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1
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79953851749
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Healthcare-associated pneumonia: The state of evidence to date
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Review of studies evaluating the HCAP concept. Whereas the data are comprehensively presented, the authors fail to address the most critical issues with regard to the HCAP concept, that is, the definition of HCAP and the relation of MDR pathogens to mortality
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Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF. Healthcare-associated pneumonia: the state of evidence to date. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2011; 17:142-147. Review of studies evaluating the HCAP concept. Whereas the data are comprehensively presented, the authors fail to address the most critical issues with regard to the HCAP concept, that is, the definition of HCAP and the relation of MDR pathogens to mortality.
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(2011)
Curr Opin Pulm Med
, vol.17
, pp. 142-147
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Zilberberg, M.D.1
Shorr, A.F.2
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2
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79961026624
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Healthcare-associated pneumonia: Diagnostic criteria and distinction from community-acquired pneumonia
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Falcone M, Venditti M, Shindo Y, Kollef MH. Healthcare-associated pneumonia: diagnostic criteria and distinction from community-acquired pneumonia. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e545-e550.
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(2011)
Int J Infect Dis
, vol.15
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Falcone, M.1
Venditti, M.2
Shindo, Y.3
Kollef, M.H.4
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3
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77949719567
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Rethinking the concepts of community-acquired and health-care-associated pneumonia
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This study reviews in detail all data which have been presented in support of the HCAP concept. It appears that the HCAP definitions are highly variable and that the excess rates of MDR originally presented by Kollef et al. [11] could not be reproduced by any report to follow. The authors suggest to reconstruct the classical pneumonia triad and to assess individual risk factors
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Ewig S, Welte T, Chastre J, Torres A. Rethinking the concepts of community-acquired and health-care-associated pneumonia. Lancet Infect Dis 2010; 10:279-287. This study reviews in detail all data which have been presented in support of the HCAP concept. It appears that the HCAP definitions are highly variable and that the excess rates of MDR originally presented by Kollef et al. [11] could not be reproduced by any report to follow. The authors suggest to reconstruct the classical pneumonia triad and to assess individual risk factors.
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(2010)
Lancet Infect Dis
, vol.10
, pp. 279-287
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Ewig, S.1
Welte, T.2
Chastre, J.3
Torres, A.4
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4
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13644269309
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Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Hospital-acquired, Ventilator-associated, and Healthcare-associated Pneumonia
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American Thoracic Society (ATS)/Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)
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American Thoracic Society (ATS)/Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Hospital-acquired, Ventilator-associated, and Healthcare-associated Pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:388-416.
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(2005)
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
, vol.171
, pp. 388-416
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5
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34948846090
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Health care-associated pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia: A single-center experience
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DOI 10.1128/AAC.00851-07
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Micek ST, Kollef KE, Reichley RM, et al. Healthcare-associated pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia: a single-center experience. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3568-3573. (Pubitemid 47519345)
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(2007)
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
, vol.51
, Issue.10
, pp. 3568-3573
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Micek, S.T.1
Kollef, K.E.2
Reichley, R.M.3
Roubinian, N.4
Kollef, M.H.5
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6
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79952457542
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Healthcare-associated pneumonia among hospitalized patients in a Korean tertiary hospital
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This study reports an excess mortality in patients with mild-to-moderate HCAP and high rates of MDR as well of inadequate treatment in patients with MDR pathogens. However, most (61.5%) patients were severely immunosuppressed, and MDR rates are excessive (39% of Enterobacteriae had ESBL). Nothing would be remarkable in this study if presented as pneumonia in the immunosuppressed in a region with a high prevalence of MDR
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Jung JY, Park MS, Kim YS, et al. Healthcare-associated pneumonia among hospitalized patients in a Korean tertiary hospital. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:61. This study reports an excess mortality in patients with mild-to-moderate HCAP and high rates of MDR as well of inadequate treatment in patients with MDR pathogens. However, most (61.5%) patients were severely immunosuppressed, and MDR rates are excessive (39% of Enterobacteriae had ESBL). Nothing would be remarkable in this study if presented as pneumonia in the immunosuppressed in a region with a high prevalence of MDR.
