Green cellular networks: A survey, some research issues and challenges

IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 524-540

  Hasan, Ziaul ^a   Boostanimehr, Hamidreza ^a   Bhargava, Vijay K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

cognitive radio; cooperative relaying; efficiency metrics; energy efficient networks; femtocells; Green communication; microcells; picocells

Indexed keywords

CELLULAR NETWORK; CELLULAR OPERATORS; CELLULAR SYSTEM; COOPERATIVE RELAYING; EMERGING TRENDS; ENERGY EFFICIENT; ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS; FEMTOCELLS; FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES; HETEROGENOUS NETWORK; MICRO CELL; NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE; NETWORK OPERATOR; PICOCELLS; POWER EFFICIENCY; RESEARCH ISSUES; RESEARCH VISION; TOTAL ENERGY;

BASE STATIONS; CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEMS; COGNITIVE RADIO; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; FEMTOCELL; HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS; PROFITABILITY; RELAY CONTROL SYSTEMS; RESEARCH; SURVEYS; TECHNOLOGY;

CELLULAR NEURAL NETWORKS;

EID: 84857857468     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1553877X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/SURV.2011.092311.00031     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Green Power for Mobile, GSMA, "Community Power Using Mobile to Extend the Grid". Available: http://www.gsmworld.com/documents/gpfm- community-power11-white-paper-lores.pdf
2. C. Han et al., "Green radio: Radio techniques to enable energy-efficient wireless networks," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 46-54, 2011.
3. L. M Correia, et. al, "Challenges and enabling technologies for energy aware mobile radio networks," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.48, no.11, pp.66-72, November 2010.
4. 3GPP TR 32.826, Telecommunication management; Study on Energy Savings Management (ESM), (Release 10), Mar 2010. Available: http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/ Specs/html-info/32826.htm
5. ITU-T Focus Group on Future Networks (FG FN), FG-FN OD-66, Draft Deliverable on "Overview of Energy Saving of Networks", October 2010. Available: http://www.itu.int/dms-pub/itut/oth/3A/05/T3A050000660001MSWE.doc
6. Energy Aware Radio and NeTwork TecHnologies (EARTH)". https://www.ict-earth.eu/
7. Towards Real Energy-efficient Network Design (TREND)". http://www.fp7-trend.eu/
8. Cognitive Radio and Cooperative strategies for Power saving in multistandard wireless devices (C2POWER)". http://www.ict-c2power.eu/
9. Chen Yan, S. Zhang, S. Xu, and G. Y. Li, "Fundamental trade-offs on green wireless networks," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 3037, 2011.
10. Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions, "ATIS Report on Wireless Network Energy Efficiency", ATIS Exploratory Group on Green (EGG), Jan. 2010.
11. European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Environmental Engineering (EE) Energy Efficiency of Wireless Access Network Equipment, ETSI TS 102 706, v1.1.1, Aug. 2009
12. A. P. Bianzino, A. K. Raju, and D. Rossi, "Apple-to-Apple: A framework analysis for energy-efficiency in networks," Proc. of SIGMETRICS, 2nd GreenMetrics workshop, 2010.
13. T. Chen, H. Kim, and Y. Yang, "Energy efficiency metrics for green wireless communications," 2010 International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), pp.1-6, 21-23 Oct. 2010.
14. C. Belady, et al., "Green Grid Data Center Power Efficiency Metrics: PUE and DCIE," The Green Grid, 2008.
15. The Energy Consumption Rating Initiative, "Energy Efficiency for Network Equipment: Two Steps Beyond Greenwashing", White Paper, August 10 2008. Available: http://www.ecrinitiative.org/pdfs/ECR-TSBG-1-0.pdf
16. The Energy Consumption Rating Initiative, "Network and Telecom Equipment-Energy and Performance Assessment", Draft 3.0.1, December 14, 2010. Available: http://www.ecrinitiative.org
17. Transmittal of ATIS Energy Efficiencies Specifications. Available: http://www.itu.int/md/dologin-md.asp?lang=en&id=T09-FG.ICT-IL-0003!!MSW-E.
