Multilevel Synthesis From the Group to the Individual

Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis

Volumn 18, Issue , 2007, Pages 1-201

  Daniel, Courgeau ^a  

^a INSTITUT NATIONAL D'ÉTUDES DÉMOGRAPHIQUES   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858057575     PISSN: 18772560     EISSN: 22151990     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (258)

1. Aitkin, M., Bennett, S.N., and Hesketh, J. (1981), Teaching styles and pupil progress: a reanalysis, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 51, pp. 170–186.
2. Alexander, M., Giesen, B., Münch, R., and Smelser, N.J. (eds) (1987), The Micro-macro Link, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London.
3. Alker, H.R. (1969), A typology of ecological fallacies, in M. Dogan and S. Rokkan (eds), Quantitative Ecological Analysis, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA), pp. 69–90.
4. Andersen, P., Borgan, O., Gill, R., and Keiding, N. (1993), Statistical Models based on Counting Processes, Springer-Verlag, New York.
5. Aristotle, [1885], Politics, transl. by B. Jowett, http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.mb.txt.
6. Aristotle, [1954], Rhetoric, transl. by W. Rhys Roberts, http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/rhetoric. mb.txt.
7. Aubin, J.P. (1991), Viability Theory, Birkäuser, Boston, Basel, Berlin.
8. Auriat, N. (1996), Les défaillances de la mémoire humaine. Aspects cognitifs des enquêtes rétro-spectives, Travaux et Documents, 136, INED, Paris.
9. Baccaïni, B. and Courgeau, D. (1996), Approche individuelle et approche agrégée: utilisation du registre de population norvégien pour l’étude des migrations, in J.P. Bocquet-Appel, D. Courgeau, and D. Pumain (eds), Analyse spatiale de données biodémographiques/ Spatial analysis of biodemographic data, Congresses and Colloquia, 16, INED/John Libbey Eurotext, Montrouge, pp. 79–104.
10. Bagdonavicius, V. and Nikulin, M. (2002), Accelerated Life Models, Chapman and Hall, London.
11. Bayes, T.R. (1763), An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrines of chance, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 53, pp. 370–418.
12. Becker, G.S. (1960), An economic analysis of fertility, in Demographic and economic change in developed countries: A Conference of the Universities–National Bureau Committee for Economic Research, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
13. Bennett, S.N. (1976), Teaching Styles and Pupil Progress, Open Book, London.
14. Bernoulli, J.I. (1713), Ars conjectandi, Impensis Thurnisiorum Fratrum, Basel.
15. Berthelot, J.M. (2001a), Les sciences du social, in J.M. Berthelot (ed.), Epistémologie des sciences sociales, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), Paris, pp. 203–265.
16. Berthelot, J.M. (ed.) (2001b), Epistémologie des sciences sociales, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), Paris.
17. Birnbaum, P. and Leca, D. (eds) (1986), Sur l’individualisme. Thèmes et méthodes, Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, Paris.
18. Blayo, C. (1995), La condition d’homogénéité en analyse démographique et en analyse statistique des biographies, Population, 50, 6, pp. 1501–1518.
19. Bonneuil, N. (1994), Capital accumulation, inertia of consumption and norms of reproduction, Journal of Population Economics, 7, pp. 49–62.
20. Bonneuil, N. (1997), Jeux, équilibres et régulation des populations sous contrainte de viabilité. Une lecture de l’œuvre de l’anthropologue Fredrik Barth, in D. Courgeau (ed.), Nouvelles approches méthodologiques en sciences sociales, Population, 52, 4, pp. 947–976. English ed.: (1998), Games, equilibria and population regulation under viability constraints: An interpretation of the work of the anthropologist Fredrik Barth, in D. Courgeau (ed.), New Methodological Approaches in the Social Sciences, Population: An English Selection, 10, 1, pp. 151–179.
21. Boudon, R. (1977), Effets pervers et ordre social, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), Paris.
22. Boudon, R. (1988), Individualisme ou holisme: un débat méthodologique fondamental, in H. Mendras and M. Verret (eds), Les champs de la sociologie française, Armand Colin, Paris, pp. 31–45.
23. Box, G.E.P. and Cox, D.R. (1964), An analysis of transformations, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, 26, pp. 211–252.
24. Brémaud, P. and Jacod, J. (1977), Processus ponctuels et martingales: résultats récents sur la modélisation et le filtrage, Advanced Applied Probabilities, 9, pp. 362–416.
25. Breslow, N.E. and Clayton, D.G. (1993), Approximate inferences in generalized linear models, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 88, 421, pp. 9–25.
26. Bretagnolle, J. and Huber-Carol, C. (1988), Effects of omitting covariates in Cox’s model for survival data, Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 15, pp. 125–138.
27. Browne, N.J., Goldstein, H., and Rasbash, J. (2001), Multiple membership multiple classification (MMMC) models, Statistical Modelling, 1, pp. 103–124.
28. Bry, X. (1996), Analyses factorielles multiples, Economica, Paris.
29. Bryk, A.S. and Raudenbush, S.W. (1992), Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis, Sage, Newbury Park (CA).
30. Burch, T.K. (1999), Something ventured, something gained: Progress towards a unified theory of fertility decline, in D. Tabutin, C. Gourbin, G. Masuy-Strobant, and B. Schoumaker (eds), Théories, paradigmes et courants explicatifs en démographie, Chaire Quetelet 1997, Academia-Bruylant/L’Harmattan, Louvain-la-Neuve, pp. 253–278.
