Characterization of aircraft icing environments with Supercooled Large Drops for application to commercial aircraft certification

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

Volumn 51, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 265-284

  Cober, Stewart G ^a   Isaac, George A ^a  

^a ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cloud droplets; Cloud microphysics; Icing

Indexed keywords

AIRCRAFT ICING; CLOUD DROPLETS; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT; DROP SIZE; DROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION; DROP VOLUME; EXTREME VALUE ANALYSIS; GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS; ICE CRYSTALS; ICING; ICING SIMULATION; LIQUID WATER CONTENT; MICROPHYSICS; STATIC TEMPERATURE; SUPERCOOLED LARGE DROPS;

COMPUTER SIMULATION; PHYSICS; RESEARCH AIRCRAFT;

DROP FORMATION;

ACCRETION; AIRCRAFT; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); GEOGRAPHICAL REGION; ICE CRYSTAL; NUMERICAL MODEL; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SUPERCOOLING; TEMPERATURE; WIND TUNNEL;

NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 84857760934     PISSN: 15588424     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-11-022.1     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Ashenden, R., and J. D. Marwitz, 1998: Characterizing the supercooled large droplet environment with corresponding turboprop aircraft response. J. Aircr., 35, 912-920.
2. Baumgardner, D., 1983: An analysis and comparison of five water droplet measuring instruments. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 891-910.
3. Baumgardner, D., and A. Rodi, 1989: Laboratory and wind tunnel evaluations of the Rosemount icing detector. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6, 971-979.
4. Baumgardner, D., W. Strapp, and J. E. Dye, 1985: Evaluation of the forward scattering spectrometer probe. Part II: Corrections for coincidence and dead-time losses. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 626-632.
5. Biter, C. J., J. E. Dye, D. Huffman, and W. D. King, 1987: The dropsize response of the CSIRO liquid water probe. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 359-367.
6. Cober, S. G., and G. A. Isaac, 2006: Estimating maximum aircraft icing environments using a large data base of in-situ observations. Proc. AIAA 44th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, AIAA, AIAA 2006-0266, 14 pp. [Available online at http://airs-icing.org/AIRS_II/AIAAReno2006/ AIAA-2006-266-268.pdf.]
7. Cober, S. G., and G. A. Isaac, and J. W. Strapp, 1995: Aircraft icing measurements in East Coast winter storms. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 88-100.
8. Cober, S. G., J. W. Strapp, and G. A. Isaac, 1996: An example of supercooled drizzle drops formed through a collision-coalescence process. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 2250-2260.
9. Cober, S. G., G. A. Isaac, and A. V. Korolev, 2001a: Assessing the Rosemount Icing Detector with in situ measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 515-528.
10. Cober, S. G., J. W. Strapp, and G. A. Isaac, and J. W. Strapp, 2001b: Assessing cloud-phase conditions. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1967-1983.
11. Cober, S. G., J. W. Strapp, and J. W. Strapp, 2001c: Characterizations of aircraft icing environments that include supercooled large drops. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1984-2002.
12. Cober, S. G., J. W. Strapp, A. D. Shah, and R. Jeck, 2003: Defining characteristic cloud drop spectra from in-situ measurements. Proc. AIAA 41st Aerospace Science Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, AIAA, AIAA 2003-0561, 12 pp. [Available online at http:// icingalliance.org/collaborations/documents/Cober_Spectra_ AIAA_2003.pdf.]
13. Cober, S. G., B. Bernstein, R. Jeck, E. Hill, G. Isaac, J. Riley, and A. Shah, 2009: Data and analysis for the development of an engineering standard for supercooled large drop conditions. FAA Tech. Rep. DOT/FAA/AR-09/10, 89 pp. [Available online at http:// www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/ar0910.pdf.]
14. Coles, S., 2001: An Introduction to Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values. Springer, 205 pp.
15. Cooper, W. A., W. R. Sand, M. K. Politovich, and D. L. Veal, 1984: Effects of icing on performance of a research aircraft. J. Aircr., 21, 708-715.
16. Curry, J. A., and Coauthors, 2000: FIRE Arctic Clouds Experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 5-29.
17. Federal Aviation Administration, 1997: FAA inflight aircraft icing plan. FAA Tech. Rep., 60 pp. [Available online at http:// www.faa.gov/aircraft/air_cert/design_approvals/transport/media/ Inflight_Icing_Plan.pdf.]
18. Federal Aviation Administration, 1999: Part 25: Airworthiness Standard: Transport Category Airplanes, Appendix C. Title 14: Aeronautics and Space, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, 9 pp. [Available from the Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC 20402-9328.]
19. Finstad, K. J., and E. P. Lozowski, 1988: A computational investigation of water droplet trajectories. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 160-170.
