Distribution patterns of mushroom corals (scleractinia: Fungiidae) across the spermonde Shelf, Southsulawesi

Raffles Bulletin of Zoology

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 183-212

  Hoeksema, Bert W ^a  

^a NATURALIS BIODIVERSITY CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Depth; Diversity; Environmental gradients; Onshore offshore; Wave exposure

Indexed keywords

ANTHOZOA; BASIDIOMYCOTA; FUNGIIDAE; SCLERACTINIA;

EID: 84858033009     PISSN: None     EISSN: 02172445     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. Abe, N., 1937. Post-larval development of the coral Fungia actiniformis var. palawensis Döderlein. Palao Tropical Biological Station Studies, 1: 73-93.
2. Abe, N., 1939. Migration and righting reaction of the coral, Fungia actiniformis var. palawensis Döderlein. Palao Tropical Biological Station Studies, 4: 671-694.
3. Bak, R. P. M., 1977. Coral reefs and their zonation in Netherlands Antilles. Studies in Geology, 4: 3-16.
4. Bak, R. P. M. & M. S. Engel, 1979. Distribution, abundance and survival of juvenile hermatypic corals (Scleractinia) and the importance of life history strategies in the parent coral community. Marine Biology, 54: 341-352.
5. Bak, R. P. M. & B. E. Luckhurst, 1980. Constancy and change in coral reef habitats along depthgradients at Curaçao. Oecologia, 47: 145-155.
6. Bak, R. P. M. & G. D. E. Povel, 1989. Ecological variables, including physiognomic- structural attributes, and classification of Indonesian coral reefs. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 23: 95-106.
7. Becking, L. E., D. F. R. Cleary, N. J. de Voogd, W. Renema, M. de Beer, R. W. M. van Soest & B. W. Hoeksema, 2006. Betadiversity of tropical marine assemblages in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Marine Ecology, 27: 76-88.
8. Benzoni, F., F. Stefani, J. Stolarski, M. Pichon, G. Mitta & P. Galli, 2007. Debating phylogenetic relationships of the scleractinian Psammocora: molecular and morphological evidences. Contributions to Zoology, 76: 35-54.
9. Benzoni, F., R. Arrigoni, F. Stefani, B. T. Reijnen, S. Montano & B. W. Hoeksema, in press. Phylogenetic position and taxonomy of Cycloseris explanulata and C. wellsi (Scleractinia: Fungiidae): Lost mushroom corals find their way home. Contributions to Zoology.
10. Birkeland, C., D. Rowley & R. H. Randall, 1981. Coral recruitment patterns at Guam. Proceedings of the 4thInternational Coral Reef Symposium, Manila, 2: 339-344.
11. Bongaerts, P., B. W. Hoeksema, K. B. Hay & O. Hoegh-Guldberg, 2012. Mushroom corals overcome live burial through pulsed inflation. Coral Reefs, doi 10.1007/s00338-011-0862-z.
12. Boschma, H., 1922. On budding and coalescence of buds in Fungia fungites and Fungia actiniformis. Proceedings Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie voor Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, 24: 257-268.
13. Boschma, H., 1923a. Experimental budding in Fungia fungites. Proceedings Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie voor Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, 26: 88-96.
14. Boschma, H., 1923b. Knospung und verwandte Erscheinungen bei Fungia fungites und Fungia actiniformis. Treubia, 3: 149-179.
15. Carpenter, K. E., M. Abrar, G. Aeby, R. B. Aronson, S. Banks, A. Bruckner, A. Chiriboga, J. Cortés, J. C. Delbeek, L. DeVantier, G. J. Edgar, A. J. Edwards, D. Fenner, H. M. Guzmán, B. W. Hoeksema, G. Hodgson, O. Johan, W. Y. Licuanan, S. R. Livingstone, E. R. Lovell, J. A. Moore, D. O. Obura, D. Ochavillo, B. A. Polidoro, W. F. Precht, M. C. Quibilan, C. Reboton, Z. T. Richards, A. D. Rogers, J. Sanciangco, A. Sheppard, C. Sheppard, J. Smith, S. Stuart, E. Turak, J. E. N. Veron, C. Wallace, E. Weil, E. Wood, 2008. One-third of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts. Science, 321: 560-563.
