Marriage fraud

California Law Review

Volumn 100, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-67

  Abrams, Kerry ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SCHOOL OF LAW   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84857968730     PISSN: 00081221     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (229)

1. See, e.g., Ariela R. Dubler, Sexing Skinner: History and the Politics of the Right to Marry, 110 COLUM. L. REV. 1348 (2010).
2. Martha C. Nussbaum, A Right to Marry?, 98 CALIF. L. REV. 667 (2010).
3. See, e.g., Anne L. Alstott, The Earned Income Tax Credit and the Limitations of Tax-Based Welfare Reform, 108 HARV. L. REV. 533 (1995).
4. Edward McCaffery, Taxation and the Family: A Fresh Look at Behavioral Gender Biases in the Code, 40 UCLA L. REV. 983 (1993).
5. Shari Motro, A New "I Do": Towards a Marriage-Neutral Income Tax, 91 IOWA L. REV. 1509 (2006).
6. Lawrence Zelenak, Marriage and the Income Tax, 67 S. CAL. L. REV. 339 (1994).
7. See, e.g., Kerry Abrams, Immigration and the Regulation of Marriage, 91 MINN. L. REV. 1625 (2007).
8. Jennifer M. Chacón, Loving Across Borders: Immigration Law and the Limits of Loving, 2007 WIS. L. REV. 345.
9. See, e.g., Mary E. Becker, Obscuring the Struggle: Sex Discrimination, Society Security, and Stone, Seidman, Sunstein & Tushnefs Constitutional Law, 89 COLUM. L. REV. 264 (1989).
10. Kristin Collins, Administering Marriage: Marriage-Based Entitlements, Bureaucracy and the Legal Construction of the Family, 62 VAND. L. REV. 1085 (2009).
11. Goodwin Liu, Social Security and the Treatment of Marriage: Spousal Benefits, Earnings Sharing, and the Challenge of Reform, 1999 Wis. L.REV. 1.
12. See, e.g., Anita Bernstein, For and Against Marriage: A Revision, 102 MICH. L. REV. 129 (2003).
13. Jill Elaine Hasday, The Canon of Family Law, 57 STAN. L. REV. 825 (2004).
14. Angela Onwuachi-Willig, The Return of the Ring: Welfare Reform's Marriage Cure as the Revival of Post-Bellum Control, 93 CAUF. L. REV. 1647 (2005).
15. See, e.g., Melissa Murray, Strange Bedfellows: Criminal Law, Family Law, and the Legal Construction of Intimate Life, 94 IOWA L. REV. 1253 (2009).
16. Jeannie Suk, Criminal Law Comes Home, 116 YALE L.J. 2 (2006).
17. see also Symposium: Abolishing Civil Marriage, 27 CARDOZO L. REV. 1155 (2006).
18. See, e.g., MARTHA ALBERTSON FlNEMAN, THE NEUTERED MOTHER, THE SEXUAL FAMILY AND OTHER TWENTIETH CENTURY TRAGEDIES (1995)
19. NANCY POLKOFF, BEYOND (STRAIGHT AND GAY) MARRIAGE (2009).
20. ROBIN WEST, MARRIAGE, SEXUALITY, AND GENDER 205-211 (2007).
21. Alice Ristoph & Melissa Murray, Disestablishing the Family, 119 YALE L.J. 1236 (2010).
22. Laura Rosenbury, Friends with Benefits, 106 MICH. L. REV. 189, 191-92, 229 (2007)
23. See, e.g., Lynn D. Wardle, Multiply and Replenish: Considering Same-Sex Marriage in Light of State Interests in Marital Procreation, 24 HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 771 (2001).
24. See, e.g., William N. Eskridge, Foreword: The Marriage Cases-Reversing the Burden of Inertia in a Pluralist Constitutional Democracy, 97 CALIF. L. REV. 1785 (2009).
25. See, eg., LINDA C. MCCLAIN, THE PLACE OF FAMILIES 198-205.
26. Elizabeth S. Scott, A World Without Marriage, 41 FAM. L.Q. 537, 545-546 (2007).
27. Barbara Stark, Marriage Proposals: From One-Size-Fits-All to Postmodern Marriage Law, 89 CALIF. L. REV. 1479 (2001).
28. Edward Stein, Looking Beyond Full Relationship Recognition for Couples Regardless of Sex: Abolition, Alternatives, and/or Functionalism, 28 LAW & INEQ. 345, 371 (2010) (same).