18. Verizon NEBS Compliance: Energy Efficiency Requirements for Telecommunications Equipment, Issue 4, August 2009. Available: http://www.verizonnebs.com/TPRs/VZ-TPR-9205.pdf
19. M. Parker and S. Walker, "Roadmapping ICT: An Absolute Energy Efficiency Metric," IEEE/OSA J. Optical Commun. Netw., vol. 3, no. 8, August 2011.
20. Asif D. Gandhi, and Mark E. Newbury, "Evaluation of the energy efficiency metrics for wireless networks", Bell Labs Technical Journal, vol. 16, issue 1, pages 207-215, June 2011.
21. Telecommunication Predictions 2010, Technology, Media & Telecommunications Industry Group, Deloitte. Available: http://www.deloitte. com/assets/Dcom-UnitedStates/LocalAssets/Documents/TMT-us-tmt/ us-tmt-telecompredictions2010.pdf
22. Multiradio Base Station makes network evolution easier and greener than ever", Press Release Feb 5 2009, Nokia Siemens Networks. Available: http://www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/sites/default/files/document/ NokiaSiemensNetworks-2009-02-05-enFlexiMultiradioBTS.pdf
23. The green CDMA base station", Huawei Communicate, Issue 45, 2009. Available: http://www.huawei.com/ilink/en/download/HW-082-746
24. Flexenclosure E-site Case Study, Available: http://www.flexenclosure.com/ Esite.aspx
25. J. T Louhi, "Energy efficiency of modern cellular base stations," 29th International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), 2007, pp.475-476, Sept. 30 2007-Oct. 4 2007.
26. Zhisheng Niu, Yiqun Wu, Jie Gong, and Zexi Yang, "Cell zooming for cost-efficient green cellular networks," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.48, no.11, pp.74-79, November 2010.
27. M. A Marsan, and M. Meo, "Energy efficient wireless Internet access with cooperative cellular networks," Comput. Netw. (2010)
28. Ashwin Amanna, "Green Communications: Annotated Review and Research Vision", Virginia Tech..
29. H. Claussen, L. T. W Ho, and F. Pivit, "Effects of joint macrocell and residential picocell deployment on the network energy efficiency," IEEE 19th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), 2008, pp.1-6, 15-18 Sept. 2008.
30. James Sean Kim et.al., "Advanced Power Amplifier Design Using Doherty Configurations", Global Seminars, Ansoft Corporation.
31. M. J. Chang, Z. Abichar, and Chau-Yun Hsu, "WiMAX or LTE: Who will Lead the Broadband Mobile Internet?," IT Professional , vol.12, no.3, pp.26-32, May-June 2010.
32. 3G Americas, "The benefits of son in LTE: Self-optimizing and selforganizing networks", White Paper, Dec 2009.
33. L.C. Schmelz, et. al, "Self-organisation in Wireless Networks Use Cases and their Interrelation", 22nd WWRF, May 2009.
34. M. A Marsan, L. Chiaraviglio, D. Ciullo, and M. Meo "Optimal Energy Savings in Cellular Access Networks," IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops, 2009, pp.1-5, 14-18 June 2009.
35. I. Viering, et. al., "A Distributed Power Saving Algorithm for Cellular Networks", Proc. of IWSOS, Dec 2009.
36. K. Samdanis, D. Kutscher, and M. Brunner, "Self-organized energy efficient cellular networks," Proc. IEEE PIMRC'10, pp. 1665-1670, 2010.
37. K. Samdanis, D. Kutscher, and M. Brunner, "Dynamic energy-aware network re-configuration for cellular urban infrastructures," IEEE GLOBECOM GreenComm3 Workshops 2010, pp. 1448-1452, 2010.
38. S. Bhaumik, G. Narlikar, and S. Chattopadhyay, "Breathe to stay cool: Adjusting cell sizes to reduce energy consumption," Proc. of the First ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Green Networking, Aug-Sep. 2010.
