Drinking water and exclusion: A case study from California's Central Valley

California Law Review

Volumn 100, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 223-268

  Pannu, Camille ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857891973     PISSN: 00081221     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Water: How Much Should You Drink Every Day?, MAYO CLINIC, http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/water/NU00283 (last visited Oct. 25, 2011).
2. Kim Severson & Kirk Johnson, Drought Spreads Pain from Florida to Arizona, N.Y. TIMES, July 11, 2011, at Al.
3. see also Dangerously Dry, N.Y. TIMES (July 11, 2011), http://www.nytimes.com/mteractive/2011/07/11/us/DROUGHT.html.
4. Paul Quinlan, Lake Mead's Water Level Plunges as 11-Year Drought Lingers, N.Y. TIMES (Aug. 13, 2010), http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/08/12/ 12greenwire-lake-meads-water-level-plunges-as-11 -yeardrou- 29594.html.
5. Ari Auber, Drought Damages Texas Infrastructure, TEX. TRB. (Aug. 4, 2011), hrtp://www.texastribune.org/texas-envirormiental-news/nvirorjme damages-texas-infiastructure.
6. see Scott Kraft, In Tiny Seville, Trouble on Tap, L.A. TIMES (Nov. 7, 2010), http://articles.latimes.conV2010/nov/07/ local/la-me-seville-water- 20101107.
7. Charles Duhigg, Millions in US. Drink Contaminated Water. Records Show, N.Y. TIMES, Dec. 7, 2009, at A1.
8. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 02PA) defines small water systems as systems that serve fewer than 3,300 people. Basic Information, Water: Small Systems and Capacity Development, ENVTL. PROT. AGENCY, http:/water.epa.gov/tyrje/drink/pws/smallsystetns/basicinformation.cfrn (last visited Oct 17, 2011).
9. Press Release, U.S. Ctrs. for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Waterborne Diseases Could Cost Over $500 Million Annually in U.S. (July 14, 2010), available at http:/www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/2010/rl00714.htm.
10. Metrics: Disability-Adjusted Life Year, WORLD HEALTH ORG. (WHO), http://www.who.int/healthinfo/globalburden-disease/metricsdaly/en/index.html (last visited Oct 25, 2011).
11. NORRIS HUNDLEY, THE GREAT THIRST: CALIFORNIANS AND WATER, A HISTORY 234-302 (2d ed. 2001).
12. SEE, E.G., UNITED NATIONS DEV. PROGRAMME (UNDP), HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2006-BEYOND SCARCITY: POWER, POVERTY AND THE GLOBAL WATER CRISIS 30-51 (2006).
13. Faqir Singh Bagi, Small Rural Communities' Quest for Safe Drinking Water, 17 RURAL AMER. 40 (Fall 2002), available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/ publications/ruralamerica/ral73/ral73g.pdf.
14. See CAL. DEP'T OF WATER RES., 2009 CALIFORNIA COMPREHENSIVE WATER PACKAGE: SPECIAL SESSION POLICY BILLS AND BOND SUMMARY (2009).
15. See also Bettina Boxall, California Legislature Passes State Water Conservation Bill, L.A. TIMES (Nov. 4, 2009), http://articles.latinies.com/2009/ nov/04/local/mewater4 (emphasizing the coastal urban/agricultural divide).
16. Jennifer Steinhauer, California Water Overhaul Caps Use, N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 5, 2009, at A16 (same).
17. California Right to Water Bill Vetoed, CIRCLE OF BLUE (Oct 21, 2009, 5:10 PM), http://www.circleofblue.org/watemews/2009/world/ califomia-right-to-water- bill-vetoed.
18. See, e.g., Nathan Baker, Water, Water, Everywhere, and at Last a Drop for Salmon? NRDC v. Houston Heralds New Prospects Under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, 29 ENVTL. L. 607 (1999) (biodiversity and habitat preservation).
19. Michael C. Blumm & Thea Schwartz, Mono Lake and the Evolving Public Trust in Western Water, 37 ARIZ. L. REV. 701 (1995) (same).
20. Nathaniel H. Clark, Upstream Struggle: California Attempts to Salvage Wild Salmon and Steelhead Trout, 40 McGEORGE L. REV. 563 (2009) (same).