29. But see Mary Anne Case, Marriage Licenses, 89 MINN. L. REV. 1758 (2005).
30. James Herbie DiFonzo, Unbundling Marriage, 32 HOFSTRA L. REV. 31, 58-59 (2003).
31. Vivian Hamilton, Mistaking Marriage for Social Policy, 11 VA. J. SOC. POL'Y & L. 307, 370-371 (2006)
32. Marriage Fraud Sting Nets Arrests in F/oriab, N.Y. TIMES, May 10,2008,at A13.
33. McGreeveys Reach Deal on Custody of Daughter, N. Y. TIMES, May 9,2008, at B4.
34. Plaintiffs' Original Complaint and Application for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief, Cont'l Pilots Ret. Plan Admin. Comm. v. Brown, 4:09-CV-01529 (S.D. Tex. May 20,2009).
35. Ryan D. Tenney, Tom Green, Commonlaw Marriage, and the Illegality of Putative Polygamy, 17 B.Y.U. J. PUB. L. 141, 148-149 (2002).
36. Albert Momjian, Annulment, in 1 FAMILY LAW AND PRACTICE § 5.02, 5.03 (Arnold H. Rutkin e&, 2003).
37. See LESLIE J. HARRIS ET AL., FAMILY LAW 172,78 (4th ed. 2010).
38. see also Estate of Dito v. Dito, 2008 WL 821694 (Cal. Ct App. Mar. 28, 2008)
39. See JOANNA L. GROSSMAN & LAWRENCE M. FRIEDMAN, INSIDE THE CASTLE: LAW AND THE FAMILY IN 20TH CENTURY AMERICA 180-187 (2011).
40. HENDRK HARTOG, MAN AND WIFE IN AMERICA 99 (2000).
41. See, e.g., Kober v. Kober, 211 N.E. 2d 817, 818 (N.Y. 1965)
42. Bilowit v. Dolitsky, 304 A.2d 774, 775 (N.J. Super. Ct Ch. Div. 1973).
43. Laurence Drew Borten, Note: Sex, Procreation, and the State Interest in Marriage, 102 COLUM. L. REV. 1089, 1096 n.33 (2002).
44. See Vileta v. Vileta, 128 P.2d 376 (Cal. Ct App. 1942).
45. Turner v. Avery, 113 A. 710 (N.J. Ch. 1921)
46. See Stegienko v. Stegienko, 295 N.W. 252 (Mich. 1940)
47. Rathbum v. Rathbum, 292 P.2d 274 (Cal. Ct. App. 1956)
48. See, e.g., Mothershead v. Mothershead, No. B177926, 2005 WL 1460412 (Cal. Ct App. June 22, 2005).
49. Wolens v. Wolens, No. 99-FC-006390, 2004 WL 1909348 (Ky. Ct App. Aug. 27, 2004).
50. Maslow v. Maslow, 255 P.2d 65, 68 (Cal. Ct App. 1953).
51. see also Gewirtz v. Gerwitz, 66 N.Y.S.2d 327 (App. Div. 1945).
52. Nerini v. Nerini, 11 Conn. Supp. 361,365 (Super. Ct. 1943).
53. Chipman v. Johnston, 130 N.E. 65,66 (Mass. 1921).
54. Beckley v. Beckley, 115 111. App. 27,28 (1904).
55. see also Heath v. Heath, 159 A. 418 (N.H. 1932).
56. Johnston v. Johnston, 22 Cal. Rptr. 2d 253, 254 (Ct. App. 1993).
57. Chipman v. Johnston, 130 N.E. 65,66 (Mass. 1921).
58. Maynard v. Hill, 125 U.S. 190,211 (1888).
59. See Jill Elaine Hasday, Contest and Consent: A Legal History of Marital Rape, 88 CALIF. L. REV. 1373,1389-1392 (2000).
60. Reva B. Siegel, Home as Work: The First Women's Rights Claims Concerning Women's Household Labor, 1850-1880, 103 YALE L.J. 1073,1082 (1994) [hereinafter Siegel, Home as Work] (describing economic aspects of coverture).