39. Green Power for Mobile ", http://www.gsmworld.com/ourwork/mobile- planet/green-power-for-mobile/
40. Bi-annual Report November 2010", Green Power for Mobile, GSMA. Available: http://www.gsm.org/documents/GPM-Bi-Annual-Report-June-10.pdf
41. Vandana Bassoo, Kevin Tom, A. K. Mustafa, Ellie Cijvat, Henrik Sjoland, and Mike Faulkner, "A Potential Transmitter Architecture for Future Generation Green Wireless Base Station," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2009, Article ID 821846, 8 pages, 2009.
42. Understanding the Environmental Impact of Communication Systems", Plextek, Final Report, 27 April 2009. Available: http://stakeholders.ofcom.org. uk/binaries/research/technologyresearch/environ.pdf.
43. D. Calin, H. Claussen, and H. Uzunalioglu, "On femto deployment architectures and macrocell offloading benefits in joint macro-femto deployments," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 26-32, 2010.
44. F. Richter, A. J. Fehske, and G. P Fettweis, "Energy Efficiency Aspects of Base Station Deployment Strategies for Cellular Networks," 2009 IEEE 70th Vehicular Technology Conference Fall (VTC 2009-Fall), pp.1-5, 20-23 Sept. 2009.
45. A. J Fehske, F. Richter, and G. P Fettweis, "Energy Efficiency Improvements through Micro Sites in Cellular Mobile Radio Networks," 2nd International Workshop on Green Communications, GLOBECOM 2009, pp.1-5, Nov. 30 2009-Dec. 4 2009.
46. I. Ashraf, L.T.W. Ho, H. Claussen, "Improving Energy Efficiency of Femtocell Base Stations Via User Activity Detection," Proc. of IEEE WCNC'10, pp.1-5, 18-21 April 2010.
47. J. Hoydis, M. Kobayashi, and M. Debbah, "Green Small-Cell Networks," IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 37-43, 2011.
48. Federal Communications Commission, "Spectrum Policy Task Force," Rep. ET Docket no. 02-135, Nov. 2002.
49. S. Haykins, "Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless communications," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 201-220, Feb. 2005.
50. C. Shannon, "Communication in the Presence of Noise," Proc. IRE, vol. 37, pp. 10-21, January 1949.
51. D. Grace, Jingxin Chen, Tao Jiang, and P. D. Mitchell, "Using cognitive radio to deliver Green communications," CROWNCOM '09, pp.1-6, 22-24 June 2009.
52. O. Holland, V. Friderikos, and A.H. Aghvami, "Green Spectrum Management for Mobile Operators", IEEE GLOBECOM GreenComm3 Workshops 2010, pp. 14581463, 2010.
53. J. Mitola III, and G. Q. Maguire, Jr., "Cognitive radio: Making software radios more personal," IEEE Personal Commun., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 13-18, Aug. 1999.
54. An He, et. al., "System power consumption minimization for multichannel communications using cognitive radio," IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronics Systems (COMCAS), 2009, pp.1-5, 9-11 Nov. 2009.
55. An He, et. al., "Minimizing Energy Consumption Using Cognitive Radio," IEEE International Performance, Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC), 2008, pp.372-377, 7-9 Dec. 2008.
56. R. Pabst, et. al, "Relay-based deployment concepts for wireless and mobile broadband radio," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 80-89, Sept. 2004.
57. J. N Laneman, and G. W Wornell, "Energy-efficient antenna sharing and relaying for wireless networks," IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2000, pp.7-12 vol.1, 2000.
58. X. J. Li, B. C. Seet, and P. H. J. Chong, "Multihop cellular networks: Technology and economics," Computer Networks, vol. 52, pp. 1825-1837, June 2008.
59. J. Y. Song, H. Lee, and D. H. Cho, "Power Consumption Reduction by Multi-hop Transmission in Cellular Networks," Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., vol. 5, pp. 3120-3124, Sept. 2004.
60. A. Radwan, H. S Hassanein, "NXG04-3: Does Multi-hop Communication Extend the Battery Life of Mobile Terminals?," IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM), 2006, pp.1-5, Nov. 27 2006-Dec. 1 2006.
61. R. Rost, and G. Fettweis, "Green communication in cellular network with fixed relay nodes," Cooperative Cellular Wireless Communications to be published by Cambridge university press, Sept. 2010.