16. Chadwick, N. E., 1988. Competition and locomotion in a free-living fungiid coral. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 123: 189-200.
17. Chadwick-Furman, N. E., Y. Loya, 1992. Migration, habitat use, and competition among mobile corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) in the Gulf of Eilat, Red Sea. Marine Biology, 114: 617-623.
18. Chappell, J., 1980. Coral morphology, diversity and growth. Nature, 286: 249-252.
19. Claereboudt, M., 1988. Spatial distribution of fungiid coral population on exposed and sheltered reef slopes in Papua New Guinea. Proceedings of the 6thInternational Coral. Reef Symposium, Townsville, Australia, 2: 715-720.
20. Cleary, D. F. R., L. E. Becking, N. J. de Voogd, W. Renema, M. de Beer, R. W. M. van Soest & B. W. Hoeksema, 2005. Variation in the diversity and composition of benthic taxa as a function of distance offshore, depthand exposure in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 65: 557-570.
21. Cleary, D. F. R., Suharsono & B. W. Hoeksema, 2006. Coral diversity across a disturbance gradient in the Pulau Seribu reef complex offJakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15: 3653-3674.
22. Cleary, D. F. R., L. DeVantier, Giyanto, L. Vail, P. Manto, N. J. de Voogd, P. G. Rachello-Dolmen, Y. Tuti, A. Budiyanto, J. Wolstenholme, B. W. Hoeksema & Suharsono, 2008. Relating variation in species composition to environmental variables: a multi-taxon study in an Indonesian coral reef complex. Aquatic Sciences, 70: 419-431.
23. thInternational Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, 1: 373-379.
24. Cornils, A., J. Schulz, P. Schmitt, M. Lanuru, C. Richter & S. B. Schnack-Schiel, 2011. Mesozooplankton distribution in the Spermonde Archipelago (Indonesia, Sulawesi) withspecial reference to the Calanoida (Copepoda). Deep-Sea Research II, 57: 2076-2088.
25. De Beer, M., 1990. Distribution patterns of regular sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) across the Spermonde Shelf, SW Sulawesi (Indonesia). In: De Ridder, C., P. Dubois, M. C. Lahaye & M. Jangoux (eds.), Echinoderm Research. Balkema, Rotterdam. Pp. 165-169.
26. De Klerk, L. G., 1983. Zeespiegels, riffen en kustvlakten in Zuidwest Sulawesi, Indonesië; een morphogenetisch-bodemkundige studie. Utrechtse Geografische Studies, 27: 1-172.
27. thAnnual Convention of the Indonesian Association of Geologists, Bandung. Pp. 102-107, maps 1-5.
28. DeVantier, L., G. De'ath, T. Done, E. Turak & K. Fabricius, 2006. Species richness and community structure of reef-building corals on the nearshore Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 25: 329-340.
29. De Voogd, N. J., R. W. M. van Soest & B. W. Hoeksema, 1999. Cross-shelf distribution of SW Sulawesi reef sponges. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 44: 147-154.
30. De Voogd, N. J., D. F. R. Cleary, B. W. Hoeksema, A. Noor & R. W. M. van Soest, 2006. Sponge betadiversity in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 309: 131-142.
31. Dinesen, Z. D., 1983. Patterns in the distribution of soft corals across the Central Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 1: 229-236.
32. Dodge, R. E., A. Logan & A. Antonius, 1982. Quantitative reef assessment studies in Bermuda: A comparison of methods and preliminary results. Bulletin of Marine Science, 32: 745-760.
33. Dollar, S. J., 1982. Wave stress and coral community structure in Hawaii. Coral Reefs, 1: 71-81.
34. Done, T. J., 1982. Patterns in the distribution of coral communities across the Central Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 1: 95-107.
35. Done, T. J., 1983a. The distributions of coral communities on the Great Barrier Reef. In: Baker, J. T., R. M. Carter, P. W. Sammarco & K. P. Stark (eds.), Proceedings of the Inaugural Great Barrier Reef Conference, Townsville. James Cook University Press, Townsville. Pp. 83-88.
36. Done, T. J., 1983b. Coral zonation: Its nature and significance. In: Barnes, D.J., (ed.), Perspectives on Coral Reefs. Manuka, Clouston Publisher, Manuka. Pp. 107-147.
