Risk factors for breast cancer, including occupational exposures

Safety and Health at Work

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 1-8

  Weiderpass, Elisabete ^a,b,c,d   Meo, Margrethe ^a   Vainio, Harri ^e  

^a CANCER REGISTRY OF NORWAY   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

^c KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^d FOLKHÄLSAN RESEARCH CENTER   (Finland)

^e FINNISH INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH   (Finland)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Ethylene oxide; Occupational exposure; Risk factors; Shift work; Work schedule tolerance

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858063645     PISSN: 20937911     EISSN: 20937997     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5491/SHAW.2011.2.1.1     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 2010;127:2893-917.
2. Jemal A, Ward E, Thun MJ. Recent trends in breast cancer incidence rates by age and tumor characteristics among U.S. women. Breast Cancer Res 2007;9:R28.
3. Ravdin PM, Cronin KA, Howlader N, Berg CD, Chlebowski RT, Feuer EJ, Edwards BK, Berry DA. The decrease in breastcancer incidence in 2003 in the United States. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1670-4.
4. Ottini L, Palli D, Rizzo S, Federico M, Bazan V, Russo A. Male breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2010;73:141-55.
5. Stang A, Thomssen C. Decline in breast cancer incidence in the United States: what about male breast cancer? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008;112:595-6.
6. Contractor KB, Kaur K, Rodrigues GS, Kulkarni DM, Singhal H. Male breast cancer: is the scenario changing. World J Surg Oncol 2008;6:58.
7. Kelsey JL, Bernstein L. Epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Annu Rev Public Health 1996;17:47-67.
8. Harris JR, Lippman ME, Veronesi U, Willett W. Breast cancer (1). N Engl J Med 1992;327:319-28.
9. Byrne C, Harras A. Cancer rates and risks. Cancer Statistics Branch, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Institute. 4th ed. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health; 1996. 120 p.
10. Gail MH, Brinton LA, Byar DP, Corle DK, Green SB, Schairer C, Mulvihill JJ. Projecting individualized probabilities of developing breast cancer for white females who are being examined annually. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:1879-86.
11. Rockhill B, Weinberg CR, Newman B. Population attributable fraction estimation for established breast cancer risk factors: considering the issues of high prevalence and unmodifiability. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:826-33.
12. Madigan MP, Ziegler RG, Benichou J, Byrne C, Hoover RN. Proportion of breast cancer cases in the United States explained by well-established risk factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:1681-5.
13. Bruzzi P, Green SB, Byar DP, Brinton LA, Schairer C. Estimating the population attributable risk for multiple risk factors using case-control data. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:904-14.
14. Hankinson S, Hunter D. Breast cancer. In: Hunter H, Trichopoulos D, Adami HO, editors. Textbook of cancer epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002.
15. World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington DC: AICR; 2007.
16. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans supplement 7. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC monographs. Vol 1 to 42. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1987.
17. Grosse Y, Baan R, Straif K, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Galichet L, Cogliano V; WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group. A review of human carcinogens-part A: pharmaceuticals. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:13-4.
18. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Hormonal contraception and post-menopausal hormone therapy. Vol 72. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1999.
19. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Combined estrogen-progestogen contraceptives and combined estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy. Vol 91. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2007.
20. Ewertz M. Hormone therapy in the menopause and breast cancer risk-a review. Maturitas 1996;23:241-6.
21. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC handbooks of cancer prevention. Weight control and physical activity. Vol 6. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2002.
22. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC handbooks of cancer prevention. Fruit and vegetables. Vol 8. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2003.
23. Secretan B, Straif K, Baan R, Grosse Y, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Freeman C, Galichet L, Cogliano V; WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group. A review of human carcinogens-part E: tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, coal smoke, and salted fish. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:1033-4.