21. Joshua Harris, A Lasting Proposal for Endangered Bay-Delta Fish Survival: The Environmental Water Account and the Accumulation of Water Contract Rights in the Central Valley Project and the State Water Project, 26 ENVIRONS ENVTL. L. & POL'Y J. 121 (2002) (same).
22. Ruth Langridge, Confronting Drought: Water Supply Planning and the Establishment of a Strategic Groundwater Reserve, 12 U. DENV. WATER L. REV. 295 (2009) (conservation).
23. Gregory A. Thomas, Conserving Aquatic Biodiversity: A Critical Comparison of Legal Tools for Augmenting Stream/lows in California, 15 STAN. ENVTL. L.J. 3 (1996) (biodiversity and habitat preservation).
24. See, e.g, Linda A. Malone, The Myths and Truths that Ended the 2000 TMDL Program, 20 PACE ENVTL. L. REV. 63 (2002) (water quality regulation).
25. Scott M. Rennie, Selenium in San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Drainage: A Major Toxic Threat to Fish and Wildlife Inadequately Addressed by the Central Valley Project Improvement Act, 27 PAC. L.J. 303 (1996) (biodiversity and habitat preservation).
26. Laura E. Lund, Asthma in Adults in California Counties, 2003, CAL. DEP'T OF HEALTH SERVS., CTR. FOR HEALTH STATISTICS (February 2005).
27. Laura E. Lund, Asthma in Children and Adolescents in California Counties, 2003, CAL. DEP'T OF HEALTH SERVS., CTR. FOR HEALTH STATISTICS (Feb. 2005).
28. CAL. DIABETES PROGRAM, DIABETES IN CALIFORNIA COUNTIES: PREVALENCE, RISK FACTORS AND RESOURCES 68 (2005).
29. CAL. DIABETES PROGRAM, DIABETES IN CALIFORNIA COUNTIES 67 (2009).
30. CENT. VALLEY HEALTH & NUTRITION COLLABORATIVE & UNIV. OF CAL. COOP. EXTENSION FOR FRESNO CNTY., CENTRAL VALLEY MALNUTRITION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY (2008).
31. CAL. DEP'T OF PESTICIDE REGULATION, PESTICIDE-RELATED ILLNESS SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM, EXPOSURE BY TYPE OF ACTIVITY (2006).
32. CAL. DEP'T OF PESTICIDE REGULATION, PESTICIDE-RELATED ILLNESS SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM, AGRICULTURAL DRIFT CASES REPORTED BY CALIFORNIA PHYSICIANS (2006).
33. see also California's Central Valley: The Problem with Pesticides, NAT'L PUB. RADIO (Nov. 11-14, 2002), http://www.npr.org/progranWatc/features/2002/ nov/central-valley [hereinafter The Problem with Pesticides].
34. Julia Scott, State's Nitrates Problem Grows Unchecked, S.F. CHRON., May 17,2010, at A1.
35. see JANICE WOODARD ET AL., VA. COOP. EXTENSION, PUB. NO. 356-484, NITRATES IN HOUSEHOLD WATER (2009), available at http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/356/356- 484/356-484jxlf.pdf.
36. Ctrs. for Disease Control & Prevention, Methemoglobinemia Attributable to Nitrite Contamination of Potable Water Through Boiler Fluid Additives, 46 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY. REP. 202 (1997), available at ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Publications/mmwr/wk/mrn4609.pdf.
37. Nitrate and Drinking Water from Private Wells, CTRS. FOR DISEASE CONTROL & PREVENTION, http://vvww.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/ private/wells/disease/nitrate.html (last visited Oct 25,2011).
38. TADLOCK COWAN, CONG. RESEARCH SERV., RL 33184, CALIFORNIA'S SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY: A REGION IN TRANSITION 2, 50, 53, 56-59, 72-73, 79-82 (2005), available at http://www.nationakglawcenter.org/assete/crs/RL33184.pdf.
39. Local Area Unemployment Statistics, BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/dsrv71a (last visited Oct 25, 2011).
40. Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates: Estimates for California Counties, 2009, U.S. CENSUS, http://www.census.gov/did/www/saipe/county.html (last visited Oct. 26, 2011)
41. Matthew Bloch et al., Food Stamp Usage Across the Country, N.Y. TIMES (Nov. 11, 2009), http://www.nytimes.eom/interactive/2009/ll/28/us/20091128- foodstamps.html.
42. California Water Subsidies: Large Agribusiness Operations-Not Small Family Farms- Are Reaping a Windfall from Taxpayer-Subsidized Cheap Water, ENVTL. WORKING GROUP, http://archive.ewg.org/reports/Watersubsidies (last visited Oct 25, 2011).
43. U.S. GEN. ACCOUNTING OFFICE, GAO/RCED-94-8, WATER SUBSIDES: IMPACT OF HIGHER IRRIGATION RATES ON CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT FARMERS (1994).
44. see Lloyd G. Carter, Reaping Riches in a Wretched Region: Subsidized Industrial Farming and Its Link to Perpetual Poverty, 3 GOLDEN GATE U. ENVTL. L.J. 5 (2009)
45. Mary Louise Frampton, The Enforcement of Federal Reclamation Law in the Westlands Water District: A Broken Promise, 13 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 89 (1979-1980).
46. Michelle Wilde Anderson, Cities Inside Out: Race, Poverty and Exclusion at the Urban Fringe, 55 UCLA L. REV. 1095,1106-1112 (2008) [hereinafter Anderson, Cities Inside Out].
47. ENVTL. JUSTICE COAL. FOR WATER, THIRSTY FOR JUSTICE: A PEOPLE'S BLUEPRINT FOR CALIFORNIA WATER 57-58 (2005), available at http://www.ejcw.org/ ThirstyforJustice.pdf.
48. Rural Income, Poverty, and Welfare: Poverty Geography, ECON. RESEARCH SERV. (ERS), http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/incomepovertywelfare/ povertygeography.htm (last updated Sept 17, 2011).
49. Measuring Rurality: Rural- Urban Continuum Codes, ECON. RESEARCH SERV., http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/RuraUty/ruralurbcon/ (last updated Apr. 28, 2004)
50. Community Equity Initiative, CAL. RURAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE, INC., http://www.crla.org/ node/30 (last visited Oct 25, 2011) [hereinafter CRLA]
51. Unincorporated Communities: The Community Equity Initiative, POUCYLlNK, http://www.policylink.org/site/clkIXLbMNJrE/b.5160111/k.8DA6/ Unincorporated-Communities.htm (last visited Oct. 25, 2011).
52. Michelle Wilde Anderson, Mapped Out of Local Democracy, 62 STAN. L. REV. 931, 107-108 (2010)
53. Phoebe Seaton & Ilene J. Jacobs, Advocating for Equity in California's Rural Communities, RURAL VOICES, Winter 2009-2010, at 15-16.
54. see generally MARK ARAX, WEST OF THE WEST (2009)
55. JAMES N. GREGORY, AMERICAN EXODUS: THE DUST BOWL MIGRATION AND OKIE CULTURE IN CALIFORNIA (1989).
56. JAMES N. GREGORY, THE SOUTHERN DIASPORA: How THE GREAT MIGRATIONS OF BLACK AND WHITE SOUTHERNERS TRANSFORMED AMERICA 26-31 (2005).
57. GERALD HASLAM, THE OTHER CALIFORNIA: THE GREAT CENTRAL VALLEY IN LIFE AND LETTERS 13,120 (1994).
58. STEPHEN JOHNSON ET AL., THE GREAT CENTRAL VALLEY: CALIFORNIA'S HEARTLAND 204 (1993).
59. CRAIG SCHARUN & LILIA v. VILLANUEVA, PHILIP VERA CRUZ: A PERSONAL HISTORY OF FILIPINO IMMIGRANTS AND THE FARMWORKERS MOVEMENT (2000).
60. Dorothy Fujita Rony, Rereading Philip Vera Cruz, 3 J. ASIAN AM. STUD. 139 (2000).
61. Melissa Tav, Far Removed from Their Homeland, Many Hmong Learn to Thrive in California's Central Valley, COLLEGIAN (Oct 12, 2007), http://collegian. csurresno.edu/2007/10/12/far-removed-frommeir- homeland-many-hmong-leam-to- thrive-m-caUfornia's-central-valley.