31. Burch, T.K. (2002), Computer modelling of theory: explanations for the 21th century, in R. Franck (ed.), The Explanatory Power of Models, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht, London, pp. 245–266.
32. Caldwell, J.C. (1982), Theory of Fertility Decline, Academic Press, London.
33. Caselli, G., Vallin, J., and Wunsch, G. (eds) (2001), Démographie: analyse et synthèse, I, La dynamique des populations, INED, Paris. English ed.: (2006), Demography: Analysis and Synthesis. A treatise in Population, 4 vols, Academic Press (Elsevier), Amsterdam, Oxford.
34. Chabanne, A. and Lollivier, S. (1988), Les salariés de 1967, quinze ans après: la trace du chemin parcouru, Économie et Statistique, 210, pp. 21–32.
35. Clayton, D. and Cuzick, J. (1985), Multivariate generalizations of the proportional hazard model, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A, 148, pp. 82–117.
36. Cleland, J. (1985), Marital fertility decline in developing countries: Theories and the evidence, in J. Cleland and J. Hobcraft (eds), Reproductive Change in Developing Countries: Insights from the World Fertility Survey, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 223–252.
37. Coale, A.J. (1973), The demographic transition reconsidered, in International Population Conference, Liège, vol. 1, IUSSP, Liège, pp. 53–72.
38. Commenges, D. (1999), Multistate models in epidemiology, Lifetime Data Analysis, 5, pp. 315–327.
39. Condorcet, M.J.A.N. Caritat, Marquis de (1994), Arithmétique politique. Textes rares ou inédits (1767–1789), critical ed. annotated by B. Bru and P. Crépel, INED/Presses Universitaires de France (PUF) Diffusion, Paris.
40. Courgeau, D. (1973), Migrants et migrations, Population, 28, 1, pp. 95–129.
41. Courgeau, D. (1982), Premiers migrants, migrants secondaires et retours (France 1968–1975), Population, 37, 6, pp. 1189–1193.
42. Courgeau, D. (1985), Interaction between spatial mobility, family and career life-cycle: A french survey, European Sociological Review, 1, 2, pp. 139–162.
43. Courgeau, D. (1987), Constitution de la famille et urbanisation, Population, 42, 1, pp. 57–82. English ed.: (1989), Family Formation and Urbanization, Population: An English Selection, 1, pp. 123–146.
44. Courgeau, D. (1988), Méthodes de mesure de la mobilité spatiale. Migrations internes, mobilité temporaire, navettes, INED, Paris.
45. Courgeau, D. (1991a), Perspectives avec migrations, Population, 46, 6, pp. 1513–1530.
46. Courgeau, D. (1991b), Analyse de données biographiques érronées, Population, 46, 1, pp. 89–104. English ed.: (1992), Impact of response errors on event history analysis, Population: An English Selection, 4, pp. 97–110.
47. Courgeau, D. (1999a), L’enquête “Triple biographie: familiale, professionnelle et migratoire,” in Groupe de Réflexion sur l’Approche Biographique, Biographies d’enquêtes, “Méthodes et Savoirs” series, INED/Presses Universitaires de France (PUF) Diffusion, Paris, pp. 59–74.
48. Courgeau, D. (1999b), De l’intérêt des analyses multi-niveaux pour l’explication en démographie, in D. Tabutin, C. Gourbin, G. Masuy-Strobant, and B. Schoumaker (eds), Théories, paradigmes et courants explicatifs en démographie, Chaire Quetelet 1997, Academia-Bruylant/L’Harmattan, Louvain-la-Neuve, pp. 93–116.
49. Courgeau, D. (2000a), Réflexions sur la causalité en sciences sociales, Recherches et prévisions, 60, pp. 49–60.
50. Courgeau, D. (2000b), Le départ de chez les parents: une analyse démographique sur le long terme, Économie et Statistique, 337–338, pp. 37–60.
51. Courgeau, D. (2001a), Multi-state transition models in demography, in J. Hoem (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, Demography, Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 10210–10214.
52. Courgeau, D. (2001b), Individus et contextes dans l’analyse des comportements selon l’approche multiniveau, in G. Caselli, J. Vallin and G. Wunsch (eds), Démographie: analyse et synthèse, I, La dynamique des populations, INED, Paris, pp. 519–536. English ed.: (2005), Demography: Analysis and Synthesis. A Treatise in population, 4 vols, Academic Press (Elsevier), Amsterdam, Oxford.
53. Courgeau, D. (2002a), Vers une analyse biographique multiniveau, in Actes des Journées de Méthodologie Statistique, 2, INSEE Méthodes, 101, Paris, pp. 375–394.
54. Courgeau, D. (2002b), Évolution ou révolution dans la pensée démographique, Mathématiques et Sciences Humaines, 160, pp. 49–78.
55. Courgeau, D. (2002c), New approaches and methodological innovations in the study of partnership and fertility behaviour, in M. Macura and G. Beets (eds), Dynamics of fertility and partnership in Europe. Insights and lessons from comparative research, United Nations, Geneva, pp. 99–114.
56. Courgeau, D. (ed.) (2003a), Methodology and Epistemology of Multilevel Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht, London.
57. Courgeau, D. (2003b), General introduction, in Methodology and Epistemology of Multilevel Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht, London, pp. 1–24.