62. A. Sendonaris, E. Erkip, and B. Aazhang, "User cooperation diversity, part I: System description," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 1927-1938, Nov. 2003.
63. M. Nokleby, and B. Aazhang, "User Cooperation for Energy-Efficient Cellular Communications," IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) 2010, pp.1-5, 23-27 May 2010.
64. G. Gur and F. Alagoz, "Green wireless communications via cognitive dimension: An overview," IEEE Network, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 50-56, 2011.
65. R. Tandra, A. Sahai, and S. M. Mishra, "What is a spectrum hole and what does it take to recognize one?," Proc. IEEE, vol. 97, pp. 824-848, Apr. 2009.
66. J. Wei, and X. Zhang, "Energy-Efficient Distributed Spectrum Sensing for Wireless Cognitive Radio Networks," Proc. IEEE INFOCOM10, pp. 1-6, Mar 2010.
67. S. J. Kim, and G. B. Giannakis, "Rate-Optimal and Reduced-Complexity Sequential Sensing Algorithms for Cognitive OFDM Radios," Proc. IEEE CISS09, pp. 141-146, Mar. 2009.
68. Y. L. Polo, Y. Wang, A. Pandharipande, and G. Leus, "Compressive Wide-band Spectrum Sensing," Proc. IEEE ICASSP09, pp. 2337-2340, Apr. 2009.
69. C. Cormio, and K. R. Chowdhury, "A survey on MAC protocols for cognitive radio networks," Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 7, pp. 1315-1329, Sep. 2009.
70. H. Adam, W. Elmenreich, C. Bettstetter, and S. M. Senouci, "CoRe-MAC: A MAC-protocol for cooperative relaying in wireless networks," Proc. IEEE Globecom09, pp. 1-6, Dec. 2009.
71. L. Ding, T. Melodia, S. N. Batalama, and J. D. Matyjas, "Distributed Routing, Relay Selection, and Spectrum Allocation in Cognitive and Cooperative Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. IEEE SECON'10, pp.1-9, 2010
72. J. Alonso-Zrate, E. Kartsakli, C. Verikoukis, and L. Alonso, "Persistent RCSMA: A MAC Protocol for a Distributed Cooperative ARQ Scheme in Wireless Networks," EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2008, pp. 1-14, 2008.
73. J. Alonso-Zarate, et. al.,"Energy-Efficiency Evaluation of a Medium Access Control Protocol for Cooperative ARQ", IEEE International Communications Conference'11, June 2011.
74. B. Yahya, and J. B. Othman, "Energy efficient and QoS aware medium access control for wireless sensor networks,", Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, vol. 22, Jul. 2010.
75. S. C. Ergen, and P. Varaiya, "Energy efficient routing with delay guarantee for sensor networks," Wireless Networks, vol. 13, pp. 679-690, Oct. 2007.
76. I. Stanojev, O. Simeone, Y. Bar-Ness, and D. H. Kim, "Energy efficiency of non-collaborative and collaborative Hybrid-ARQ protocols," IEEE Trans Wireless Commun, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 326-335, 2009.
77. RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks, ROLL IETF Internet-Draft, March 2011, draft-ietf-roll-rpl-19 [work in progress].
78. T. Watteyne, A. Molinaro, M. G. Richichi, and M. Dohler, "From MANET To IETF ROLL Standardization: A Paradigm Shift in WSN Routing Protocols," Accepted to Publication in IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutorials.
79. A. Alshamrani, X.S. Shen, and Liang-Liang Xie, "QoS Provisioning for Heterogeneous Services in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 819-830, April 2011.
80. Z. Hasan, G. Bansal, E. Hossain and V. Bhargava, "Energy-efficient power allocation in OFDM-based cognitive radio systems: A riskreturn model," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.8, pp. 6078-6088, Dec. 2009.
81. V. A. Le, R. A. Pitaval, S. Blostein, T. Riihonen, and R. Wichman, "Green cooperative communication using threshold-based relay selection protocols," Proc. IEEE ICGCS10, pp.521-526, Jun. 2010.