61. Marshall v. Marshall, 300 P. 816,817 (Cal. 1931).
62. LAWRENCE M. FRIEDMAN, A HISTORY OF AMERICAN LAW 142-46 (3d ed. 2005) (discussing evolution of divorce law).
63. See ROLLIN M. PERKINS & RONALD N. BOYCE, CRIMINAL LAW 45-56 (3d ed. 1982) (tracing the historical development of the crimes of adultery and fornication).
64. SEE MICHAEL GROSSBERG, GOVERNING THE HEARTH 234-35 (1985).
65. Reva B. Siegel, "The Rule of Love": Wife-Beating as Prerogative and Privacy, 105 YALE L.J. 2117, 2174, 2204 (1996).
66. Hanson v. Hanson, 191 N.E. 673, 674 (Mass. 1934).
67. see also De Vries v. De Vries, 195 111. App. 4 (1915).
68. See Schibi v. Schibi, 69 A.2d 831 (Conn. 1949).
69. Bishop v. Bishop, 308 N.Y.S.2d 998 (Sup. Ct 1970).
70. Erickson v. Erickson, 48 N.Y.S.2d 588 (Sup. Ct 1944).
71. Delfino v. Delfino, 35 N.Y.S.2d 693 (Sup. Ct. 1942).
72. Bove v. Pinciotti, 46 Pa. D. & C. 159 (1942).
73. Campbell v. Moore, 189 S.E.2d 497 (S.C. 1939).
74. Chander v. Chander, No. 2937-98A 1999 WL 1129721 (Va. Ct App. June 22, 1999).
75. see Ariela Dubler, Immoral Purposes: Marriage and the Genus of Illicit Sex, 115 YALE L.J. 756 (2006).
76. Mpiliris v. Hellenic Lines, Ltd., 323 F. Supp. 865 (S.D. Tex. 1969).
77. Spears v. Alexander, No. D311371 (Nev. Dist. Ct, Clark County, Jan. 5,2004).
78. Glenn Puit, Britney Spears' 55-Hour Marriage Annulled, LAS VEGAS REVIEW-JOURNAL, Jan. 6, 2004, http://www.reviewjoumal.com/lvrj-home/2004/Jan-06- Tue-2004/news/22935262.html.
79. see also THEDA SKOPOL, PROTECTING SOLDERS AND MOTHERS: THE POLITICAL ORIGINS OF SOCIAL POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES 66 (1992).
80. Katherine Franke, Becoming a Citizen: Post-Bellum Regulation of African-American Marriages, 11 YALE J.L. & HUMAN. 251, 283-284.
81. see HENRY M. HART, JR. & ALBERT M. SACKS, THE LEGAL PROCESS (tentative ed. 1958).
82. see Duncan Kennedy, Form and Substance in Private Law Adjudication, 89 HARV. L. REV. 1685 (1976).
83. Patricia A. Cain, Taxing Families Fairly, 48 SANTA CLARA L. REV. 805, 807-808 (2008).
84. Marjorie E. Komhauser, Wedded to the Joint Return: Culture and the Persistence of the Marital Unit in the American Income Tax, 11 THEORETICAL INQUIRIES L. 631 (2010).
85. Freck v. I.R.S., 810 F. Supp. 597 (D. Pa. 1992).
86. United States v. Dedman, 527 F.3d 577, 581-582 (6th Cir. 2008).
87. Michael A. Ash & M. V. Lee Badgett, Separate and Unequal: The Effect of Unequal Access to Employment-Based Health Insurance on Same-Sex and Unmarried Different-Sex Couples, 24 CONTEMP. ECON. POL'Y 582 (2006).
88. See Saying "I Do" for a Health Plan, UNMARRIEDAMERICA.ORG (June 28, 2004), http://www.unrnamedamerica.org/members/news/2004/May-News/Saying-I- do-for-a-health-plan.htm (statement of Dave Hennings, spokesman for the National Health Care Anti- Fraud Association in Washington, D.C.).
89. See Ariel Levy, Foreword to ANDREA DWORKIN, INTERCOURSE, at xxv (twentieth anniversary ed. 2007).
90. United States v. Dedman, 527 F.3d 577 (6th Cir. 2008)
91. Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749,782 (1975).
92. Letter from Dayna K. Shah, Assoc. Gen. Counsel, U.S. Gen. Accounting Office, to Bill Frist, Majority Leader, U.S. Senate (Jan. 23, 2004), available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04353r.pdf.