62. UFW History: The Rise of the UFW, UNITED FARM WORKERS, http://www.ufw.org/-page.php?menu=research&inc=history/03html (last visited Oct 25,2011).
63. Victor Rubin et al., Unincorporated Communities in the San Joaquin Valley: New Responses to Poverty, Inequity, and a System of Unresponsive Governance 2 (2007)
64. Race, Hispanic or Latino, Age, and Housing Occupancy: 2010, 2010.Census Redisricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, U.S. CENSUS BUREAU, http://factfinder2.census.gov (last visited Oct. 25, 2011)
65. ALICE C. ROYAL ET AL., ALLENSWORTH, THE FREEDOM COLONY: A CALIFORNIA AFRICAN AMERICAN TOWNSHIP (2008).
66. See History & Heritage, BlOLA UNIV., http://www.biola.edu/about/ history (last visited Oct. 25, 2011).
67. JOHN STEINBECK, THE GRAPES OF WRATH 254, 361 (Penguin 2002) (1939).
68. see WEEDPATCH CAMP, http://weedpatchcamp.com (last visited Oct. 25, 2011)
69. Hirotsugu Inoue, The Weedpatch Camp as a Symbol of American Democracy, in JOHN STEINBECK-ASIAN PERSPECTIVES: SELECTED PAPERS FROM THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL STEINBECK CONGRESS 215 (Kiyoshi Nakayama et al. eds., 1990).
70. WOODY GUTHRIE, DO Re Mi, on DUST BOWL BALLADS (RCA Victor Records 1940).
71. Compare Bret Harte CDP, California, U.S. CENSUS, http://factfinder. cerism.gov/home/safl7marn.html (last visited Oct. 27, 2011)
72. California, U.S. CENSUS, http://factfmder.census.gov/home/saff/niam.html (last visited Oct 27, 2011)
73. Forgotten Voices, CTR. ON RACE, POVERTY & THE ENV'T, http://www.crpeej.org/crpe/index.php?option=com-content&view=article&id= 105&Itemid=103 (last visited Oct. 25, 2011).
74. Healthy Water, CTRS. FOR DISEASE CONTROL & PREVENTION, http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater (last visited Oct. 25,2011).
75. WHO & U.N. WATER, UN-WATER GLOBAL ANNUAL ASSESSMENT OF SANITATION AND DRINKING WATER 1 (2010).
76. Health & Academics, Cms. FOR DISEASE CONTROL & PREVENTION, http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/health-and-academics (last visited Oct. 25,2011).
77. HESPERIAN FOUND., WATER FOR LIFE: COMMUNITY WATER SECURITY 4 (2005).
78. See Water Security, U.S. ENVTL. PROTECTION AGENCY, http:/Avater.epa.gov/ infxastructureAvatersecurity (last visited Feb. 12,2011).
79. Raymond B. Palmquist & V. Kerry Smith, The Use ofHedonic Property Value Techniques for Policy and Litigation, in THE INTERNATIONAL YEARBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE ECONOMICS 2002/2003, at 115 (Thomas H. Tietenberg & Henk Folmer eds., 2003).
80. Francois Des Rosiers et al., Environment and Value: Does Drinking Water Quality Affect House Prices?, 17 J. PROP. INV. & FIN. 444,450-458 (1999).
81. see generally DAVID RiCARDO, ON THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY & TAXATION (1817).
82. Melissa A. Boyle & Katherine A. Kiel, A Survey of House Price Hedonic Studies of the Impact of Environmental Externalities, 9 J. REAL EST. LITERATURE 117, 123-126 (2009).
83. J.H. Dales, Land, Water, and Ownership, 1 CAN. J. ECON. 791 (1968).
84. Margaret Palmer et al., Ecology for a Crowded Planet, 304 SCI. 1251 (2004).
85. U.S. ENVTL. PROTECTION AGENCY, AGING WATER INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH PROGRAM: ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGE THROUGH INNOVATION 1 (2007).