37. Drew, E. A., 1983. Halimeda biomass, growthrates and sediment generation on reefs in the Central Great Barrier Reef Province. Coral Reefs, 2: 101-110.
38. Edinger, E. N., J. Jompa, G. V. Limmon, W. Widjatmoko & M. J. Risk, 1998. Reef degradation and coral biodiversity in Indonesia: Effects of land based pollution, destructive fishing practices and changes over time. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36: 617-630.
39. Elahi, R., 2008. Effects of aggregation and species identity on the growthand behavior of mushroom corals. Coral Reefs, 27: 881-885.
40. Fabricius, K. E. & G. De'ath, 2001. Biodiversity on the Great Barrier Reef: Large-scale patterns and turbidity-related local loss of soft coral taxa. In: Wolanski, E. (ed.), Oceanographic Processes of Coral Reefs: Physical and Biological Links in the Great Barrier Reef. CRC Press, London. Pp. 127-144.
41. Fisk, D. A., 1983. Free-living corals: Distributions according to plant cover, sediments, hydrodynamics, depthand biological factors. Marine Biology, 74: 287-294.
42. Folk, R. L, R. Robles, 1964. Carbonate sands of Isla Perez, Alacran Reef Complex, Yucatan. Journal of Geology, 72: 255-292.
43. Fricke, H. W. & H. Schuhmacher, 1983. The depthlimits of Red Sea stony corals: An ecophysiological problem (a deep diving survey by submersible). Marine Ecology, 4: 163-194.
44. Gill, G. A. & A. G. Coates, 1972. Mobility, growthpatterns and substrate in some fossil and recent corals. Lethaia, 10: 119-134.
45. Gilmour, J. P., 2002. Substantial asexual recruitment of mushroom corals contributes little to population genetics of adults in conditions of chronic sedimentation. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 235: 81-91.
46. Gilmour, J.P., 2004a. Size-structures of populations of the mushroom coral Fungia fungites: The role of disturbance. Coral Reefs, 23: 493-504.
47. Gilmour, J. P., 2004b. Asexual budding in Fungiid corals. Coral Reefs, 23: 595.
48. Gittenberger, A. & B. W. Hoeksema, 2006. Phenotypic plasticity revealed by molecular studies on reef corals of Fungia (Cycloseris) spp. (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) near river outlets. Contributions to Zoology, 75: 195-201.
49. Gittenberger, A., B. T. Reijnen & B. W. Hoeksema, 2011. A molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) withtaxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits. Contributions to Zoology, 80: 107-132.
50. Glynn, P. W., 1976. Some physical and biological determinants of coral community structure in the eastern Pacific. Ecological Monographs, 46: 431-456.
51. Goreau, T. F. & C. M Yonge, 1968. Coral community on muddy sand. Nature, 217: 421-423.
52. Greig-Smith, P., 1983. Quantitative Plant Ecology. 3rd Edition. Oxford, Blackwell. 359 pp.
53. Highsmith, R. C., 1982. Reproduction by fragmentation in corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 7: 207-226.
54. Hoeksema, B. W., 1988. Mobility of free-living fungiid corals (Scleractinia), a dispersion mechanism and survival strategy in dynamic reef habitats. Proceedings of the 6thInternational Coral Reef Symposium, Townsville, Australia, 2: 715-720.
55. Hoeksema, B. W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 254: 1-295.
56. Hoeksema, B. W., 1990. Systematics and ecology of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). PhD Thesis Leiden University (Unpublished). 471 pp.
57. Hoeksema, B. W., 1991a. Evolution of body size in mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) and its ecomorphological consequences. Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 41: 122-139.
58. Hoeksema, B. W., 1991b. Control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) in the Java Sea: Stress tolerance and interference by life history strategy. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 74: 225-237.
59. Hoeksema, B. W., 1993. Mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) of Madang Lagoon, northern Papua New Guinea: An annotated checklist withthe description of Cantharellus jebbi spec. nov. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 67: 1-19.
60. Hoeksema, B. W., 2004a. Impact of budding on free-living corals at East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Coral Reefs, 23: 492.