58. Courgeau, D. (2003c), From the macro-micro opposition to multilevel analysis, in Methodology and Epistemology of Multilevel Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht, London, pp. 43–92.
59. Courgeau, D. (2003d), General conclusion, in Methodology and Epistemology of Multilevel Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht, London, pp. 199–214.
60. Courgeau, D. and Baccaïni, B. (1997), Analyse multi-niveaux en sciences sociales, in D. Courgeau (ed.), Nouvelles approches méthodologiques en sciences sociales, Population, 52, 4, pp. 831–864. English ed.: (1998), Multilevel analysis in the social sciences, in D. Courgeau (ed.), New Methodological Approaches in the Social Sciences, Population: An English Selection, 10, 1, pp. 39–71.
61. Courgeau, D. and Lelièvre, É. (1986), Nuptialité et agriculture, Population, 41, 2, pp. 303–326.
62. Courgeau, D. and Lelièvre, É. (1989), Analyse démographique des biographies, INED, Paris.
63. Courgeau, D. and Lelièvre, É. (1992), Event History Analysis in Demography, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
64. Courgeau, D. and Lelièvre, É. (1996), Changement de paradigme en démographie, Population, 2, 51, pp. 645–654. English ed.: (1997), Changing paradigm in demography, Population: An English Selection, 9, pp. 1–10.
65. Courgeau, D. and Lelièvre, É. (2001), Análisis demográfico de las biografías, El Collegio de Mexico, Mexico City.
66. Courgeau, D. and Meron, M. (1996), Trajectoires d’activité des couples, in A. Degenne, M. Mansuy, G. Podevin, and P. Werkin (eds), Typologie des marchés du travail: suivi et parcours, 115, CEREQ, pp. 239–255.
67. Cox, D.R. (1970), The Analysis of Binary Data, Chapman and Hall, London.
68. Cox, D.R. (1972), Regression models and life tables (with discussion), Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, 34, pp. 269–276.
69. Cox, D.R. and Hinkley, D.V. (1974), Theoretical Statistics, Chapman and Hall, London.
70. Cox, R. (1946), Probability, frequency, and reasonable expectation, American Journal of Physics, 14, pp. 1–13.
71. Cribier, F. and Kych, A. (1999), Un ensemble d’enquêtes auprès de deux cohortes de retraités parisiens, in Groupe de Réflexion sur l’Approche Biographique, Biographies d’enquêtes, “Méthodes et Savoirs” series, INED/Presses Universitaires de France (PUF) Diffusion, Paris, pp. 75–103.
72. Davis, K. (1945), The world demographic transition, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 237, pp. 1–11.
73. De Finetti, B. (1974), Theory of Probability, 2 vols, Wiley & Sons, London, New York.
74. Degenne, A. and Forsé, M. (1994), Les réseaux sociaux, Armand Colin, Paris.
75. Degenne, A. and Forsé, M. (1999), Introducing Social Networks, Sage Publication, London.
76. Delaporte, P. (1941), Évolution de la mortalité en Europe depuis les origines des statistiques de l’état civil, Paris.
77. Delaunay, D. (2001), L’inscription dans l’espace des biographies individuelles, IUSSP General Population Conference, Salvador (Brazil).
78. Dellacherie, C. (1980), Un survol de l’intégrale stochastique, Stochastic Processes Applications, 10, pp. 115–144.
79. Dellacherie, C. and Meyer, P.A. (1980), Probabilités et potentiels: théorie des martingales, Hermann, Paris.
80. Deparcieux, A. (1746), Essai sur les probabilités de la durée de la vie humaine, Guérin Frères, Paris.
81. Deparcieux, A. (2003), Essai sur les probabilités de la durée de la vie humaine (1746) followed by Addition à l’Essai (1760), facsimile reprint with introduction and notes by C. Behar and contributions by G. Gallais-Hamono, C. Rietsch, and J. Berthon, INED, Paris.
82. Depardieu, D. (1978), Disparités de salaire dans le tertiaire, Économie et Statistique, 98, pp. 21–30.
83. Depardieu, D. and Payen, J.F. (1986), Disparités de salaire dans l’industrie en France et en Allemagne: des ressemblances frappantes, Économie et Statistique, 188, pp. 23–34.
84. Desplanques, G. (1984), L’inégalité sociale devant la mort, Économie et Statistique, 162, pp. 29–50.
85. Diez Roux, A.V. (2000), Multilevel analysis in public health research, Annual Review of Public Health, 21, pp. 171–192.
86. Diez Roux, A.V. (2003), Potentialities and limitations of multilevel analysis in public health and epidemiology, in D. Courgeau (ed.), Methodology and Epistemology of Multilevel Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht, London, pp. 93–120.
87. Diggle, P.J. and Liang, K.Y. (1994), Analysis of Longitudinal Data, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
88. DiPrete, T. and Forristal, J. (1994), Multilevel analysis: methods and substance, Annual Review of Sociology, 24, pp. 331–357.
89. Duchêne, J., Wunsch G., and Vilquin, É. (eds) (1989), L’explication en sciences sociales: la recherche des causes en démographie, Ciaco, Brussels.
90. Duncan, C. (1997), Applying multivariate multilevel models in geographical research, in G.P. Westert and R.N. Verhoeff (eds), Places and People: Multilevel Modelling in Geographical Research, Nederlandse Geografische Studies, 227, Urban Research Center, Utrecht, pp. 100–119.