86. Hamida Kinge, What's on Tap: America's Failing Water Infrastructure, NEXT AM. CrTY, Fall 2009, at 33-35.
87. Reed N. Colfax, Kennedy v. City of Zanesville.' Making the Case for Water, HUM. RTS., Fall 2009, http://wvww.americanbar.org/publications/human- rights-magazine-homeAiT-lu-fall09-home/in'Jir-fall09-colfax.html.
88. Thomas J. Prohaska, Water Monitoring Seen as Cost Saver, BUFFALO NEWS (Sept. 13, 2010), http://www.buffalonews.com/city/articlel88856.ece.
89. Poor Water Quality and Human Health, U.S. ENVTL. PROTECTION AGENCY, http://water.epa.gov/arink/info/well/health.cfm (last visited Oct 22, 2011)
90. U.S. EPA defines "small public water systems" as systems that serve fewer than 3,300 users. Small Systems and Capacity Development, U.S. ENVTL. PROTECTION AGENCY, hrrpy/water.erw.gov/type/drink/pws/smallsystem/ basicinformation.cfm (last visited Oct. 25,2011).
91. Joslin v. Marin Mua Water Dist, 429 P.2d 889,893 (Cal. 1967).
92. see generally DAVID CARLE, INTRODUCTION TO WATER IN CALIFORNIA (2004) (providing a primer to California water issues).
93. ROBERT DE ROOS, THE THIRSTY LAND: THE STORY OF THE CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT (1948).
94. SHERIDAN DOWNEY, THEY WOULD RULE THE VALLEY (1947)
95. MARC REISNER, CADILLAC DESERT: THE AMERICAN WEST AND ITS DISAPPEARING WATER (1993)
96. George Skelton, Water Still Divides the State, L.A. TIMES, Nov. 16, 2009, at A2
97. See Dugan v. Rank, 372 U.S. 609 (1963).
98. Greeson v. Imperial Irrigation Dist., 59 F.2d 529 (9th Cir. 1931).
99. City of Barstow v. Mojave Water Agency, 5 P.3d 853 (Cal. 2000).
100. Rancho Santa Margarita v. Vail, 81 P.2d 533 (Cal. 1938).
101. Williams v. Costa, 198 P. 1017 (Cal. Ct App. 3d 1921).
102. Greeson v. Imperial Irrigation Dist, 59 F.2d 529 (9th Cir. 1931).
103. Herminghaus v. So. Cal. Edison Co., 252 P. 607 (Cal. 1926).
104. Turner v. James Canal Co., 99 P. 520 (Cal. 1909).
105. Lux v. Haggin, 10 P. 674 (Cal. 1886).
106. Drinking Water Program, CAL. DEP'T OF PUB. HEALTH, htrp:/Avww.cdph.ca. gov/programs/pages/dwp.aspx (last visited Oct 25,2011).
107. See also Rose Francis & Laurel Firestone, Implementing the Human Right to Water in California's Central Valley: Building a Democratic Voice Through Community Engagement in Water Policy Decision Making, 47 WILLAMETTE L. REV. 495, 514-515 n.77 (2011)
108. CAL. DEP'T OF PUB. HEALTH, DRINKING WATER PROGRAM, ANNUAL COMPLIANCE REPORT FOR PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS 2006 app. A-B [hereinafter 2006 ANNUAL COMPLIANCE REPORT], available at http://www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/ Documents/DWdocuments/AnnualComplianceReport2006.pdf.
109. see also The Problem, COMMUNITY WATER CENTER, http://www. corrimuriitywatercenter.org (last visited Oct 22, 2011).
110. see also Carolina Balazs, Third World Problems in California?: A Case Study of Drinking Water in Tulare County 3 (May 9, 2005)
111. Sofia Parino, Ctr. on Race, Poverty & the Env't, Presentation on the Tulare County General Plan, Delano, Cal. (May 28,2010).
112. Small Drinking Water Systems Variances-Public Water Systems, U.S. ENVTL. PROTECTION AGENCY, http:/Avater.epa.gov/mfrastiucture/dWnkmgwater/pws/ affordability.cmi (last visited Oct. 25,2011)
113. Brian Cohen & Richard Wiles, Pouring It On: Nitrate Contamination of Drinking Water, ENVTL. WORKING GROUP (Feb. 1996), http://www.ewg.org/reports/ nitrate.