82. Y. Wei, F. R. Yu, M. Song, and V.C.M. Leung, "Energy Efficient Distributed Relay Selection in Wireless Cooperative Networks with Finite State Markov Channels," IEEE GLOBECOM'09, pp.1-6, Nov-Dec. 2009.
83. Y. Wei, F.R. Yu, and M. Song, "Distributed Optimal Relay Selection in Wireless Cooperative Networks with Finite State Markov Channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 2149-2158, June 2010.
84. O. Duval, Z. Hasan, E. Hossain, F. Gagnon, and V. K. Bhargava, "Subcarrier selection and power allocation for amplify-and-forward relaying over OFDM links," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.9, no.4, pp.1293-1297, April 2010.
85. Z. Hasan, E. Hossain, and V. K. Bhargava, "Resource Allocation for Multiuser OFDMA-based Amplify-and-Forward Relay Networks with Selective Relaying", IEEE International Communications Conference' 11, June 2011.
86. Song Gao, Lijun Qian, and D. Vaman, "Distributed energy efficient spectrum access in cognitive radio wireless ad hoc networks," IEEE Trans. on Wireless Commun., vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 5202-5213, 2009.
87. H. Ding, J. Ge, D. B. da Costa, and Z. Jiang, "Energy-Efficient and Low-Complexity Schemes for Uplink Cognitive Cellular Networks," IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1101-1103, 2010.
88. Z. Bharucha, A. Saul, G. Auer, and H. Haas, "Dynamic Resource Partitioning for Downlink Femto-to-Macro-Cell Interference Avoidance," EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. and Networking, vol. 2010, Article ID 143413, 2010.
89. A. J. Goldsmith, and S. B. Wicker, "Design challenges for energyconstrained ad hoc wireless networks," IEEE Wireless Communications, vol.9, no.4, pp. 8-27, Aug. 2002.
90. A. Dejonghe, et. al., "Green Reconfigurable Radio Systems," IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol.24, no.3, pp.90-101, May 2007.
91. A. Vosoughi, and Y. Jia, "Maximizing Throughput in Cooperative Networks via Cross-layer Adaptive Designs," Proc. IEEE Sarnoff Symposium'10, pp. 1-6, Apr. 2010.
92. C. Luo, F. R. Yu, H. Ji, and V.C.M. Leung, "Cross-Layer Design for TCP Performance Improvement in Cognitive Radio Networks," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 59, no. 5, pp.2485-2495, Jun 2010.
93. Q. Zhang, J. Jia, and J. Zhang, "Cooperative Relay to Improve Diversity in Cognitive Radio Networks," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 47, pp. 111-117, Feb. 2009.
94. Y. Wang, C. Feng, Z. Zeng, and C. Guo, "A robust and energy efficient cooperative spectrum sensing scheme in cognitive radio networks," Proc. IEEE ICACT09, vol. 1, pp. 640-645, Feb. 2009.
95. L. Ruan and V. K. N. Lau, "Power Control and Performance Analysis of Cognitive Radio Systems under Dynamic Spectrum Activity and Imperfect Knowledge of System State," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 8, pp. 4616-4622, Sep. 2009.
96. A. Ghasemi, and E. S. Sousa, "Spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks: Requirements, challenges and design trade-offs," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 46, pp. 32-39, Apr. 2008.
97. G. Anastasi, M. Conti, E. Gregori, and A. Passarella. "Performance comparison of power saving strategies for mobile web access". Performance Evaluation, vol. 53, 273-294, 2003.
98. K. Dufkov, M. Bjelica, B. Moon, L. Kencl, and J-Y. Le Boudec, "Energy Savings for Cellular Network with Evaluation of Impact on Data Traffic Performance", Proc. European Wireless Conference, Apr. 2010.
99. Y. Kim, M. Thottan, V. Kolesnikov, and W. Lee, "A secure decentralized data-centric information infrastructure for smart grid," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 48, Nov. 2010.
100. I. Humar, X. Ge, L. Xiang, M. Jo, M. Chen, and J. Zhang, "Rethinking energy efficiency models of cellular networks with embodied energy," IEEE Network, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 40-49, 2011.