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(2011)
BMC Infect Dis
, vol.11
, pp. 61
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Jung, J.Y.1
Park, M.S.2
Kim, Y.S.3
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7
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34447305472
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Health care-associated pneumonia requiring hospital admission: Epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes
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DOI 10.1001/archinte.167.13.1393
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Carratalà J, Mykietiuk A, Fernández-Sabé N, et al. Healthcare-associated pneumonia requiring hospital admission: epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167:1393-1399. (Pubitemid 47052438)
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(2007)
Archives of Internal Medicine
, vol.167
, Issue.13
, pp. 1393-1399
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Carratala, J.1
Mykietiuk, A.2
Fernandez-Sabe, N.3
Suarez, C.4
Dorca, J.5
Verdaguer, R.6
Manresa, F.7
Gudiol, F.8
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8
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58149402009
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Outcomes of patients hospitalized with community-acquired, healthcare-associated, and hospital-acquired pneumonia
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Study Group of the Italian Society of Internal Medicine
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Venditti M, Falcone M, Corrao S, et al., Study Group of the Italian Society of Internal Medicine. Outcomes of patients hospitalized with community-acquired, healthcare-associated, and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150:19-26.
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(2009)
Ann Intern Med
, vol.150
, pp. 19-26
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Venditti, M.1
Falcone, M.2
Corrao, S.3
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9
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62149134893
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Health-care-associated pneumonia among hospitalized patients in a Japanese community hospital
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Shindo Y, Sato S, Maruyama E, et al. Health-care-associated pneumonia among hospitalized patients in a Japanese community hospital. Chest 2009; 135:633-640.
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(2009)
Chest
, vol.135
, pp. 633-640
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Shindo, Y.1
Sato, S.2
Maruyama, E.3
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10
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77949690877
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Community-acquired pneumonia through Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Diagnosis, incidence and predictors
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CAPNETZ study group. This study demonstrates the validity of strict microbiological criteria for the detection of Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa in terms of outcomes. Only those isolates meeting these strict criteria were associated with excess mortality. However, the rate of such isolates was three-fold to four-fold lower than that of those not meeting strict criteria
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von Baum H, Welte T, Marre R, et al., CAPNETZ study group. Community-acquired pneumonia through Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: diagnosis, incidence and predictors. Eur Respir J 2010; 35: 598-605. This study demonstrates the validity of strict microbiological criteria for the detection of Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa in terms of outcomes. Only those isolates meeting these strict criteria were associated with excess mortality. However, the rate of such isolates was three-fold to four-fold lower than that of those not meeting strict criteria.
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(2010)
Eur Respir J
, vol.35
, pp. 598-605
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Von Baum, H.1
Welte, T.2
Marre, R.3
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11
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30344451643
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Epidemiology and outcomes of health-care-associated pneumonia: Results from a large US database of culture-positive pneumonia
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DOI 10.1378/chest.128.6.3854
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Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of healthcare- associated pneumonia: results from a large US database of culturepositive pneumonia. Chest 2005; 128:3854-3862. (Pubitemid 43062645)
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(2005)
Chest
, vol.128
, Issue.6
, pp. 3854-3862
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Kollef, M.H.1
Shorr, A.2
Tabak, Y.P.3
Gupta, V.4
Liu, L.Z.5
Johannes, R.S.6
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12
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0037086365
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Hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: Age- and sex-related patterns of care and outcome in the United States
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Kaplan V, Angus DC, Griffin MF, et al. Hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Age and sex-related patterns of care and outcome in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:766-772. (Pubitemid 34229645)
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(2002)
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
, vol.165
, Issue.6
, pp. 766-772
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Kaplan, V.1
Angus, D.C.2
Griffin, M.F.3
Clermont, G.4
Scott, W.R.5
Linde-Zwirble, W.T.6
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13
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80053526515
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Low incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms in patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia requiring hospitalization
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Large high-quality study from Barcelona (Spain) evaluating the HCAP concept. The authors present the data separately according to four criteria for HCAP subgroups. The data do not support the HCAP concept and broad initial antimicrobial coverage in patients meeting such criteria
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Garcia-Vidal C, Viasus D, Roset A, et al. Low incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms in patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:1659-1660. Large high-quality study from Barcelona (Spain) evaluating the HCAP concept. The authors present the data separately according to four criteria for HCAP subgroups. The data do not support the HCAP concept and broad initial antimicrobial coverage in patients meeting such criteria.