93. Goodridge v. Dep't of Pub. Health, 798 N.E.2d 941 (Mass. 2003).
94. Marriage Equality Act, A8354-2011, available at http://open.nysenate.gov/ legislation/bill/A8354-2011.
95. Alexei Barrionuevo, Argentina Approves Gay Marriage in a First for Region, N.Y. TIMES, July 16, 2010, at A3 (Argentina, Portugal, Iceland).
96. Dan Levin, Awaiting a Full Embrace of Same-Sex Weddings, N.Y. TIMES, July 28,2010, at A9 (South Africa).
97. Rachel Donadio, Pope Takes Aim at Abortion and Gay Marriage in Portugal, N.Y. TIMES, May 14,2010, at A6 (Norway, Sweden).
98. World Briefing Americas: Canada: Gay Marriage Approved, N.Y. TIMES, July 21, 2005, at A6 (Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain).
99. David Agren, Court Says All Mexican States Must Honor Gay Marriages, N.Y. TIMES, Aug. 11,2010, at A6 (Mexico).
100. Gary K. King, Att'y Gen. (Jan. 4, 2011), available at http://www.nmag.gov/Opinions/Opinion.aspx?OpID=1131 (opining that New Mexico would likely recognize a same-sex marriage performed elsewhere).
101. Opinion of Douglas F. Gansler, Att'y Gen. (Feb. 23, 2010), available at http://www.oag.state.md.us/Opinions/2010/95oag3.pdf) (Maryland).
102. Stuart Rabner, Att'y Gen. (Feb. 16, 2007), available at http://www.nj.gov/oag/newsreleases07/ag-formalopinion-2.16.07.pdf.
103. See, e.g., M. V. Lee Badgett, The Economic Value of Marriage for Same-Sex Couples, 58 DRAKE L. REV. 1081 (2010).
104. Patricia Cain, DOMA and the Internal Revenue Code, 84 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 481 (2009).
105. Letter from Eric H. Holder, Jr., U.S. Att'y Gen., to John A. Boehner, Speaker, U.S. House of Representatives, Letter to Congress on Litigation Involving the Defense of Marriage Act (Feb. 23, 2011), available at http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2011/February/ll-ag-223.html.
106. See, e.g., Memorandum of Law in Support of Intervenor- Defendant's Opposition to Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment, Windsor v. United States, No. 10-CV-8435 (S.D.N.Y. Aug 1, 2011), available at http://docs.justia.com/ cases/federal/districtcourts/new-york/nysdce/l:2010cv08435/370870/50.
107. See, e.g., Defendants' Brief in Opposition to Motion to Dismiss, Golinski v. United States, No. 10-CV-00257 (N.D. Ca.) (July 1, 2011), available at http://metroweekly.com/poliglot/DOJ-OppToBLAG MtD.pdf.
108. See, e.g., Goodridge v. Dep't of Pub. Health, 798 N.E.2d 941, 964 (Mass. 2003).
109. Hernandez v. Robles, 855 N.E.2d I, 7 (N.Y. 2006).
110. Boyter v. Comm'r, 74 T.C. 989 (1980).
111. Couple Who Divorced to Cut Taxes Ordered to Pay Up, N.Y. TIMES, Aug. 7, 1980, at A16.
112. The Marriage Penalty, N.Y. TIMES, Aug. 17, 1980, at 20.
113. Richard Haitch, Follow-Up On the News: Tax Split, N.Y. TIMES, Feb. 15, 1981, at 49.
114. Deborah Rankin, Filing Status: Key Factor in Determining Tax Rate, N.Y. TIMES, Feb. 3,1981, at D1.
115. Gregory v. Helvering, 293 U.S. 465,469 (1935).
116. Brown v. Cont'l Airlines, Inc., No. 10-20015 (5th Cir. July 18, 2011), available at http://www.ca5.uscoiuts.gov/opiriioris/puW10/10-20015-CV0.wpd.pdf.
117. Ariela R. Dubler, Wifely Behavior: A Legal History of Acting Married, 100 COLUM. L. REV. 957,968 (2000).
118. IRA MARK ELLMAN ET AL., FAMILY LAW: CASES, TEXTS, MATERIALS 133 (5th ed. 2010).
119. Sonya Garza, Common Law Marriage: A Proposal for the Revival of a Dying Doctrine, 40 NEW ENG. L. REV. 541 (2006).
120. Charlotte Goldberg, The Schemes of Adventuresses: The Abolition and Revival of Common-Law Marriage, 13 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 483 (2007).