114. CAL. DEP'T OF PUB. HEALTH, DRINKING WATER PROGRAM, ANNUAL COMPLIANCE REPORT FOR PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS 2007 app. D (2009) [hereinafter 2007 ANNUAL COMPLIANCE REPORT], available at http://www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/ Documents/DWdocuments/2007ComplianceReportAmendedAug182009corrected.pdf.
115. Global Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, CTRS. FOR DISEASE CONTROL & PREVENTION, http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/globalAvash-diseases.html (last visited Oct 26,2011).
116. For a heartbreaking, yet quintessential, example of these cumulative harms, see Jacques Leslie, What's Killing the Babies of Kettleman City?, MOTHER JONES, July/Aug. 2010, at 44, available at http://mothen'ones.conVenvironment/ 2010/07/kettleman-city-toxic-birth-defect-cluster.
117. See also Titania Kumeh, Kettleman City's Toxic Web, MOTHER JONES, July/Aug. 2010, at 48, available at http://motherjones.com/environment/2010/07/ kettleman-city-toxic
118. Joslin v. Marin Mun. Water Dist, 429 P.2d 889, 893 (Cal. 1967).
119. History of the Water Control Boards, STATE WATER RES. CONTROL BOARD, http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/about-us/water-boards-structure/history.shtml (last updated Sept. 20,2011).
120. Dr. Edwin F. Klotz, Testifying on Senate Resolution 357, Analysis of the Relationship of the State Board of Education and the State Superintendent of Public Instruction (1967) (available at http://www.cde.ca.gov/nr/re/hd/ documents/yrl967hd.doc).
121. CAL. CONST, art 5, § 14(f); SEC'Y OF STATE OF CAL., CALIFORNIA BALLOT PAMPHLET: GENERAL ELECTION NOVEMBER 9, 1988,98-101, 140-44, available at http://traynor.uchastings.edu/ballot-pdf1988g.pdf.
122. SEC'Y OF STATE OF CAL., HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA INITIATIVES 7 (2002), available at http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/init-history.pdf.
123. About Us: Introduction to CDI Operations, CAL. DEP'T INS., http://www.insurance.ca.gov/0500-about-us/0100-cdi-introduction (last visited Oct. 26,2011).
124. Governments-Individual State Descriptions, in U.S. CENSUS OF GOVERNMENTS (2007), available at http://www2.censiis.gov/govs/cog/all-ind-st-descr.pdf.
125. About Cal Water, CAL. WATER SERV. Co., http://www.calwater.com/about/ index.php (last visited Oct 26,2011).
126. Local Governments and Public School Systems by Type and State: 2007, U.S. CENSUS BUREAU, http://www2.census.gov/govs/cog/2007/GovOrgTab03ss.xls (test visited Oct 25, 2011).
127. ALEJANDRA LOPEZ, CTR. FOR COMPARATIVE STUDIES IN RACE & ETHNICITY, LATINO COMMUNITIES OF THE CENTRAL VALLEY: POPULATION, FAMILIES, AND HOUSEHOLDS 7 (2001).
128. see generally ALEJANDRA LOPEZ, CTR. FOR COMPARATIVE STUDIES IN RACE & ETHNICITY, RACE AND POVERTY IN CALIFORNIA: CENSUS 2000 PROFILES (2002)
129. Local Governments and Public School Systems by Type and State, U.S. CENSUS OF GOVERNMENTS (2007), http://www2.census.gov/govs/cog/2007/ GovOrgTab03ss.xls (last visited Oct. 26,2011).
130. Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare Lake Basin Water Storage Dist, 410 U.S. 719, 735-742 (1973)
131. Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare Lake Basin Water Storage Dist, 410 U.S. 719, 735-742 (1973)
132. Your District, CAL. WATER SERV. CO., http://wvww.calwater.com/your- district/index.php (last visited Oct. 26,2011).
133. Rick Holguin, Water District Ends Rationing Program, L.A. TIMES, Apr. 2 1992, at A1.
134. Jerry Martin, Op-Ed, Round 2 in Rural Water Wars-YES: We Must Assure a Future Supply, REPORTER (Vacaville, Cal.), Jan. 28, 2001.