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(2011)
Clin Microbiol Infect
, vol.17
, pp. 1659-1660
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Garcia-Vidal, C.1
Viasus, D.2
Roset, A.3
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14
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78650240870
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Role of multidrug-resistant pathogens in health-care-associated pneumonia
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for the Italian Society of Internal Medicine (SIMI) Study Group
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Falcone M, Venditti M, Corrao S, Serra P. for the Italian Society of Internal Medicine (SIMI) Study Group: role of multidrug-resistant pathogens in health-care-associated pneumonia. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11:11-12.
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(2011)
Lancet Infect Dis
, vol.11
, pp. 11-12
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-
Falcone, M.1
Venditti, M.2
Corrao, S.3
Serra, P.4
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15
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78650251407
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Role of multidrug-resistant pathogens in health-care-associated pneumonia
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Ewig S, Welte T, Chastre J, Torres A. Role of multidrug-resistant pathogens in health-care-associated pneumonia. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11:12-13.
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(2011)
Lancet Infect Dis
, vol.11
, pp. 12-13
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-
Ewig, S.1
Welte, T.2
Chastre, J.3
Torres, A.4
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16
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77957105968
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Clinical characteristics of healthcare-associated pneumonia in a Korean teaching hospital
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This study provides a retrospective analysis of 182 cases with HCAP. Whereas the authors claim the data to be in support of HCAP, they are not: excess mortality is not significant after adjustment for confounders, and the rates of MDR, mortality, and ICU admission (MDR rate roughly doubled, mortality increased by 2.5, but ICU admission rate only increased by 1.5 in patients meeting HCAP criteria) clearly indicate hidden treatment restrictions
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Park HK, Song JU, Um SW, et al. Clinical characteristics of healthcare-associated pneumonia in a Korean teaching hospital. Respir Med 2010; 104:1729-1735. This study provides a retrospective analysis of 182 cases with HCAP. Whereas the authors claim the data to be in support of HCAP, they are not: excess mortality is not significant after adjustment for confounders, and the rates of MDR, mortality, and ICU admission (MDR rate roughly doubled, mortality increased by 2.5, but ICU admission rate only increased by 1.5 in patients meeting HCAP criteria) clearly indicate hidden treatment restrictions.
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(2010)
Respir Med
, vol.104
, pp. 1729-1735
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Park, H.K.1
Song, J.U.2
Um, S.W.3
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17
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79959711666
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Epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes in healthcare-associated pneumonia: A UK cohort study
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An excellent study from the UK, perhaps the best addressing HCAP at present. MDR rates were slightly elevated but generally low, and mortality was not significantly increased after adjustment for confounders. Treatment restrictions were documented in 59.9% of cases. The study is clear evidence against the validity of HCAP in a low MDR incidence region
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Chalmers JD, Taylor JK, Singanayagam A, et al. Epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes in healthcare-associated pneumonia: a UK cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53:107-113. An excellent study from the UK, perhaps the best addressing HCAP at present. MDR rates were slightly elevated but generally low, and mortality was not significantly increased after adjustment for confounders. Treatment restrictions were documented in 59.9% of cases. The study is clear evidence against the validity of HCAP in a low MDR incidence region.
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(2011)
Clin Infect Dis
, vol.53
, pp. 107-113
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Chalmers, J.D.1
Taylor, J.K.2
Singanayagam, A.3
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18
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79958810134
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Impact of guideline-consistent therapy on outcome of patients with healthcare-associated and community-acquired pneumonia
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Grenier C, Pépin J, Nault V, et al. Impact of guideline-consistent therapy on outcome of patients with healthcare-associated and community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1617-1624.