121. See St John Barrett, New Role of the Courts in Developing Public Welfare Law, 1970 DUKE L.J. 1, 17.
122. Bowen v. Gilliard, 483 U.S. 587 (1987).
123. see also State v. Holm, 137 P.3d 726 (Utah 2006).
124. see also Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036 (9th Cir. 1982).
125. see Scott C. Titshaw, The Meaning of Marriage: Immigration Rules and Their Implications for Same-Sex Spouses in a World Without DOMA, 16 WM. &MARY J. WOMEN&L. 537 (2010).
126. Nina Bernstein, Do You Take this Immigrant?, N.Y. TIMES, June 13,2010, at MB 1. For a critique of the regulations.
127. See, e.g., United States v. Islam, 418 F.3d 1125, 1127 (10th Cir. 2005).
128. Nakamoto v. Ashcroft, 363 F.3d 874, 882 (9th Cir. 2004).
129. United States v. Orellana-Blanco, 294 F.3d 1143, 1145 (9th Cir. 2002).
130. United States v. Chowdhury, 169 F.3d 402, 404 (6th Cir. 1999).
131. Nina Bernstein, Could Your Marriage Pass the Test?, CITY ROOM BLOG (June 11, 2010, 8:45 PM), http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.eom/2010/06/l 1/marriage-test.
132. U.S. CITIZENSHIP & IMMIGRATION SERVS., ADJUDICATOR'S FIELD MANUAL-REDACTED PUBLIC VERSION, Ch. 21.3 Petition for a Spouse, available at http://www.iiscis.gov/ilink/docView/AFM/HTML/AFM/0-0-0-l/0-0-0-3481/0-0-0-4484. html.
133. Lutwak v. United States, 344 U.S. 604, 611 (1953).
134. See, e.g., United States v. Phillips, 52 M.J. 268 (C.A.A.F. 2000).
135. United States v. Bolden, 28 M.J. 127 (C.M.A. 1989).
136. United States v. Lee, 43 M.J. 794 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 1995).
137. United States v. Tagalicud, 84 F.3d 1180,1185 (9th Cir. 1996).
138. United States v. Orellana-Blanco, 294 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir. 2002).
139. Surganova v. Holder, 612 F.3d 901,904 (7th Cir. 2010).
140. Timbreza v. Ashcroft, 98 F. App'x. 611 (9th Cir. 2004).
141. See, e.g., United States v. Islam, 418 F.3d 1125 (10th Cir. 2005).
142. United States v. Rafiq, 116 F. App'x. 456 (4th Cir. 2004).
143. United States v. Chowdhury, 169 F. 3d 402 (6th Cir. 1999).
144. But see Marcel De Armas, For Richer or Poorer or Any Other Reason: Adjudicating Immigration Marriage Fraud Cases Within the Scope of the Constitution, 15 AM. U. J. GENDER SOC. POL'Y & L. 743 (2007).
145. See ANNA O. LAW, THE IMMIGRATION BATTLE IN AMERICAN COURTS 153 tbl.5. l (2010) (showing immigration dockets for circuit courts).
146. But see Maria Isabel Medina, The Criminalization of Immigration Law: Employer Sanctions and Marriage Fraud, 5 GEO. MASON L. REV. 669, 711-712.
147. Twila L. Perry, The "Essentials of Marriage": Reconsidering the Duty of Support and Services, 15 Yale J.L. & Feminism 1,8-12 (2003).
148. See MAE M. NGAI, IMPOSSIBLE SUBJECTS: ILLEGAL ALIENS AND THE MAKING OF MODERN AMERICA 17-21 (2004).
149. Kerry Abrams, Peaceful Penetration: Proxy Marriage, Same-Sex Marriage, and Recognition, 2011 MICH. ST. L. REV. 141,154-164 (discussing how marriage allowed a way around the quotas for immigrant women).
150. See Kerry Abrams, Polygamy, Prostitution, and the Federalization of Immigration Law, 105 COLUM. L. REV. 641, 699-702 (2005).
151. Todd Stevens, Tender Ties: Husbands' Rights and Racial Exclusion in Chinese Marriage Cases, 1892-1924, 27 LAW & Soc. INQUIRY 271 (2002).
