Application of risk assessment tools to small drinking water systems in British Columbia

Water Quality Research Journal of Canada

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 332-344

  Summerscales, Ian Michael ^a   McBean, Edward A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

British Columbia; Drinking water; Multiple barrier approach; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

BRITISH COLUMBIA; DISINFECTION PROCESS; DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS; MULTIPLE BARRIER; RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT TOOL; TREATMENT PROCESS; WATER SYSTEM;

POTABLE WATER; SURFACE WATERS; TERNARY SYSTEMS; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER SUPPLY; WATERWORKS;

RISK ASSESSMENT;

BARRIER (EQUIPMENT); DRINKING WATER; PATHOGEN; POLLUTANT REMOVAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SAFETY; VULNERABILITY; WATER QUALITY; WATER RESOURCE; WATER TREATMENT;

BRITISH COLUMBIA; CANADA;

EID: 84857817938     PISSN: 12013080     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/wqrjc.2011.102     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Borchardt, M. A., Bertz, P. D., Spencer, S. K. & Battigelli, D. A. 2003 Incidence of enteric viruses in groundwater from household wells in Wisconsin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 1172-1180.
2. Butterfield, P. W. & Camper, A. K. 2004 Development of a toolbox to assess microbial contamination risks in small water systems. J. Water Health 2, 217-232.
3. Craun, G. F., Calderon, R. L. & Nwachuku, N. 2003 Causes of waterborne outbreaks reported in the United States, 1991-1998. In: Drinking Water and Infectious Disease: Establishing the Links (P. R. Hunter, M. Waite & E. Ronchi, eds). IWA Publishing, London, pp. 105-117.
4. Dangendorf, F., Herbst, S., Reintjes, R. & Kistemann, T. 2002 Spatial patterns of diarrhoeal illnesses with regard to water supply structures-a GIS analysis. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 205, 183-191.
5. Drinking Water Leadership Council 2007 Drinking Water Officers' Guide. Ministry of Health Services, British Columbia, Canada. Available from: http://www.health.gov.bc.ca/protect/dwoguide_updated_approved%202007.pdf [accessed 27 December 2010].
6. Geldreich, E. E. & Singley, J. E. 2002 Ontario Water Suppliers: Two Experts' Assessments-Walkerton Inquiry Commissioned Paper 24. Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General, Toronto.
7. Great Lakes-Upper Mississippi River Board of State and Provincial Public Health and Environmental Managers 2007 Recommended Standards for Water Works, 2007th edition. Health Research Inc., Albany.
8. Halliday, R. A. 2003 Water, Critical Infrastructure Protection and Emergency Management. Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada, Ontario. Available from: http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/collection_2008/ps-sp/PS4-7-2004E.pdf [accessed 11 November 2009].
9. Hrudey, S. E. & Hrudey, E. J. 2002 Walkerton and North Battleford-key lessons for public health professionals. Can. J. Public Health 93, 332-333.
10. Hrudey, S. E. & Hrudey, E. J. 2004 Safe Drinking Water: Lessons from Recent Outbreaksin Affluent Nations. IWAPublishing, London.
11. Kirmeyer, G. J. 1999 Maintaining Water Quality in Finished Water Storage Facilities. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.
12. Ministry of the Environment 2006 Procedure for Disinfection of Drinking Water in Ontario. Ministry of the Environment, Ontario. Available from: http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@ene/@resources/documents/resource/std01_079706.pdf [accessed 11 August 2009].
13. Ministry of Health Services 2008 Drinking Water Protection Regulation. Ministry of Health Services, British Columbia, Canada. Available from: http://www.bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/ID/freeside/10_200_2003 [accessed 27 December 2010].
14. Ministry of Health Services and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection 2004 Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Screening Tool. Ministry of Health Services and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, British Columbia, Canada. Available from: http://www.health.gov.bc.ca/protect/pdf/BC_Drinking_Water_Screening_Tool.pdf [accessed 20 January 2008].
15. Ministry of Health Services and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection 2005 Comprehensive Drinking Water Source to Tap Assessment Guideline: Draft for Pilot Assessments. Ministry of Health Services and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, British Columbia, Canada. Available from: http://www.interiorhealth.ca/uploadedFiles/Health_and_Safety/Drinking_Water/Source%20to%20Tap% 20Assessment%20Guide.pdf [accessed 20 January 2008].
16. O'Connor, D. 2002 Report of the Walkerton Inquiry: The Events of May 2000 and Related Issues. Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General, Toronto.
17. Ritter, L., Solomon, K., Sibley, P. & Hall, K. J. 2002 Sources, Pathways, and Relative Risks of Contaminants in Water: Walkerton Inquiry Commissioned Paper 10. Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General, Toronto.
18. Said, B., Wright, F., Nichols, G. L., Reacher, M. & Rutter, M. 2003 Outbreaks of infectious disease associated with private drinking water supplies in England and Wales 1970-2000. Epidemiol. Infect. 130, 469-479.
19. Scottish Executive 2006 Private Water Supplies: Technical Manual. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh. Available from: http://www.privatewatersupplies.gov.uk/private_water/files/Full%20Doc.pdf [accessed 20 January 2008].
20. Summerscales, I. M. & McBean, E. A. 2010 Evaluation of risk assessment tools to predict Canadian waterborne disease outbreaks. Water Quality Res. J. Canada 45, 1-11.
21. The Groundwater Foundation 2007 Protecting Our Water: A Primer for Preventing Pathogenic Contamination of Drinking Water Sources. Nebraska. Available from: http://www. groundwater.org/gi/pathogen_primer.html [accessed 20 August 2008].
22. Uhlmann, S., Galanis, E., Takaro, T., Mak, S., Gustafson, L., Embree, G., Bellack, N., Corbett, K. & Isaac-Renton, J. 2009 Where's the pump? Associating sporadic enteric disease with drinking water using a geographic information system, in British Columbia, Canada, 1996-2005. J. Water Health 7, 692-698.
23. World Health Organization 2006 Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Incorporating First Addendum. Volume 1, Recommendations, 3rd edn. World Health Organization, Geneva.