24. El Ghissassi F, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Freeman C, Galichet L, Cogliano V; WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group. A review of human carcinogens-part D: radiation. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:751-2.
25. Boice JD Jr, Monson RR. Breast cancer in women after repeated fluoroscopic examinations of the chest. J Natl Cancer Inst 1977;59:823-32.
26. Ahn YS, Park RM, Koh DH. Cancer admission and mortality in workers exposed to ionizing radiation in Korea. J Occup Environ Med 2008;50:791-803.
27. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. E: lifestyle factors. Vol 100. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. In press.
28. Caplan LS, Schoenfeld ER, O'Leary ES, Leske MC. Breast cancer and electromagnetic fields-a review. Ann Epidemiol 2000;10:31-44.
29. Pollán M, Gustavsson P, Floderus B. Breast cancer, occupation, and exposure to electromagnetic fields among Swedish men. Am J Ind Med 2001;39:276-85.
30. Ahlbom IC, Cardis E, Green A, Linet M, Savitz D, Swerdlow A; ICNIRP (International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) Standing Committee on Epidemiology. Review of the epidemiologic literature on EMF and health. Environ Health Perspect 2001;109(Suppl 6):911-33.
31. Van Wijngaarden E, Nylander-French LA, Millikan RC, Savitz DA, Loomis D. Population-based case-control study of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and breast cancer. Ann Epidemiol 2001;11:297-303.
32. Forssén UM, Rutqvist LE, Ahlbom A, Feychting M. Occupational magnetic fields and female breast cancer: a case-control study using Swedish population registers and new exposure data. Am J Epidemiol 2005;161:250-9.
33. Feychting M, Forssén U. Electromagnetic fields and female breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2006;17:553-8.
34. McElroy JA, Egan KM, Titus-Ernstoff L, Anderson HA, Trentham-Dietz A, Hampton JM, Newcomb PA. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic field and breast cancer risk in a large, population-based, case-control study in the United States. J Occup Environ Med 2007;49:266-74.
35. Goodman M, Kelsh M, Ebi K, Iannuzzi J, Langholz B. Evaluation of potential confounders in planning a study of occupational magnetic field exposure and female breast cancer. Epidemiology 2002;13:50-8.
36. Slattery ML, Kerber RA. A comprehensive evaluation of family history and breast cancer risk. The Utah Population Database. JAMA 1993;270:1563-8.
37. Mavaddat N, Antoniou AC, Easton DF, Garcia-Closas M. Genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2010;4:174-91.
38. Rigoni-Stern. Statistical facts about cancers on which Doctor Rigoni-Stern based his contribution to the surgeons' subgroup of the IV Congress of the Italian Scientists on 23 September 1842. (translation). Stat Med 1987;6:881-4.
39. Fritschi L, Guenel P, Ahrens W; European Study Group on Occupational Causes of Rare Cancers. Breast cancer in priests: follow-up of an observation made 167 years ago. Eur J Epidemiol 2010;25:219-21.
40. King H, Bailar JC 3rd. Mortality among Lutheran clergymen. Milbank Mem Fund Q 1968;46:527-48.
41. King H. Clerical mortality patterns of the Anglican Communion. Soc Biol 1971;18:164-77.
42. King H, Locke FB. American white Protestant clergy as a low-risk population for mortality research. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980;65:1115-24.
43. Locke FB, King H. Mortality among Baptist clergymen. J Chronic Dis 1980;33:581-90.
44. Kaplan SD. Retrospective cohort mortality study of Roman Catholic priests. Prev Med 1988;17:335-43.
45. Ewertz M, Holmberg L, Tretli S, Pedersen BV, Kristensen A. Risk factors for male breast cancer-a case-control study from Scandinavia. Acta Oncol 2001;40:467-71.
46. Guénel P, Cyr D, Sabroe S, Lynge E, Merletti F, Ahrens W, Baumgardt-Elms C, Ménégoz F, Olsson H, Paulsen S, Simonato L, Wingren G. Alcohol drinking may increase risk of breast cancer in men: a European population-based casecontrol study. Cancer Causes Control 2004;15:571-80.
47. Lynge E, Afonso N, Kaerlev L, Olsen J, Sabroe S, Ahrens W, Eriksson M, Guénel P, Merletti F, Stengrevics A, Suarez-Varela M, Costa-Pererra A, Vyberg M. European multi-centre case-control study on risk factors for rare cancers of unknown aetiology. Eur J Cancer 2005;41:601-12.
48. Fentiman IS, Fourquet A, Hortobagyi GN. Male breast cancer. Lancet 2006;367:595-604.
49. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Painting, firefighting, and shiftwork. Vol 98. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010.
50. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. 1,3-butadiene, ethylene oxide, and vinyl halides (vinyl fluoride, vinyl chloride and vinyl bromide). Vol 97. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2008.