91. Duncan, O. D., Cuzzort, R.P., and Duncan, B. (1961), Statistical Geography: Problems in Analysing Areal Data, Free Press, Glencoe.
92. Dupâquier, J. (1985), Le mémoire de Jean de Witt sur la valeur des rentes viagères, Annales de démographie historique, pp. 355–394.
93. Dupâquier, J. (1996), L’invention de la table de mortalité, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), Paris.
94. Dupâquier, J. and Dupâquier, M. (1985), L’histoire de la démographie, Librairie Académique Perrin, Paris.
95. Durkheim, É. (1930), Le suicide, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), Paris (1st ed. 1897, Félix Alcan, Paris).
96. Durkheim, É. (1937), Les règles de la méthode sociologique, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), Paris (1st edn. 1895, Félix Alcan, Paris).
97. Easterlin, R.A. (1961), The American baby-boom in historical perspective, American Economic Review, 51, pp. 860–911.
98. Easterlin, R.A. and Crimmins, E.N. (1985), The Fertility Revolution: A Demand-supply Analysis, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
99. Euler, L. (1760), Recherches générales sur la mortalité et la multiplication du genre humain, Mémo-ires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Berlin, VII, pp. 144–175.
100. Fielding, A., Yang M, and Goldstein, H. (2003), Multilevel ordinal models for examination grades, Statistical Modelling, 3, 2, pp. 127–153.
101. Filloux, J.C. (2001), Épistémologie, éthique et sciences de l’éducation, L’Harmattan, Paris.
102. Firebaugh, G. (1978), A rule for inferring individual-level relationships from aggregate data, American Sociological Review, 43, pp. 557–572.
103. Franck, R. (ed.) (1994), Faut-il chercher aux causes une raison? L’explication dans les sciences humaines, Librairie Philosophique Vrin, Paris.
104. Franck, R. (1995), Mosaïques, machines, organismes et sociétés. Examen metadisciplinaire du réduc-tionnisme, Revue Philosophique de Louvain, 93, pp. 67–81.
105. Franck, R. (ed.) (2002), The Explanatory Power of Models, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht, London.
106. Franck, R. (2003), Causal analysis, systems analysis, and multilevel analysis: Philosophy and epistemology, in D. Courgeau (ed.), Methodology and Epistemology of Multilevel Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht, London, pp. 175–198.
107. Gelman, A., Karlin, J.B., Stern, H.S., and Rubin, D.B. (1995), Bayesian Data Analysis, Chapman and Hall, New York.
108. Giddens, A. (1984), The Constitution of Society, Polity Press, Cambridge (UK).
109. Glaude, M. and Jarousse, J.P. (1988), L’horizon des jeunes salariés dans leur entreprise: du lien noué avec l’employeur dépend en partie le salaire et la carrière, Économie et Statistique, 211, pp. 23–41.
110. Goldstein, H. (1986), Multilevel mixed linear model analysis using iterative generalized least squares, Biometrika, 73, pp. 43–56.
111. Goldstein, H. (1987), Multilevel covariance component models, Biometrika, 74, pp. 430–431.
112. Goldstein, H. (1989), Restricted unbiased generalized least-squares estimation, Biometrika, 76, pp. 622–623.
113. Goldstein, H. (1991), Nonlinear multilevel models, with an application to discrete response data, Biometrika, 78, pp. 45–51.
114. Goldstein, H. (2003a), Multilevel Statistical Models, Arnold, London (1st edn. 1987 as Multilevel models in educational and social research).
115. Goldstein, H. (2003b), Multilevel modelling of educational data, in D. Courgeau (ed.), Methodology and Epistemology of Multilevel Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht, London, pp. 25–42.
116. Goldstein, H. and Rasbash, J. (1996), Improved approximations for multilevel models with binary responses, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A, 159, 3, pp. 505–513.
117. Goldstein, H., Rabash, J., Browne, W., Woodhouse, G., and Poulain, M. (2000), Models in the study of dynamic household structures, European Journal of Population, 16, 4, pp. 373–387.
118. Gourieroux, C. (1989), Économétrie des variables qualitatives, Economica, Paris.
119. Granger, G.G. (1976), La théorie aristotélicienne de la science, Aubier, Paris.
120. Granger, G.G. (1988), Essai d’une philosophie du style, Odile Jacob, Paris.
121. Granger, G.G. (1994), Formes, opérations, objets, Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, Paris.
122. Granger, G.G. (2001), Sciences et réalités, Odile Jacob, Paris.
123. Graunt, J. (1662), Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality […] of the City of London, Tho. Roycroft, London. French ed.: (1977), Observations naturelles et politiques, transl. by É. Vilquin, INED, Paris.
124. Greenland, S. (1998a), Hierarchical regression, in K. Rothman and S. Greenland (eds), Modern Epidemiology, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp. 427–432.
125. Greenland, S. (1998b), Probability logic and probability induction, Epidemiology, 9, pp. 322–332.
126. Greenland, S. (2000), Principles of multilevel modelling, International Journal of Epidemiology, 29, pp. 158–167.
127. Groupe de Réflexion sur l’Approche Biographique (1999), Biographies d’enquêtes, “Méthodes et Savoirs” series, INED/Presses Universitaires de France (PUF) Diffusion, Paris.
