate annual Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Euphorbiaceae). Ecol. Res. 2006, 21:91-99.
111. Suzuki N., Teranishi S. Phenology and life cycle of the annual Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Euphorbiaceae), with multiple overlapping generations in Japan. Ecol. Res. 2005, 20:425-432.
112. Swofford, D.L., 2002. PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis using Parsimony (*and other methods). Ver. 4. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
113. Tokuoka T. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences and ovule and seed character evolution. J. Plant Res. 2007, 120:511-522.
114. Tokuoka T., Tobe H. Ovules and seeds in Euphorbioideae (Euphorbiaceae): structure and systematic implications. J. Plant Res. 2002, 115:361-374.
115. Trumpke, H., 1914. Beträge zur Anatomie der sukkulenten Euphorbien. Buchdruckerei der Schlesischen Volkszeitung, Breslau.
116. Uhlarz H. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur Morphologie der basalen Blatteffigurationen sukkulenter Euphorbien aus den Subsektionen Diacanthium Boiss. und Goniostema Baill. Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 1974, 9:575-639.
117. van der Pijl L. Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants 1982, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
118. van Ee B.W., Berry P.E., Riina R., Gutiérrez Amaro J.E. Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Caribbean-centered Croton subgenus Moacroton (Euphorbiaceae s.s.). Bot. Rev. 2008, 74:132-165.
119. Venkata Rao C. Anatomy of the inflorescence of some Euphorbiaceae with a discussion on the phylogeny and evolution of the inflorescence including the cyathium. Bot. Notiser 1971, 124:39-64.
120. Vindt J. Monographie des euphorbiacées du Maroc. Première partie. Revision et systématique. Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. 1953, 6:1-219.
121. Vindt J. Monographie des euphorbiacées du Maroc. Deuxième partie. Anatomie. Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. 1960, 19:220-533.
122. Vogel S. Blütenbiologische Typen als Elemente der Sippengliederung, dargesteelt anhand der Flora Südafrikas. Bot. Stud. 1954, 1:1-338.
123. Webster G.L. The genera of Euphorbiaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arb. 1967, 48:303-361. 363-430.
124. Webster G.L. Synopsis of the genera and suprageneric taxa of Euphorbiaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 1994, 81:33-144.
125. Webster G.L., Brown W.V., Smith B.N. Systematics of photosynthetic carbon fixation pathways in Euphorbia. Taxon 1975, 24:27-33.
126. Webster G.L., Rupert E., Koutnik D. Systematic significance of pollen nuclear number in Euphorbiaceae, tribe Euphorbieae. Am. J. Bot. 1982, 69:407-415.
127. Wheeler L.C. The genera of living Euphorbieae. Am. Midl. Nat. 1943, 30:456-503.
128. White A., Dyer R.A., Sloane B.L. The succulent Euphorbieae (Southern Africa) 1941, vols. 1-2. Abbey Garden Press, Pasadena, California.
129. Wilgenbusch, J.C., Warren, D.L., Swofford, D.L., 2004. AWTY: a system for graphical exploration of MCMC convergence in Bayesian phylogenetic inference. http://ceb.csit.fsu.edu/awty.
130. Wurdack K.J., Davis C.C. Malpighiales phylogenetics: gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life. Am. J. Bot. 2009, 96:1551-1570.
131. Wurdack K.J., Hoffmann P., Chase M.W. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of uniovulate Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto) using plastid rbcL and trnL-F sequences. Am. J. Bot. 2005, 92:1397-1420.
132. Wurdack K.J., Hoffmann P., Samuel R., de Bruijn A., van der Bank M., Chase M.W. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Phyllanthaceae (Phyllanthoideae pro parte, Euphorbiaceae sensu lato) using plastid rbcL DNA sequences. Am. J. Bot. 2004, 91:1882-1900.
133. Yang, Y., Berry, P.E., 2008. Abstract 347. Evolution of weediness in the Chamaesyce clade of Euphorbia s.l. (Euphorbiaceae)-biogeography, shift to early onset of reproductive growth, and opportunistic life-history strategies. Botany 2008, Vancouver, BC. http://www.2008.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=347.
134. 4 lineage. Am. J. Bot. 2011, 98:1486-1503.
135. Yang, Y., Morden, C.W., Sack, L., Sporck, M.J., Berry, P.E., 2009. Abstract 861. Phylogeny and adaptive radiation of woody Hawaiian Chamaesyce from herbaceous and annual ancestors in subtropical North America (Euphorbia-Euphorbiaceae). Botany and Mycology 2009, Snowbird, UT. http://2009.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=861.
136. Yang Z. Maximum-likelihood estimation of phylogeny from DNA sequences when substitution rates differ over sites. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1993, 10:1396-1401.
137. Yang Z., Rannala B. Bayesian phylogenetic inference using DNA sequences: a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1997, 14:717-724.
138. Zimmermann N.F.A., Ritz C.M., Hellwig F.H. Further support for the phylogenetic relationships within Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) from nrITS and trnL-trnF IGS sequence data. Plant Syst. Evol. 2010, 286:39-58.
139. Zwickl, D.J., 2006. Genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of large biological sequence datasets under the maximum likelihood criterion. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas. https://www.nescent.org/wg_garli/Main_Page.