152. See MARTHA GARDNER, THE QUALITIES OF A CITIZEN: WOMEN, IMMIGRATION, AND CITIZENSHIP: 1870-1965, at 87-92 (2009).
153. see CANDICE BREDBENNER, A NATIONALITY OF HER OWN: WOMEN, MARRIAGE, AND CITIZENSHIP (1998).
154. NANCY COTT: PUBLIC Vows, A HISTORY OF MARRIAGE AND THE NATION (2000).
155. Leti Volpp, Divesting Citizenship: On Asian American History and the Loss of Citizenship Through Marriage, 53 UCLA L. REV. 405 (2005).
156. See Kerry Abrams, A Legal Home: Derivative Domicile and Women's Citizenship (Oct 25, 2011) (unpublished manuscript).
157. Janet M. Calvo, Spouse-Based Immigration Laws: The Legacies of Coverture, 28 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 593,600-603 (1991).
158. Nancy Cott, Marriage and Women's Citizenship in the United States, 1830-1934, 103 AM. HIST. REV. 1440, 1468 (1998).
159. ALICE KESSLER-HARRIS, IN PURSUIT OF EQUITY: WOMEN, MEN, AND THE QUEST FOR ECONOMIC CITIZENSHIP IN 20TH-CENTURY AMERICA 146 (2001).
160. John F. Witt, From Loss of Services to Loss of Support: The Wrongful Death Statutes, the Origins of Modern Tort Law, and the Making of the Nineteenth-Century Family, 25 LAW & SOC. INQUIRY 717 (2000).
161. see Kristin A. Collins, "Petitions Without Number": Widows' Petitions and the Early Nineteenth-Century Origins of Marriage-Based Entitlements, 30 LAW & HIST. REV. (forthcoming 2012) (draft on file with author).
162. Heather Flory, "I Promise to Love, Honor, Obey . . . And Not Divorce You": Covenant Marriage and the Backlash Against No-Fault Divorce, 34 FAM. L.Q. 133,137 (2000).
163. Ann Laquer Estin, Family Law Federalism: Divorce and the Constitution, 16 WM. & MARY Box RTS. J. 381,410 n.l96 (2007).
164. Lawrence M. Friedman, Rights of Passage: Divorce Law in Historical Perspective, 63 OR. L. REV. 649, 664, n.60 (1984).
165. see Paul C. Glick & Sung-Ling Lin, Recent Changes in Divorce and Remarriage, 48 J. MARRIAGE & FAM. 737 (1986).
166. Ctrs. for Disease Control & Prevention, Births, Marriages, Divorces, and Deaths: Provisional Data for 2009, NAT'L VITAL STAT. REP., Aug. 27, 2010, at 1 tbl.A, available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr58/nvsr58-25.pdf.
167. See, e.g., Kucera v. Kucera, 117 N.W. 2d 810 (N.D. 1962).
168. See NAOMI CAHN & JUNE CARBONE, RED FAMILIES V. BLUE FAMILIES: LEGAL POLARIZATION AND THE CREATION OF CULTURE 2 (2010).
169. Anne Coughlin, Sex and Guilt, 84 VA. L. REV. 1,21-25 (1998) (noting a lack of criminal enforcement).
170. K.N. Llewellyn, Behindthe Law of Divorce: I, 32 COLUM.L. REV. 1281,1299(1932).
171. See Ira Ellman, The Place of Fault in a Modern Divorce Law, 28 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 773, 783, 783 n.26 (1996).
172. Martin v. Ziherl, 607 S.E.2d 367 (Va. 2005).
173. Levy v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 68 (1968) (Wrongful Death Act recovery).
174. Weber v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 406 U.S. 164 (1972).
175. See, e.g., I.N.S. v. Nguyen, 533 U.S. 53 (2001).
176. William Stuntz, The Pathological Politics of Criminal Law, 100 MICH. L. REV. 505, 517-518(2001).
177. David Mills & Robert Weisberg, Corrupting the Harm Requirement in White Collar Crime, 60 STAN. L. REV. 1371, 1446 (2008) (criticizing criminal securities fraud as a crime in search of a victim).
178. Basic v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 243-244 (1988).
179. But see Dura Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336, 342 (2005).
180. See Samuel W. Buell, Novel Criminal Fraud, 81 N.Y.U. L. REV. 1971, 1973 (2006).
181. See JOAN WILLIAMS, UNBENDING GENDER: HOW WORK AND FAMILY CONFLICT AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT 1, 274 (2000).