128. Guillard, A. (1855), Éléments de statistique humaine ou démographie comparée, Guillaumin, Paris.
129. Gumpertz, M.L. and Pantula, S.G. (1992), Nonlinear regression with variance components, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87, 417, pp. 201–209.
130. Halley, E. (1693), An estimate of the degrees of the mortality of mankind drawn from curious tables of the births and funerals at the city of Breslaw, Philosophical Transactions, XVII, pp. 596–610.
131. Hartley, H.O. and Rao, J.N.K. (1967), Maximum likelihood estimation for the mixed analysis of variance model, Biometrika, 54, pp. 93–108.
132. Harville, D. (1976), Extension of the Gauss-Markov theorem to include the estimation of random effects, Annals of Statistics, 4, 2, pp. 384–395.
133. Henry, L. (1959), D’un problème fondamental d’analyse démographique, Population, 13, 1, pp. 9–32.
134. Henry, L. (1966), Analyse et mesure des phénomènes démographiques par cohorte, Population, 20, 3, pp. 465–482.
135. Henry, L. (1972), Démographie: Analyse et modèles, Larousse, Paris.
136. Henry, L. (1981), Dictionnaire démographique multilingue, UIESP/Ordina Editions, Liège. English section: (1982), Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, 2nd edn., adapted by É. van de Walle, IUSSP/Ordina Editions, Liège.
137. Hoem, J. (1983), Multistate Mathematical Demography should Adopt the Notions of Event-history Analysis, Stockholm Research Reports in Demography, 10.
138. Hoem, J. (1985), Weighting, misclassification and other issues in the analysis of survey samples of life histories, in J. Heckman and B. Singer (eds), Longitudinal Analysis of Labour Market Data, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), pp. 249–293.
139. Hougaard, P. (1986), Survival models for heterogeneous populations derived from stable distributions, Biometrika, 73, pp. 387–396.
140. Hougaard, P. (2000), Analysis of Multivariate Survival Data, Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg.
141. Hougaard, P., Harvald, B., and Holm, N.V. (1992), Measuring the similarity between the lifetimes of adult Danish twins born between 1881–1930, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87, pp. 17–24.
142. Huber J. (ed.) (1991), Macro-micro Linkages in Sociology, Sage, Newbury Park (CA).
143. Jaynes, E.T. (2003), Probability Theory. The Logic of Science, G.L. Bretthorst (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), New York, Melbourne.
144. Jeffreys, H. (1939), Theory of Probability, Clarendon Press, New York.
145. Jones, K. (1997), Multilevel approaches to modelling contextuality: from nuisance to substance in the analysis of voting behaviour, in G.P. Westert and R.N. Verhoeff (eds), Places and People: Multilevel Modelling in Geographical Research, Nederlandse Geografische Studies, 227, Urban Research Center, Utrecht, pp. 19–43.
146. Kalbfleisch, J.D. and Prentice, R. (1973), Marginal likelihood based on Cox’s regression and life model, Biometrika, 60, pp. 267–278.
147. Keiding, N. (1999), Event history analysis and inference from observational epidemiology, Statistics in Medicine, 18, pp. 2353–2363.
148. Klein, J.P. (1992), Semiparametric estimation of random effects using the Cox model based on the EM algorithm, Biometrics, 48, pp.795–806.
149. Kolmogorov, A.N. (1933), Grundbegriffe der Warhrscheinlichkeitsrenung, in Ergebnisse der Mathe-matik, 2, Springer, Berlin.
150. Körösi, J. (1894), An estimate of the degree of legitimate natality, as shown in the table of natality compiled by the author from observations made at Budapest, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 55, 331, pp. 16–17.
151. Kreft, I., and de Leeuw, (1998), Introducing Multilevel Modelling, Sage, London.
152. Kuhn, T.S. (1962), The structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
153. Lakatos, I. (1970), Falsification and methodology of scientific research programmes, in I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave (eds), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), pp. 91–196.
154. Landry, A. (1934), Les trois théories principales de la population, in La révolution démographique, Sirey, Paris (1st edn. 1909).
155. Landry, A. (1945), Traité de démographie, Payot, Paris.
156. Laplace, P.S., Marquis de (1812), Théorie analytique des probabilités, 2 vols, Coursier Imprimeur, Paris.
157. Lazarsfeld, P.F. and Menzel, H. (1961), On the relation between individual and collective properties, in A. Etzioni (ed.), Complex Organizations, Holt, Reinhart, and Winston, New York, pp. 422–440.
158. Lee, P.M. (1997), Bayesian statistics. An introduction, 2nd edn., Arnold, London.
159. Lelièvre, É. (1987), Activité professionnelle et fécondité: les choix et les déterminations des femmes françaises entre 1930 et 1960, Cahiers Québéquois de Démographie, 16, 2, pp. 207–236.
160. Lelièvre, É. and Bringé, A. (1998), Manuel pratique pour l’analyse statistique des biogra-phies/Practical Guide to Event History Analysis, “Méthodes et Savoirs” series, INED/Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), Paris.
161. Lelièvre, É., Bonvalet, C., and Bry, X. (1997), Analyse biographique des groupes. Les avancées d’une recherche en cours, in D. Courgeau (ed.), Nouvelles approches méthodologiques en sciences sociales, Population, 52, 4, pp. 803–830. English ed.: (1998), Event history analysis of groups. The findings of an on-going project, in D. Courgeau (ed.), New Methodological Approaches in the Social Sciences, Population: An English Selection, 10, 1, pp. 11–37.