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(2011)
J Antimicrob Chemother
, vol.66
, pp. 1617-1624
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Grenier, C.1
Pépin, J.2
Nault, V.3
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19
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80055085411
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Pneumonia associated with healthcare versus community acquired pneumonia: Different entities, distinct approaches
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Guimarães C, Lares Santos C, Costa F, Barata F. Pneumonia associated with healthcare versus community acquired pneumonia: different entities, distinct approaches. Rev Port Pneumol 2011; 17:168-171.
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(2011)
Rev Port Pneumol
, vol.17
, pp. 168-171
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Guimarães, C.1
Lares Santos, C.2
Costa, F.3
Barata, F.4
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20
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79959871849
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Clinical features of healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) in a Japanese community hospital: Comparisons among nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP), HCAP other than NHAP, and community-acquired pneumonia
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Umeki K, Tokimatsu I, Yasuda C, et al. Clinical features of healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) in a Japanese community hospital: comparisons among nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP), HCAP other than NHAP, and community-acquired pneumonia. Respirology 2011; 16:856-861.
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(2011)
Respirology
, vol.16
, pp. 856-861
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Umeki, K.1
Tokimatsu, I.2
Yasuda, C.3
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21
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78650232703
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Clinical outcomes of health-care-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance in patients admitted to European intensive-care units: A cohort study
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Important study addressing patients meeting HCAP criteria admitted to the ICU in Europe. In this population, obviously not subject to treatment restrictions, HCAP was associated with increased mortality and length of stay in ICUs. Again, the impact of the most common antimicrobial resistance patterns on mortality was low
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Lambert ML, Suetens C, Savey A, et al. Clinical outcomes of health-care-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance in patients admitted to European intensive-care units: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11:30-38. Important study addressing patients meeting HCAP criteria admitted to the ICU in Europe. In this population, obviously not subject to treatment restrictions, HCAP was associated with increased mortality and length of stay in ICUs. Again, the impact of the most common antimicrobial resistance patterns on mortality was low.
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(2011)
Lancet Infect Dis
, vol.11
, pp. 30-38
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-
Lambert, M.L.1
Suetens, C.2
Savey, A.3
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22
-
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79955953498
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One-year outcomes of community-acquired and healthcare-associated pneumonia in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System
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Hsu JL, Siroka AM, Smith MW, et al. One-year outcomes of community-acquired and healthcare-associated pneumonia in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e382-e387.
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(2011)
Int J Infect Dis
, vol.15
-
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Hsu, J.L.1
Siroka, A.M.2
Smith, M.W.3
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23
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77956798549
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Clinical and economic outcomes for patients with healthcare-associated Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia
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Shorr AF, Haque N, Taneja C, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes for patients with healthcare-associated Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3258-3262.
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(2010)
J Clin Microbiol
, vol.48
, pp. 3258-3262
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Shorr, A.F.1
Haque, N.2
Taneja, C.3
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24
-
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80053513739
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Guideline-concordant therapy and outcomes in healthcare-associated pneumonia
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One of two studies demonstrating that outcomes in patients meeting HCAP criteria cannot be improved by guideline-concordant treatment. Even if the rate of patients with positive cultures was very low, it appears improbable that the negative finding only applies to culture-negative patients
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Attridge RT, Frei CR, Restrepo MI, et al. Guideline-concordant therapy and outcomes in healthcare-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2011; 38:878-887. One of two studies demonstrating that outcomes in patients meeting HCAP criteria cannot be improved by guideline-concordant treatment. Even if the rate of patients with positive cultures was very low, it appears improbable that the negative finding only applies to culture-negative patients.
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(2011)
Eur Respir J
, vol.38
, pp. 878-887
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Attridge, R.T.1
Frei, C.R.2
Restrepo, M.I.3
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25
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66549125831
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Effect of antibiotic guidelines on outcomes of hospitalized patients with nursing home-acquired pneumonia
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El Solh AA, Akinnusi ME, Alfarah Z, Patel A. Effect of antibiotic guidelines on outcomes of hospitalized patients with nursing home-acquired pneumonia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57:1030-1035.