61. Hoeksema B. W., 2004b. Biodiversity and the natural resource management of coral reefs in Southeast Asia. In: Visser L. E. (ed), Challenging Coasts: Transdisciplinary Excursions into Integrated Coastal Zone Development. Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam. Pp 49-71.
62. Hoeksema, B.W., 2007. Delineation of the Indo-Malayan centre of maximum marine biodiversity: The Coral Triangle. In: Renema, W. (ed.), Biogeography, Time and Place: Distributions, Barriers and Islands. Springer, Dordrecht. Pp 117-178.
63. Hoeksema, B. W., 2009. Attached mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) in sediment-stressed reef conditions at Singapore, including a new species and a new record. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement, 22: 81-90.
64. Hoeksema, B. W., subm. Evolutionary trends in onshore-offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Contributions to Zoology.
65. Hoeksema, B. W., M. B. Best, 1991. New observations on scleractinian corals from Indonesia: 2. Sipunculan-associated species belonging to the genera Heterocyathus and Heteropsammia. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 65: 221-245.
66. Hoeksema, B. W. & A. L. Crowther, 2011. Masquerade, mimicry and crypsis of the polymorphic sea anemone Phyllodiscus semoni and its aggregations in SouthSulawesi. Contributions to Zoology, 80: 251-268.
67. Hoeksema, B. W. & N. J. de Voogd, 2012. On the run: Free-living mushroom corals avoiding interaction withsponges. Coral Reefs, doi 10.1007/s00338-011-0856-x.
68. Hoeksema, B.W. & A. Gittenberger, 2010. High densities of mushroom coral fragments at West Halmahera, Indonesia. Coral Reefs, 29: 691.
69. Hoeksema, B. W. & K. Kleemann, 2002. New records of Fungiacava eilatensis Goreau et al., 1968 (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) boring in Indonesian mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Basteria, 66: 25-30.
70. Hoeksema, B. W. & E. G. L. Koh, 2009. Depauperation of the mushroom coral fauna (Fungiidae) of Singapore (1860s-2006) in changing reef conditions. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement, 22: 91-101.
71. Hoeksema, B. W. & J. L. Matthews, 2011. Contrasting bleaching patterns in mushroom coral assemblages at Koh Tao, Gulf of Thailand. Coral Reefs, 30: 95.
72. Hoeksema, B. W. & W. Moka, 1989. Species assemblages and phenotypes of mushroom corals (Fungiidae) related to coral reef habitats in the Flores Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 23: 149-160.
73. Hoeksema, B. W. & Z. Waheed, 2011. Initial phase of autotomy in fragmenting Cycloseris corals at Semporna, eastern Sabah, Malaysia. Coral Reefs, 30: 1087.
74. Hoeksema, B. W. & T. Yeemin, 2011. Late detachment conceals serial budding by the free-living coral Fungia fungites in the Inner Gulf of Thailand. Coral Reefs, 30: 975.
75. Hoeksema, B. W., J. van der Land, S. E. T. van der Meij, L. P. van Ofwegen, B. T. Reijnen, R. W. M. van Soest & N. J. de Voogd, 2011. Unforeseen importance of historical collections as baselines to determine biotic change of coral reefs: The Saba Bank case. Marine Ecology, 32: 135-141.
76. Hoeksema, B. W., S. E. T. van der Meij & C. H. J. M. Fransen, 2012. The mushroom coral as a habitat. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. doi:10.1017/S0025315411001445.
77. Hoekstra, P., 1989. Buoyant river plumes and mud deposition in a rapidly extending tropical delta. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 23: 517-527.
78. Hopley, D., 1982. The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef: Quaternary Development of Coral Reefs. Wiley, New York. 470 pp.
79. Hubbard, J. A. E. B., 1972. Diaseris distorta, an "acrobatic" coral. Nature, 236: 457-459.
80. Hubbard, J. A. E. B., & Y. P. Pocock, 1972. Sediment rejection by recent scleractinian corals: a key to palaeo-environmental reconstruction. Geologische Rundschau, 61: 598-626.
81. Hutchinson, D. R., 1945. Coral reefs and cays of the Makassar Straits. HQ Allied Air Forces SW Pacific Area Intelligence Memoirs, 50.2: 1-30, Apps. I-III, maps 1-8, pls. 1-21.