162. Lesourne, J. (1991), The Economics of Order and Disorder, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
163. Lesthaeghe, R. (1983), A century of demographic and cultural change in Western Europe: An exploration of underlying dimensions, Population and Development Review, 9, 3, pp. 411–435.
164. Lillard, L.A. (1993), Simultaneous equations for hazards: Marriage duration and fertility timing, Journal of Econometrics, 56, pp. 189–217.
165. Lillard, L.A. and Waite, L.J. (1993), A joint model of marital childbearing and marital disruption, Demography, 30, 4, pp. 653–681.
166. Lindsey, J.K. (1999), Models for Repeated Measurements, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
167. Lindstrom, M.J. and Bates, D.M. (1990), Nonlinear mixed effects models for repeated measures data, Biometrics, 46, pp. 673–687.
168. Longford, N.T. (1987), A fast scoring algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation in unbalanced mixed models with nested random effects, Biometrika, 74, 4, pp. 817–827.
169. Loriaux, M. (1989), L’analyse contextuelle: renouveau théorique ou impasse méthodologique, in J. Duchêne, G. Wunsch, and É. Vilquin (eds), L’explication en sciences sociales. La recherche des causes en démographie, Chaire Quetelet 1987, Ciaco, Brussels, pp. 333–368.
170. Lotka, A. (1939), Théorie analytique des associations biologiques, part 2, Hermann, Paris.
171. Lyberg, I. (1983), The effect of sampling and nonresponse on estimates of transition intensities: some empirical results from the 1981 Swedish Fertility Survey, Stockholm Research Reports in Demography, 14.
172. Ma, R., Krewski, D., and Burnett, R.T. (2003), Random effects Cox model: A Poisson modelling approach, Biometrika, 90, 1, pp. 157–169.
173. Manton, K.G., Singer, B., and Woodbury, M.A. (1992), Some issues in the quantitative characterization of heterogeneous populations, in Demographic Applications of Event history Analysis, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 9–37.
174. Mason, K.O. (1997), Explaining fertility transitions, Demography, 34, 4, pp. 443–454.
175. Mason, W.M., Wong, G.W., and Entwistle, B. (1983), Contextual analysis through the multilevel linear model, in S. Leinhart (ed.), Sociological Methodology 1983–1984, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 72–103.
176. Matalon, B. (1967), Épistémologie des probabilités, in J. Piaget (ed.) Logique et connaissance scientifique, Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, Gallimard, Paris, pp. 526–553.
177. Matsuyama, Y., Sakamoto, J., and Ohashi, Y. (1998), A Bayesian hierarchical survival model for the institutional effects in a multi-centre cancer clinical trial, Statistics in Medicine, 17, pp. 1893–1908.
178. McCullagh, P. (1980), Regression models for ordinal data, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, 42, 2, pp.109–142.
179. McCullagh, P. and Nelder, J.A. (1983), Generalized Linear Models, Chapman and Hall, London.
180. McMichael, A.J. (1999), Prisoners of the proximate: loosening the constraints on epidemiology in an age of change, American Journal of Epidemiology, 149, pp. 887–897.
181. Menken, J. and Trussell, J. (1981), Proportional hazards life table models: An illustrative analysis of socio-demographic influences on marriage dissolution in the United States, Demography, 18, 2, pp. 181–200.
182. Miller, J.J. (1977), Asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimates in the mixed model of the analysis of variance, Annals of Statistics, 5, 4, pp. 746–762.
183. Moheau, J.B. (1778), Recherches et considérations sur la population de la France, Paris (1912 reprint ed. by R. Gonnard, Geuthner, Paris).
184. Moheau, J.B. (1994), Recherches et considérations sur la population de la France, reprint with annotations by É. Vilquin, INED, Paris.
185. Morgenstern, H. (1998), Multilevel analyses and design, in K. Rothman and S. Greenland (eds), Modern Epidemiology, Lippincott-Raven, Philadephia, pp. 478–480.
186. Murphy, M. and Wang, D. (1998), Family and sociodemographic influences on patterns of leaving home in postwar Britain, Demography, 35, 3, pp. 293–305.
187. Nadeau, R. (1999), Vocabulaire technique et analytique de l’épistémologie, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), Paris.
188. Notestein, F. (1945), Population – The long view, in T.M. Schulz (ed.), Food in the World, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
189. Pascal, B. (1651), Traité du triangle arithmétique, in A.W.F. Edwards (ed.), Pascal’s Arithmetic Triangle, Charles Griffin, London, 1986.
190. Peto, M. and R. (1972), Asymptotically efficient rank invariant test procedures (with discussion), Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A, 135, pp. 185–206.
191. Petty, W. (1690), Political Arithmetick, London (1963 reprint in C.H. Hull (ed.), Reprints of Economic Classics, vol. 1, A.M. Kelley, New York, pp. 121–231).
192. Piaget, J. (ed.) (1967), Logique et connaissance scientifique, Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, Gallimard, Paris.
193. Polya, G. (1954), Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning, 2 vols, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
194. Popper, K.R. (1959), The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Hutchinson, London.
195. Poulain, M. (1996), Le registre de population centralisé: un excellent outil de mesure multi-niveau, in J.P. Bocquet-Appel, D. Courgeau, and D. Pumain (eds), Analyse spatiale de données biodémographiques/Spatial analysis of biodemographic data, Congresses and Colloquia, 16, INED/John Libbey Eurotext, Montrouge, pp. 63–77.