51. Grosse Y, Baan R, Straif K, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Altieri A, Cogliano V; WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group. Carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene, ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride, and vinyl bromide. Lancet Oncol 2007;8:679-80.
52. Steenland K, Whelan E, Deddens J, Stayner L, Ward E. Ethylene oxide and breast cancer incidence in a cohort study of 7576 women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2003;14:531-9.
53. Straif K, Baan R, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Altieri A, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Cogliano V. Carcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting. Lancet Oncol 2007;8:1065-6.
54. Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Kawachi I, Colditz GA. Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses' health study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:1563-8.
55. Schernhammer ES, Kroenke CH, Laden F, Hankinson SE. Night work and risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology 2006;17:108-11.
56. Schwartzbaum J, Ahlbom A, Feychting M. Cohort study of cancer risk among male and female shift workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 2007;33:336-43.
57. Tynes T, Hannevik M, Andersen A, Vistnes AI, Haldorsen T. Incidence of breast cancer in Norwegian female radio and telegraph operators. Cancer Causes Control 1996;7:197-204.
58. Hansen J. Increased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night. Epidemiology 2001;12:74-7.
59. Lie JA, Roessink J, Kjaerheim K. Breast cancer and night work among Norwegian nurses. Cancer Causes Control 2006;17:39-44.
60. Davis S, Mirick DK, Stevens RG. Night shift work, light at night, and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:1557-62.
61. O'Leary ES, Schoenfeld ER, Stevens RG, Kabat GC, Henderson K, Grimson R, Gammon MD, Leske MC; Electromagnetic Fields and Breast Cancer on Long Island Study Group. Shift work, light at night, and breast cancer on Long Island, New York. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:358-66.
62. Kolstad HA. Nightshift work and risk of breast cancer and other cancers-a critical review of the epidemiologic evidence. Scand J Work Environ Health 2008;34:5-22.
63. Costa G. Shift work and health: current problems and preventive actions. Saf Health Work 2010;1:112-23.
64. Rushton L, Bagga S, Bevan R, Brown TP, Cherrie JW, Holmes P, Fortunato L, Slack R, Van Tongeren M, Young C, Hutchings SJ. Occupation and cancer in Britain. Br J Cancer 2010;102:1428-37.
65. Stevens RG, Hansen J, Costa G, Haus E, Kauppinen T, Aronson KJ, Castaño-Vinyals G, Davis S, Frings-Dresen MH, Fritschi L, Kogevinas M, Kogi K, Lie JA, Lowden A, Peplonska B, Pesch B, Pukkala E, Schernhammer E, Travis RC, Vermeulen R, Zheng T, Cogliano V, Straif K. Considerations of circadian impact for defining 'shift work' in cancer studies: IARC Working Group Report. Occup Environ Med 2011;68:154-62.
66. Goldberg MS, Labrèche F. Occupational risk factors for female breast cancer: a review. Occup Environ Med 1996;53: 145-56.
67. MacArthur AC, Le ND, Abanto ZU, Gallagher RP. Occupational female breast and reproductive cancer mortality in British Columbia, Canada, 1950-94. Occup Med (Lond) 2007;57:246-53.
68. Pukkala E, Martinsen JI, Lynge E, Gunnarsdottir HK, Sparén P, Tryggvadottir L, Weiderpass E, Kjaerheim K. Occupation and cancer - follow-up of 15 million people in five Nordic countries. Acta Oncol 2009;48:646-790.
69. Hansen J. Breast cancer risk among relatively young women employed in solvent-using industries. Am J Ind Med 1999;36:43-7.
70. Zahm SH, Blair A. Occupational cancer among women: where have we been and where are we going? Am J Ind Med 2003;44:565-75.
71. Ramazzini B. De morbis artificum diatriba diseases of workers. The Latin text of 1713 revised, with translation and noted by Wilmer Cave Wright. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 1940.
72. Gardner KM, Ou Shu X, Jin F, Dai Q, Ruan Z, Thompson SJ, Hussey JR, Gao YT, Zheng W. Occupations and breast cancer risk among Chinese women in urban Shanghai. Am J Ind Med 2002;42:296-308.
73. Bernstein L, Allen M, Anton-Culver H, Deapen D, Horn-Ross PL, Peel D, Pinder R, Reynolds P, Sullivan-Halley J, West D, Wright W, Ziogas A, Ross RK. High breast cancer incidence rates among California teachers: results from the California Teachers Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2002;13:625-35.
74. Teitelbaum SL, Britton JA, Gammon MD, Schoenberg JB, Brogan DJ, Coates RJ, Daling JR, Malone KE, Swanson CA, Brinton LA. Occupation and breast cancer in women 20-44 years of age (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2003;14:627-37.
75. Villeneuve S, Cyr D, Lynge E, Orsi L, Sabroe S, Merletti F, Gorini G, Morales-Suarez-Varela M, Ahrens W, Baumgardt-Elms C, Kaerlev L, Eriksson M, Hardell L, Févotte J, Guénel P. Occupation and occupational exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in male breast cancer: a case-control study in Europe. Occup Environ Med 2010;67:837-44.