82. Ilahude, A. G., 1978. On the factors affecting the productivity of the southern Makassar Strait. Marine Research in Indonesia, 21: 81-107.
83. Jackson, J. B. C., 1986. Modes of dispersal of clonal benthic invertebrates: Consequences for species' distributions and genetic structure of local populations. Bulletin of Marine Science, 39: 588-606.
84. Jokiel, P. L. & C. H. Bigger, 1994. Aspects of histocompatability and regeneration in the solitary reef coral Fungia scutaria. Biological Bulletin, 186: 72-80.
85. Kleemann, K. & B. W. Hoeksema, 2002. Lithophaga (Bivalvia: Mytilidae), including a new species, boring in mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) at SouthSulawesi, Indonesia. Basteria, 66: 11-24.
86. Knittweis, L., J. Jompa, C. Richter & M. Wolff, 2009a. Population dynamics of the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis in the Spermonde Archipelago, SouthSulawesi, Indonesia. Coral Reefs, 28: 793-804.
87. Knittweis, L., W. E. Kraemer, J. Timm & M. Kochzius, 2009b. Genetic structure of Heliofungia actiniformis (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) populations in the Indo-Malay Archipelago: Implications for live coral trade management efforts. Conservation Genetics, 10: 241-249.
88. Knittweis, L. & M. Wolff, 2010. Live coral trade impacts on the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis in Indonesia: Potential future management approaches. Biological Conservation, 143: 2722-2729.
89. Kramarsky-Winter, E. & Y. Loya, 1996. Regeneration versus budding in fungiid corals: A trade-off. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 134: 179-185.
90. Krupp, D. A., P. L. Jokiel & T. S. Chartrand, 1992. Asexual reproduction by the solitary scleractinian coral Fungia scutaria on dead parent coralla in Kanehoe Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Island. Proceedings of 7thlnternational Symposium on Coral Reefs, Guam, 1: 527-534.
91. Langer, M. R. & J. H. Lipps, 2003. Foraminiferal distribution and diversity, Madang Reef and Lagoon, Papua New Guinea. Coral Reefs, 22: 143-154.
92. Latypov, Y. Y., 2007. Free-living scleractinian corals on reefs of the Seychelles Islands. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 33: 222-226.
93. Littler, M. M., D. D. Littler, B. L. Brooks & J. F. Koven JF, 1997. A unique coral reef formation discovered on the Great Astrolabe Reef, Fiji. Coral Reefs, 16: 51-54.
94. Loya, Y., 1972. Community structure and species diversity of hermatypic corals at Eilat, Red Sea. Marine Biology, 13: 100-123.
95. Loya, Y., 1978. Plotless and transect methods. In: Stoddart, D. R. & R. E. Johannes (eds.), Coral Reefs: Research Methods. UNESCO Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, 5: 197-217.
96. Ludwig, J. A. & J. R. Reynolds, 1988. Statistical Ecology. Wiley, New York. 337 pp.
97. Marsh, L. M., R. H. Bradbury & R. E. Reichelt, 1984. Determination of the physical parameters of coral distributions using line transect data. Coral Reefs, 2: 175-180.
98. Marshall, S. M. & A. P. Orr, 1931. Sedimentation on Low Isles Reef and its relation to coral growth. III. The effect of sediment on corals. Scientific Report of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929, 1: 123-132, pls. 1-3.
99. Mingoa, S. S. M. & L. A. B. Menez, 1988. A comparison of two benthic survey methods. Marine Biology, 99: 133-135.
100. Molengraaff, G. A. F., 1929. The coral reefs in the East Indian Archipelago their distribution and mode of development. Proceedings of the 4thPacific Science Congres, Batavia - Bandoeng, 2A: 55-89.
101. Moll, H., 1983. Zonation and diversity of Scleractinia on reefs offS.W. Sulawesi, Indonesia. PhD Thesis Leiden University. 107 pp.
102. Niermeyer, J. F., 1911. Barrière-riffen an atollen in de Oost-Indische Archipel. Tijdschrift Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap (Ser. 2), 28: 877-894.
103. Nishihira, M. & S. Poung-In, 1989. Distribution and population structure of a free-living coral, Diaseris fragilis, at Khang Khao Island in the Gulf of Thailand. Galaxea, 8: 271-282.