196. Poulain, M., Riandey, B., and Firdion, J.M. (1991), Enquête biographique et registre belge de population: une confrontation des données, Population, 46, 1, pp. 65–88. English ed.: (1992), Data from a life history survey and the Belgian Population Register: a comparison, Population: An English Selection, 4, pp. 77–96.
197. Pourcher, G. (1966), Un essai d’analyse par cohorte de la mobilité géographique et professionnelle, Population, 21, 2, pp. 357–378.
198. Pressat, R. (1966), Principes d’analyse, INED, Paris.
199. Puig, J.P. (1981), La migration régionale de la population active, Annales de l’INSEE, 44, pp. 41–79.
200. Pumain, D. and Saint-Julien, T. (1990), France, in R. Brunet (ed.), France, Europe du Sud, Hachette/Reclus, Paris.
201. Quetelet, A. (1869), Physique sociale ou essai sur le développement des facultés de l’homme, Muquardt, Brussels; Baillière et Fils, Paris; Issakoff, Saint Petersburg (1997 reprint by Académie Royale de Belgique).
202. Raftery, A.E. (1995), Bayesian model selection in social research, Sociological Methodology, 25, pp. 111–163.
203. Raudenbush, S.W. and Bryk, A.S. (1986), A hierarchical model for studying school effects, Sociology of Education, 59, pp. 1–17.
204. Rice, N. and Leyland, A. (1996), Multilevel models: Applications to health data, Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 1, pp. 154–164.
205. Robinson, W.S. (1950), Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals, American Sociological Review, 15, pp. 351–357.
206. Rodriguez, G. and Goldman, N. (1995), An assessment of estimation procedures for multilevel models with binary responses, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A, 158, 1, pp. 73–89.
207. Rogers, A. (1973), The multiregional life table, Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 3, pp. 127–137.
208. Roussel, L. (1971), La nuptialité en France. Précocité et intensité suivant les régions et les catégories socio-professionnelles, Population, 26, 6, pp. 1029–1056.
209. Ryder, N.B. (1965), The cohort as a concept in the study of social change, American Sociological Review, 30, 6, pp. 843–861.
210. Sadler, M.T. (1830), The Law of Population: A Treatise, in Six Books, in Disproof of the Super-fecundity of Human Beings, and Developing the Real Principle of their Increase, John Murray, London.
211. Sargent, D.J. (1998), A general framework for random effects survival analysis in the Cox proportional hazards setting, Biometrics, 54, pp. 1486–1497.
212. Sastry, N. (1997), Family-level clustering of childhood mortality in Northeast Brazil, Population Studies, 51, pp. 245–261.
213. Savage, L.J. (1954), The Foundations of Statistics, Wiley, New York.
214. Schall, R. (1991), Estimation in generalized linear models with random effects, Biometrika, 78, 4, pp. 719–727.
215. Schoen, R. and Nelson, V.E. (1974), Marriage, divorce, and mortality: a life table analysis, Demography, 11, pp. 267–290.
216. Schoumaker, B. (1999), Analyse multi-niveaux et explication de la fécondité dans les pays du Sud, in D. Tabutin, C. Gourbin, G. Masuy-Strobant, and B. Schoumaker (eds), Théories, paradigmes et courants explicatifs en démographie, Chaire Quetelet 1997, Academia-Bruylant/L’Harmattan, Louvain-la-Neuve, pp. 331–357.
217. Schoumaker, B. (2001), Une analyse multi-niveaux dynamique de la fécondité légitime au Maroc rural, IUSSP General Population Conference, Salvador (Brazil).
218. e siècle, vol. 1, UEPA-NSU (eds), Dakar, pp. 299–332.
219. Schryock, H.S., Siegel, J.S. et al. (1973), The Methods and Material of Demography, 2 vols, US Bureau of the Census, Washington D.C.
220. Schultz, T.W. (1973), New economic approaches to fertility: Proceedings of a Conference, June 8–9, 1972, Journal of Political Economy, 81 (2, Part II).
221. Schweder, T. (1970), Composable Markov processes, Journal of Applied Probabilities, 7, pp. 400–410.
222. Singer, J.D. and Willet, J.B. (2003), Applied Longitudinal Analysis, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.
223. Singleton, M. (1999), Les sens et les non-sens d’un nominalisme démographique, in D. Tabutin, C. Gourbin, G. Masuy-Strobant, and B. Schoumaker (eds), Théories, paradigmes et courants explicatifs en démographie, Chaire Quetelet 1997, Academia-Bruylant/L’Harmattan, Louvain-la-Neuve, pp. 15–39.
224. Snijders, T.A. and Bosker, R.J. (1999), Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modelling, Sage, London.
225. Steele, F., Diamond, I., and Wang, D. (1996), The determinants of the duration of contraceptive use in China: a multilevel multinomial discrete-hazards modelling approach, Demography, 33, 1, pp. 12–23.
226. Suppes, P. (1981), Logique du probable, Flammarion, Paris.
227. Süßmilch, J.P. (1741), Die Göttliche Ordnung in den Veränderungen des menschlichen Geschlechts, Berlin.
228. Süßmilch, J.P. (1979), “L’Ordre Divin” aux origines de la démographie (1765 edn.), French transl. by M. Kriegel, J. Hecht (ed.), 3 vols, INED, Paris.