135. Ira E. Stall, Water Agency Plans 3%-4% Rate Increase, L.A. TIMES, Feb. 17, 1995, at Bl.
136. Curtis S. Updike, Retailer Plans to Sell Water, DAILY NEWS L.A. (Thousand Oaks ed.), Nov. 18,1991, at 1.
137. MEGAN MULLIN, GOVERNING THE TAP: SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNANCE AND THE NEW LOCAL POLITICS OF WATER 177-178 (2009).
138. CHRISTOPHER R. BERRY, IMPERFECT UNION: REPRESENTATION AND TAXATION IN MULTILEVEL GOVERNMENTS 129-147 (2009).
139. Richard C. Schragger, Decentralization and Development, 96 VA. L. REV. 1837,1893-97,1901-1906 (2010).
140. See Eric Biber, Too Many Things to Do: How to Deal with the Dysfiinctions of Multiple-Goal Agencies, 33 HARV. ENVTL. L. REV. 1 (2009).
141. William W. Buzbee, Recognizing the Regulatory Commons: A Theory of Regulatory Gaps, 89 IOWA L. REV. 1 (2003).
142. Anne Joseph O'Connell, The Architecture of Smart Intelligence, 94 CALIF. L. REV. 1655 (2006).
143. See, e.g., Holly Doremus, CALFED and the Quest for Optimal Institutional Fragmentation, 12 ENVTL. SCI. & POL'Y 729, 729-730 (2009)
144. Alejandro E. Camacho, Transforming the Means and Ends of Natural Resources Management, 89 N.C. L. REV. 1405,1417-1423 (2011).
145. But see Alejandro E. Camacho, Adapting Governance to Climate Change: Managing Uncertainty Through a Learning Infrastructure, 59 EMORY L.J. 1,26-29 (2009).
146. California Water Plan, CAL. DEP'T OF WATER RES., http://www.waterplan. water.ca.gov (last visited Oct 22,2011).
147. CAL. DEP'T OF WATER RES., CALIFORNIA WATER PLAN UPDATE 2009-HIGHLIGHTS 12 (2009), available at http://www.wateiplan.water.ca.gov/docs/cwpu2009/0310final/ highlights-cwp20O9-spreadpdf.
148. Loretta Kalb, Stale Water Quality Board Wants to Cut Back on Inspections, SACRAMENTO BEE, Oct. 18, 2010, at A1.
149. Kate Campbell, CA Governor: Taxes, Cuts and Agriculture, NAT. RES. REP. (Jan. 21, 2011), http://naturalresourcereport.com/2011/01/ca-governor-taxes- cuts-and-agriculture.
150. see also Kate Campbell, State Budget Gap Totals $19 Billion; Cuts, Fees Planned, AGALERT (May 19, 2010), http://www.agalert.com/story/?id=1542.
151. See Affordability Considerations, U.S. ENVTL. PROTECTION AGENCY, http://water.epa.gov/infstrcture/sustain/affordabihty.cfm (last visited Oct. 26,2011).
152. See generally KAY LEHMAN SHLOZMAN & JOHN T. TIERNEY, ORGANIZED INTERESTS AND AMERICAN DEMOCRACY (1996)
153. Governor's Veto Message, Assemb. B. 1242, 2009-2010 Leg., Reg. Sess. (Cal. 2009), available at ftp://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab-l201- 1250/ab-l242-cfa-20100917-162710-asm-floor.html
154. Russell Clemings, Gov. Brown Signs Clean-Water Bills: Laws Come on Heels of Plan to Improve Small Water Systems, FRESNO BEE (Oct 8, 2011), http://www.fresnobee.com/2011/10/07/2568202/brown-signs-clean-water-bills.html.
155. see also CLAUDIA COPELAND & MARY TIEMANN, CONG, RESEARCH SERV., RL31116, WATER INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS AND INVESTMENT: REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF KEY ISSUES 19 (2010)