182. CONG. BUDGET OFFICE, FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE: MARRIAGE AND THE FEDERAL INCOME TAX 29-30 (1997), available at http://www.cbo.gov/flpdocs/0xx/doc7/ marriage.pdf.
183. Mary Anne Case, How High the Apple Pie? A Few Troubling Questions About Where, Why, and How the Burden of Care for Children Should Be Shifted, 76 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 1753, 1762 (2001).
184. See, e.g., Gustavo Arellano, What's a Little Marriage Fraud Between Amigos?, PHOENIX NEW TIMES, July 8, 2010, http://wvw.phoenixnewtimes.com/2010- 07-08/newsAvhat-s-a-bttlemarriage-fraud-between-amigos.
185. Heather Ratcliffe, Sham Marriage Nets Year of Probation, ST. LOUIS POST-DISPATCH, Oct. 13, 2007, at A10.
186. See, e.g., Monte Neil Stewart, Judicial Redefinition of Marriage, 21 CAN. J. FAM. L. 11 (2004).
187. See Courtney M. Cahill, The Genuine Article: A Subversive Economic Perspective on the Law's Procreationist Vision of Marriage, 64 WASH. & LEE L. REV. 393,397 (2007).
188. George W. Dent, Jr., Traditional Marriage: Still Worth Defending, 18 BYU J. PUB. L. 424, 424 (2004).
189. See Kerry Abrams & Peter Brooks, Marriage as a Message: Same-Sex Couples and the Rhetoric of Accidental Procreation, 21 YALE J.L. & HUM. 1, 33-35 (2009).
190. See Kerry Abrams, Becoming a Citizen: Marriage, Immigration, and Assimilation, in GENDER EQUALITY: DIMENSIONS OF WOMEN'S EQUAL CITIZENSHIP (Linda McClain & Joanna Grossman eds., 2009).
191. See STEPHANIE COONTZ, THE WAY WE NEVER WERE: AMERICAN FAMILIES AND THE NOSTALGIA TRAP 2 (1992).
192. Thomas C. McCormick & Douglas W. Oberdorfer, Marriage and Divorce Rates in Wisconsin, 1920-35,47 AM. J. Soc. 563,565 (1942).
193. See U.S. DEP'T OF LABOR, BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, USDL-11-0396, EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES-2010, at 10 tbl.5 (2011), available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/famee.pdf, tbl.5.
194. FED. INTERAGENCY FORUM ON CHILD & FAMILY STATISTICS, AMERICA'S CHILDREN IN BRIEF: KEY NATIONAL INDICATORS OF WELL-BEING, 2010, at 4 (2010), available at http://www.childstats.gov/pdf/ac2010/ac-l0.pdf.
195. see also MAXINE ElCHNER, THE SUPPORTIVE STATE: FAMILIES, GOVERNMENT, AND AMERICA'S POLITICAL IDEALS 105 (2010).
196. See Martha L.A. Fineman, Masking Dependency: The Political Role of Family Rhetoric, 81 VA. L. REV. 2181, 2186 (1995).
197. Gerald Neuman, On the Adequacy of Direct Review After the Real ID Act of 2005, 51 N.Y.L. SCH. L. REV. 133, 136-137 (2006/07).
198. See, e.g., Elizabeth F. Emens, Changing Name Changing: Framing Rules and the Future of Marital Names, 74 U. CHI. L. REV. 761, 823-827 (2008).
199. See Brown v. Cont'l Airlines, Inc., No. 10-20015 (5th Cir. July 18, 2011), available at http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/10/10-20015-CV0. wpd.pdf.
200. Linda McClain, Love, Marriage, and the Baby Carriage: Revisiting the Channeling Function of Family Law, 28 CARDOZO L. REV. 2133,2146-2147 (2007).
201. see Anne L. Alstott, Tax Policy and Feminism: Competing Goals and Institutional Choices, 96 COLUM. L. REV. 2001, 2059-2066 (1996).
202. Katharine Silbaugh, Turning Labor into Love: Housework and the Law, 91 Nw. U. L. REV. 1 (1996) (examining methods of valuing housework).