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(2009)
J Am Geriatr Soc
, vol.57
, pp. 1030-1035
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El Solh, A.A.1
Akinnusi, M.E.2
Alfarah, Z.3
Patel, A.4
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26
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77951844649
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A comparison of culture-positive and culture-negative health-care-associated pneumonia
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The authors insinuate that culture-positive patients are those who might profit from broad-spectrum initial antimicrobial coverage. However, the true issue is not culture-positivity as such but the rate of MDR pathogens and whether MDR pathogens account for an excess mortality
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Labelle AJ, Arnold H, Reichley RM, et al. A comparison of culture-positive and culture-negative health-care-associated pneumonia. Chest 2010; 137: 1130-1137. The authors insinuate that culture-positive patients are those who might profit from broad-spectrum initial antimicrobial coverage. However, the true issue is not culture-positivity as such but the rate of MDR pathogens and whether MDR pathogens account for an excess mortality.
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(2010)
Chest
, vol.137
, pp. 1130-1137
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Labelle, A.J.1
Arnold, H.2
Reichley, R.M.3
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27
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77957662332
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Practice patterns for antibiotic de-escalation in culture-negative healthcare-associated pneumonia
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Schlueter M, James C, Dominguez A, et al. Practice patterns for antibiotic de-escalation in culture-negative healthcare-associated pneumonia. Infection 2010; 38:357-362.
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(2010)
Infection
, vol.38
, pp. 357-362
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Schlueter, M.1
James, C.2
Dominguez, A.3
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28
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55949100522
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Prediction of infection due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria by select risk factors for healthcare-associated pneumonia
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Shorr AF, Zilberberg MD, Micek ST, Kollef MH. Prediction of infection due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria by select risk factors for healthcare-associated pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168:2205-2210.
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(2008)
Arch Intern Med
, vol.168
, pp. 2205-2210
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Shorr, A.F.1
Zilberberg, M.D.2
Micek, S.T.3
Kollef, M.H.4
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29
-
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77953312824
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Resistant pathogens in nonnosocomial pneumonia and respiratory failure: Is it time to refine the definition of healthcare- associated pneumonia?
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Schreiber MP, Chan CM, Shorr AF. Resistant pathogens in nonnosocomial pneumonia and respiratory failure: is it time to refine the definition of healthcare- associated pneumonia? Chest 2010; 137:1283-1288.
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(2010)
Chest
, vol.137
, pp. 1283-1288
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Schreiber, M.P.1
Chan, C.M.2
Shorr, A.F.3
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30
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78651485200
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Application and comparison of scoring indices to predict outcomes in patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia
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Fang WF, Yang KY, Wu CL, et al. Application and comparison of scoring indices to predict outcomes in patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia. Crit Care 2011; 15:R32.
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(2011)
Crit Care
, vol.15
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Fang, W.F.1
Yang, K.Y.2
Wu, C.L.3
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31
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80052931209
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Performance of PSI, CURB-65, and SCAP scores in predicting the outcome of patients with community-acquired and healthcare-associated pneumonia
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Falcone M, Corrao S, Venditti M, et al. Performance of PSI, CURB-65, and SCAP scores in predicting the outcome of patients with community-acquired and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Intern Emerg Med 2011; 6:431-436.
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(2011)
Intern Emerg Med
, vol.6
, pp. 431-436
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Falcone, M.1
Corrao, S.2
Venditti, M.3
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32
-
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84855439569
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Clinical and microbiological evaluation of hemodialysis-associated pneumonia (HDAP): Should HDAP be included in healthcare-associated pneumonia?
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Kawasaki S, Aoki N, Kikuchi H, et al. Clinical and microbiological evaluation of hemodialysis-associated pneumonia (HDAP): should HDAP be included in healthcare-associated pneumonia? J Infect Chemother 2011; 17:640-645.
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(2011)
J Infect Chemother
, vol.17
, pp. 640-645
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Kawasaki, S.1
Aoki, N.2
Kikuchi, H.3
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33
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80053177365
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Epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes of pneumonia in patients with chronic kidney disease
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Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Cruzado JM, et al. Epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes of pneumonia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26:2899-2906.