104. Orme, G. R., 1977. Aspects of sedimentation in the coral reef environment. In: Jones, O. A. & R. Endean (eds.), Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs. Volume 4. Geology, 2: 129-182. Academic Press, New York.
105. Pet-Soede, C., H. S. J. Cesar & J. S. Pet, 1999. An economic analysis of blast fishing on Indonesian coral reefs. Environmental Conservation, 26: 83-93.
106. Pet-Soede, C., W. L. T. van Densen, J. G. Hiddink, S. Kuyl & M. A. M. Machiels, 2001. Can fishermen allocate their fishing effort in space and time on the basis of their catch rates? An example from Spermonde Archipelago, S.W. Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 8: 15-36.
107. Pichon, M., 1974. Free living scleractinian coral communities in the coral reefs of Madagascar. Proceedings of the 2nd International Coral Reef Symposium, Brisbane, 2: 173-181.
108. Preston, N. P. & J. P. Doherty, 1990. Cross-shelf patterns in the community structure of coral-dwelling Crustacea in the central region of the Great Barrier Reef. I. Agile shrimps. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 66: 47-61.
109. Preston, N. P. & J. P. Doherty, 1994. Cross-shelf patterns in the community structure of coral-dwelling Crustacea in the central region of the Great Barrier Reef. II. Cryptofauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 104: 27-38.
110. Renema, W., B. W. Hoeksema & J. E. van Hinte, 2001. Larger benthic foraminifera and their distribution patterns on the Spermonde shelf, SouthSulawesi. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 334: 115-149.
111. Romesburg, H. C., 2004. Cluster Analysis for Researchers. Belmont, Lifetime Learning Publishers. 340 pp.
112. Russ, G., 1984. Distribution and abundance of herbivorous grazing fishes in the central Great Barrier Reef. I. Levels of variability across the entire continental shelf. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 20: 23-34.
113. Sawall, Y., M. Teichberg, J. Seemann, M. Litaay, J. Jompa & C. Richter, 2011. Nutritional status and metabolism of the coral Stylophora subseriata along a eutrophication gradient in Spermonde Archipelago (Indonesia). Coral Reefs, 30: 841-853.
114. Scheer, G., 1978. Application of phytosociologic methods. In: Stoddart, D. R. & R. E. Johannes (eds.), Coral reefs: Research Methods. UNESCO Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, 5: 175-196.
115. Schuhmacher, H., 1977. Ability in fungiid corals to overcome sedimentation. Proceedings of the 3rd International Coral Reef Symposium, Miami, 1: 503-509.
116. Schuhmacher, H., 1979. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Anpassung von Fungiiden (Scleractinia, Fungiidae) an unterschiedliche Sedimentations- und Bodenverhältnisse. Internationale Revue der Gesampten Hydrobiologie, 64: 207-243.
117. Sheppard, C. R. C., 1981. The reef and soft-substrate coral fauna of Chagos, Indian Ocean. Journal of Natural History, 15: 607-621.
118. Sheppard, C. R. C., 1982. Coral populations on reef slopes and their major controls. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 7: 83-115.
119. Skreslet, S. (ed.), 1986. The role of freshwater out flow in coastal marine ecosystems. NATO ASI Series G. Ecological Sciences 7. Springer, Berlin. 451 pp.
120. Soekarno, R., 1989. Comparative studies on the status of Indonesian coral reefs. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 23: 215-222.
121. Stella, J. S., G. P. Jones & M. S. Pratchett, 2010. Variation in the structure of epifaunal invertebrate assemblages among coral hosts. Coral Reefs, 29: 957-973.
122. Stella, J. S., M. S. Pratchett, P. A. Hutchings & G. P. Jones, 2011. Coral-associated invertebrates: Diversity, ecology importance and vulnerability to disturbance. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 49: 43-104.
123. Troelstra, S. R., H. M. Jonkers, S. de Rijk, 1996. Larger Foraminifera from the Spermonde Archipelago (Sulawesi, Indonesia). Scripta Geologica, 113: 93-120.
124. Umbgrove, J. H. F., 1929. The influence of the monsoons on the geomorphology of coral islands. Proceedings of the 4thPacific Science Congress, Batavia - Bandoeng (Java), 2A: 49-54.