203. See, e.g., Perry v. Schwarzenegger, 704 F. Supp. 2d 921, 970 (N.D. Cal. 2010).
204. See, e.g., Goodridge v. Dep't of Pub. Health, 798 N.E.2d 941, 955-956 (Mass. 2003).
205. Baker v. State, 744 A.2d 864, 883-884 (Vt. 1999).
206. Angela P. Harris, Loving Before and After the Law, 76 FORDHAM L. REV. 2821, 2843 (2008).
207. Martha Albertson Fineman, Why Marriage?, 9 VA. J. Soc. POL'Y & L. 239,245-249 (2001).
208. See, e.g., MICHAEL WARNER, THE TROUBLE WITH NORMAL: SEX, POLITICS, AND THE ETHICS OF QUEER LIFE (1999).
209. Katherine Franke, The Domesticated Liberty o/Lawrence v. Texas, 104 COLUM. L. REV. 1399, 1414-1416 (2004).
210. See MILTON C. REGAN, ALONE TOGETHER: LAW AND THE MEANINGS OF MARRIAGE 5 (1999).
211. Bruce Hafen, Individualism and Autonomy in Family Law: The Waning of Belonging, 1991 BYU L. REV. 1, 31-42.
212. Elizabeth S. Scott & Robert E. Scott, Marriage as a Relational Contract, 84 VA. L. REV. 1225,1231-1232 (1998).
213. See, e.g., Goodridge v. Dep't of Health, 798 N.E.2d 941, 995 (Mass. 2003).
214. Hernandez v. Robles, 855 N.E.2d 1, 7 (N.Y. 2006).
215. Andersen v. King County, 138 P.3d 963, 981 (Wash. 2006) (holding the same as in Goodridge).
216. Lewis v. Harris, 188 N.J. 415, 458 (2005).
217. EVAN WOLFSON, WHY MARRIAGE MATTERS: AMERICA, EQUALITY, AND GAY PEOPLE'S RIGHT TO MARRY 3,55 (2004).
218. See, e.g., William N. Eskridge, Jr., Essay, Comparative Law and the Same-Sex Marriage Debate: A Step-by-Step Approach Toward State Recognition, 31 McGEORGE L. REV. 641, 658 (2000).
219. Larry E. Ribstein, A Standard Form Approach to Same-Sex Marriage, 38 CREIGHTON L. REV. 309 (2005).
220. Carol Weisbrod, The Way We Live Now: A Discussion of Contracts and Domestic Arrangements, 1994 UTAH L. REV. 777, 810-811.
221. Barry Kozak, Civil Unions in Illinois: Issues that Illinois Lawyers Should Consider, CBA REC, Apr. 2011, at 30, available at http://www.edigitalpub. com/publication/?i=67643&p=30.
222. see David D. Meyer, Fragmentation and Consolidation in the Law of Marriage and Same-Sex Relationships, 58 AM. J. COMP. L. 115 (Supp. 2010).
223. See, e.g., Ian Ayers, Op-Ed, Separate, Unequal: How Civil Unions Fall Short of Marriage, HARTFORD COURANT, June 10, 2005, at A13.
224. see also Cass R. Sunstein, The Right to Marry, 26 CARDOZO L. REV. 2081 (2005).
225. See Suzanne A. Kim, Skeptical Marriage Equality, 34 HARV. J.L. & GENDER 37 (2011).
226. See Christine A. Littleton, Reconstructing Sexual Equality, 75 CALIF. L. REV. 1279 (1987).
227. CITIZENSHIP & IMMIGRATION CAN., IMM 3900 E, SPONSORSHIP OF A SPOUSE, COMMON-IAW PARTNER, COMMON-LAW CONJUGAL PARTNER OR DEPENDENT CHILD LIVING OUTSIDE CANADA 3, 6 (2010) [hereinafter Sponsorship of a Spouse], available at http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/kits/guides/3900E.pdf.
228. CITIZENSHIP & IMMIGRATION CAN., IMM 5196 E, SPONSORSHIP OF PARENTS, GRANDPARENTS, ADOPTED CHILDREN, AND OTHER RELATIVES 4 (2011), available at http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/kits/guides/5196E.PDF.
229. CITIZENSHIP & IMMIGRATION CAN., IMM EG7000, APPLICATION FOR PERMANENT RESIDENCE: FEDERAL SKILLED WORKER CLASS 3, 6 (2011), available at http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/kits/guides/EG7.pdf.