229. Süßmilch, J.P. (1998), L’Ordre Divin dans les changements de l’espèce humaine, démontré par la naissance, la mort et la propagation de celle-ci, annotated French transl. by J.M. Rohrbasser of complete 1741 text, INED, Paris.
230. Takács, L. (1964), Processus stochastiques. Problèmes et solutions, Dunod, Paris.
231. Thygesen, L. (1983), Methodological problems connected with a socio-demographic statistical system based on administrative records, Bulletin de l’IIS, Madrid, 1, pp. 227–242.
232. Toulemon, L. and Mazuy, M. (2003), Comment prendre en compte l’âge d’arrivée et la durée de séjour en France dans la mesure de la fécondité des immigrants?, Document de Travail 120, INED, Paris.
233. Tranmer, M. and Steel, D.G. (2001), Ignoring a level in a multilevel model: evidence from UK census data, Environment and Planning A, 33, pp. 941–948.
234. Tranmer, M., Steel, D.G., and Fieldhouse, E. (2003), Exploring small area population structures with census data, in D. Courgeau (ed.), Methodology and Epistemology of Multilevel Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht, London, pp. 121–156.
235. Travers, R. (1969), An Introduction to Educational Research, Macmillan, New York.
236. Trollegaard, S. (1995), A Step-by-step Approach for Developing Integrated Local Information Systems, IIS-ABS conference, Olympia.
237. Trussell, J. (1992), Introduction, in J. Trussell, R. Hankinson, and J. Tilton (eds), Demographic Applications of Event History Analysis, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 1–7.
238. Trussell, J. and Richards, T. (1985), Correcting for unmeasured heterogeneity in hazard models using the Heckman-Singer procedure, in N. Tuma (ed.), Sociological Methodology, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco (CA), pp. 242–276.
239. Trussell, J. and Rodriguez, G. (1990), Heterogeneity in demographic research, in J. Adams, D. Lam, A. Hermalin, and P. Smouse (eds), Convergent Questions in Genetics and Demography, Oxford University Press, New York.
240. Trussell, J., Hankinson, R., and Tilton, J. (1992), Demographic Applications of Event History Analysis, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
241. Tuma, N.B. and Hannan, M.T. (1984), Social Dynamics. Models and Methods, Academic Press, Orlando (FL).
242. Vaida, F. and Xu, R. (2000), Proportional hazard model with random effects, Statistics in Medicine, 19, pp. 3309–3324.
243. Valade, B. (2001), De l’explication dans les sciences sociales: holisme et individualisme, in J.-M. Berthelot (ed.), Epistémologie des sciences sociales, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), Paris, pp. 357–405.
244. Van Imhoff, E. and Post, W. (1997), Méthodes de microsimulation pour des projections de population, in D. Courgeau (ed.), Nouvelles approches méthodologiques en sciences sociales, Population, 52, 4, pp. 889–932. English ed.: (1998), Microsimulation for population projection, in D. Courgeau (ed.), New Methodological Approaches in the Social Sciences, Population: An English Selection, 10, 1, pp. 97–138.
245. Vaupel, J., Manton, K.G., and Stallard, E. (1979), The impact of heterogeneity in individual frailty data on the dynamics of mortality, Demography, 16, 3, pp. 439–454.
246. Vilquin, É. (1976), La naissance de la démographie, Population et famille, 39, pp. 145–164.
247. Wachter, K.W., and Lee, R.D. (1989), US births and limit cycle models, Demography, 26, pp. 99–115.
248. Walliser, B. (2003), Organizational levels and time scales in economics, in D. Courgeau (ed.), Methodology and Epistemology of Multilevel Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht, London, pp. 157–174.
249. Willekens, F.J. (1999), The life course: models and analysis, in L. van Vissen and P. Dykstra (eds), Population Issues. An Interdisciplinary Review, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 23–52.
250. Willekens, F.J. (2001), Theoretical and technical orientations towards longitudinal research in the social sciences, Canadian Studies in Population, Special issue on longitudinal methodology, 28, 2, pp. 189–217.
251. Willekens, F.J. and Rogers, A. (1978), Spatial Population Analysis: Methods and Computer Programs, Research Report 78–18, IIASA, Laxenburg.
252. Wolfinger, R. (1993), Laplace’s approximation for nonlinear mixed models, Biometrika, 80, 4, pp. 791–795.
253. Wong, G. and Mason, W.M. (1985), The hierarchical logistic regression model for multilevel analysis, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 80, 391, pp. 513–524.
254. Woodhouse, G., Yang, M., Goldstein, H., and Rasbash, J. (1996), Adjusting for measurement error in multilevel analysis, Journal of the Royal statistical society, A 159, pp. 201–212.
255. Wunsch, G. (1988), Causal Theory and Causal Modelling, Leuven University Press, Leuven.
256. Wunsch, G. (1994), L’analyse causale en démographie, in R. Franck (ed.), Faut-il chercher aux causes une raison? L’explication causale dans les sciences humaines, Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, Paris, pp. 24–40.
257. Wunsch, G. and Termote, M.G. (1978), Introduction to Demographic Analysis: Principles and Methods, Plenum, New York.
258. Zelinsky, W. (1971), The hypothesis of the mobility transition, Geographical Review, 61, pp. 219–249.