125. Umbgrove, J. H. F., 1930. De koraalriffen van den Spermonde Archipel, S. Celebes. Leidsche Geologische Mededelingen, 3: 227-247.
126. Umbgrove, J. H. F., 1947. Coral reefs of the East Indies. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 58: 729-778.
127. Van der Meij, S. E. T., R. G. Moolenbeek & B. W. Hoeksema, 2009. Decline of the Jakarta Bay molluscan fauna linked to human impact. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 59: 101-107.
128. van der Meij, S. E. T., Suharsono & B. W. Hoeksema, 2010. Long-term changes in coral assemblages under natural and anthropogenic stress in Jakarta Bay (1920-2005). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60: 1442-1454.
129. Van der Stok, J. P., 1922. Maritieme meteorologie en getijden. In: Van der Stok, J. P. (ed.), De zeeën van Nederlandsch Oost-Indië. (with 4 tables and 22 maps, partly after p. 248). Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Amsterdam. Pp. 178-212.
130. van Moorsel, G. W. N. M., 1985. Disturbance and growthof juvenile corals (Agaricia humilis and Agaricia agaricites, Scleractinia) in natural habitats on the reef of Curaçao. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 24: 99-112.
131. van Vuuren, L.,1920a. Barrière-riffen en atollen in den Ned. Indischen Archipel. Handelingen 1ste Ned.-Indisch Natuurwetenschappelijk Congres, Batavia. Pp. 186-198.
132. Van Vuuren, L., 1920b. Het Gouvernement Celebes. Monografie, 1: 1-535. Encyclopedisch Bureau, Weltevreden.
133. Verheij, E. & W. F. Prud'homme van Reine, 1993. Seaweeds of the Spermonde Archipelago, SW Sulawesi, Indonesia. Blumea, 37: 385-510.
134. Weinberg, S., 1981. A comparison of coral reef survey methods. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 51: 199-218.
135. Wells, J. W. 1966. Evolutionary development in the scleractinian family Fungiidae. In Rees, W. J. (ed.), The Cnidaria and their Evolution. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 16: 223-246. Academic Press, London.
136. Whittaker, R. H., 1975. Communities and Ecosystems. 2nd Edition. MacMillan, New York. 162 pp.
137. Wijsman-Best, M., H. Moll & L. G. de Klerk, 1981. Present status of the coral reefs in the Spermonde Archipelago (SouthSulawesi, Indonesia). Proceedings of the 4thInternational Coral Reef Symposium, Manila, 1: 263-267.
138. Wilkinson, C. R. & L. A. Trott, 1985. Light as a factor determining the distribution of sponges across the Central Great Barrier Reef. Proceedings of the 5thInternational Coral Reef Congres, Tahiti, 5: 125-130.
139. Williams, D. M. B., 1982. Patterns in the distribution of fish communities across the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 1: 35-43.
140. Williams, D. M. B. & A. I. Hatcher, 1983. Structure of fish communities on outer slopes of inshore, mid-shelf and outer-shelf reefs of the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 10: 239-250.
141. Yamashiro, H., M. Hidaka, M. Nishihira & S. Poung-In, 1989. Morphological studies on skeletons of Diaseris fragilis, a free-living coral which reproduces asexually by natural autotomy. Galaxea, 8: 283-294.
142. Yamashiro, H. & M. Nishihira, 1994. Radial skeletal dissolution to promote vegetative reproduction in a solitary coral Diaseris distorta. Experientia, 50: 497-498.
143. Yamashiro, H. & M. Nishihira, 1998. Experimental study of growthand asexual reproduction in Diaseris distorta (Michelin 1843) a free-living fungiid coral. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 225: 253-267.
144. Yamashiro, H. & K. Yamazato, 1987a. Studies on the detachment of the discs of the mushroom coral Fungia fungites withspecial reference to hard structural changes. Galaxea, 6: 163-175.
145. Yamashiro, H. & K. Yamazato, 1987b. Note on the detachment and post-detachment development of the polystomatous coral Sandalolitha robusta (Scleractinia, Cnidaria). Galaxea, 6: 323-329.
146. Yamashiro, H. & K. Yamazato, 1996. Morphological studies of the soft tissues involved in skeletal dissolution in the coral Fungia fungites. Coral Reefs, 15: 177-180.