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(2011)
Nephrol Dial Transplant
, vol.26
, pp. 2899-2906
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Viasus, D.1
Garcia-Vidal, C.2
Cruzado, J.M.3
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34
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78951493985
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Nursing home residence is the main risk factor for increased mortality in healthcare-associated pneumonia
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Depuydt P, Putman B, Benoit D, et al. Nursing home residence is the main risk factor for increased mortality in healthcare-associated pneumonia. J Hosp Infect 2011; 77:138-142.
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(2011)
J Hosp Infect
, vol.77
, pp. 138-142
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Depuydt, P.1
Putman, B.2
Benoit, D.3
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35
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77950911215
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Nursing home-acquired pneumonia: A 10 year single-centre experience
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As NHAP is the most important subgroup within HCAP, the evaluation of these patients is crucial. Overall, MDR pathogens were rare. Although MDR pathogens were independent predictors of mortality, this does not necessarily prove that MDR pathogens truly accounted for excess mortality
-
Polverino E, Dambrava P, Cillóniz C, et al. Nursing home-acquired pneumonia: a 10 year single-centre experience. Thorax 2010; 65:354-359. As NHAP is the most important subgroup within HCAP, the evaluation of these patients is crucial. Overall, MDR pathogens were rare. Although MDR pathogens were independent predictors of mortality, this does not necessarily prove that MDR pathogens truly accounted for excess mortality.
-
(2010)
Thorax
, vol.65
, pp. 354-359
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Polverino, E.1
Dambrava, P.2
Cillóniz, C.3
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36
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84858008906
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An eight year prospective multicenter study
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for the CAPNETZ study group. Nursing home acquired pneumonia in Germany. [Epub ahead of print] The second large recent European study addressing NHAP. Comparisons were made with patients with and without NAHP aged at least 65 years, thereby avoiding age bias. Excess mortality of NHAP was evident across all pathogens, not only MDR
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Ewig S, Klapdor B, Pletz MW, et al., for the CAPNETZ study group. Nursing home acquired pneumonia in Germany. An eight year prospective multicenter study. Thorax 2011. [Epub ahead of print] The second large recent European study addressing NHAP. Comparisons were made with patients with and without NAHP aged at least 65 years, thereby avoiding age bias. Excess mortality of NHAP was evident across all pathogens, not only MDR.
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(2011)
Thorax
-
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Ewig, S.1
Klapdor, B.2
Pletz, M.W.3
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37
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65549154738
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Healthcare-associated pneumonia is a heterogeneous disease, and all patients do not need the same broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy as complex nosocomial pneumonia
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Brito V, Niederman MS. Healthcare-associated pneumonia is a heterogeneous disease, and all patients do not need the same broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy as complex nosocomial pneumonia. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009; 22:316-325.
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(2009)
Curr Opin Infect Dis
, vol.22
, pp. 316-325
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Brito, V.1
Niederman, M.S.2
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38
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79960841550
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Healthcare-associated pneumonia: An evidence-based review
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Attridge RT, Frei CR. Healthcare-associated pneumonia: an evidence-based review. Am J Med 2011; 124:689-697.
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(2011)
Am J Med
, vol.124
, pp. 689-697
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Attridge, R.T.1
Frei, C.R.2
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39
-
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80053284682
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Guidelines for the Management of Adult Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: Full version
-
Joint Taskforce of theEuropeanRespiratory Society and European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Update of the 2005 CAP guidelines of the European Respiratory Society, covering all crucial aspects of CAP management. HCAP was explicitly denied as an entity due to poor evidence in support of it
-
Woodhead M,Blasi F,Ewig S, et al.; Joint Taskforce of theEuropeanRespiratory Society and European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Guidelines for the Management of Adult Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: full version. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:E1-E59. Update of the 2005 CAP guidelines of the European Respiratory Society, covering all crucial aspects of CAP management. HCAP was explicitly denied as an entity due to poor evidence in support of it.
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(2011)
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