20. Fisher, R. A., and L. H. C. Tippett, 1928: Limiting forms of the frequency distribution of the largest or smallest members of a sample. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc., 24, 180-190.
21. Gardiner, B. A., and J. Hallett, 1985: Degradation of in-cloud forward scattering spectrometer probe measurements in the presence of ice particles. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 171-180.
22. Gencay, R., F. Selcuk, and A. Ulugulyagci, 2002: EVIM: A software package for extreme value analysis in MATLAB. Stud. Nonlinear Dyn. Econometrics, 5, 213-239.
23. Glickman, T., Ed., 2000: Glossary of Meteorology. 2nd ed. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 855 pp.
24. Gumbel, E. J., 1942: On the frequency distribution of extreme values in meteorological data. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 23, 95-105.
25. Heymsfield, A. J., and J. L. Parrish, 1978: A computational technique for increasing the effective sampling volume of the PMS two-dimensional particle size spectrometer. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 1566-1572.
26. Heymsfield, A. J., and L. M. Miloshevich, 1989: Evaluation of liquid water measuring instruments in cold clouds sampled during FIRE. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6, 378-388.
27. Isaac, G. A., S. G. Cober, J. W. Strapp, D. Hudak, T. P. Ratvasky, D. L. Marcotte, and F. Fabry, 2001a: Preliminary results from the Alliance Icing Research Study (AIRS). Proc. AIAA 39th Aerospace Science Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, AIAA, AIAA 2001-0393, 12 pp. [Available from http://airs-icing.org/publications/Isaac%20-%20AIAA2001.pdf.]
28. Isaac, G. A., S. G. Cober, J. W. Strapp, A. V. Korolev, A. Tremblay, and D. L. Marcotte, 2001b: Recent Canadian research on aircraft in-flight icing. Can. Aeronaut. Space J., 47, 213-221.
29. Isaac, G. A., I. Gultepe, and S. G. Cober, 2004: Use of mass versus volume units for cloud microphysical parameters. Proc. 14th Int. Conf. on Clouds and Precipitation, Bologna, Italy, International Commission on Clouds and Precipitation, 800-803.
30. Jeck, R. K., 1996: Representative values of icing-related variables aloft in freezing rain and freezing drizzle. FAA Tech. Note DOT/FAA/AR-TN95/119, 45 pp.
31. Joe, P., and R. List, 1987: Testing and performance of twodimensional optical array spectrometers with greyscale. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 139-150.
32. Jones, A. R., and W. Lewis, 1949: Recommended values of meteorological factors to be considered in the design of aircraft iceprevention equipment. NASA Tech. Rep. NACA-TN-1855, 15 pp.
33. King, W. D., D. A. Parkin, and R. J. Handsworth, 1978: A hot-wire liquid water device having fully calculable response characteristics. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 1809-1813.
34. King, W. D., J. E. Dye, J. W. Strapp, D. Baumgardner, and D. Huffman, 1985: Icing wind tunnel tests on the CSIRO liquid water probe. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 340-352.
35. Korolev, A.V., S. V.Kuznetsov, Y. E. Makarov, andV. S.Novikov, 1991: Evaluation of measurements of particle size and sample area from optical array probes. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 8, 514-522.
36. Korolev, A.V., J. W. Strapp, and G. A. Isaac, 1998a: Evaluation of the accuracy of PMS optical array probes. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 708-720.
37. Korolev, A.V., J. W. Strapp, and G. A. Isaac, and A. N. Nevzorov, 1998b: The Nevzorov airborne hot-wire LWC-TWC probe: Principle of operation and performance characteristics. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 1495-1510.
38. Lewis, W., and N. R. Bergrun, 1952: A probability analysis of the meteorological factors conducive to aircraft icing in the United States. NACA Tech. Note 2738, 93 pp.
39. Ludlam, F. H., 1951: The heat economy of a rimed cylinder. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 77, 663-666.
40. Marshall, J. S., and W. M. Palmer, 1948: The distribution of raindrops with size. J. Atmos. Sci., 5, 165-166.
41. Marwitz, J., M. Politovich, B. Bernstein, F. Ralph, P. Neiman, R. Ashenden, and J. Bresch, 1997: Meteorological conditions associated with the ATR72 aircraft accident near Roselawn, Indiana, on 31 October 1994. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 41-52.
42. Masters, C. O., 1983:Anew characterization of supercooled clouds below 10,000 feet AGL. FAA Tech. Rep. DOT/FAA/CT-83/ 22, 47 pp.
43. Mazin, I. P., A. V. Korolev, A. Heymsfield, G. A. Isaac, and S. G. Cober, 2001: Thermodynamics of icing cylinder for measurements of liquid water content in supercooled clouds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 543-558.
44. McKay, G. A., and H. A. Thompson, 1969: Estimating the hazard of ice accretion in Canada from climatological data. J. Appl. Meteor., 8, 927-935.
45. Miller, D., T. Ratvasky, B. Bernstein, F. McDonough, and J. W. Strapp, 1998: NASA/FAA/NCAR supercooled large droplet icing flight research: Summary of winter 96-97 flight operations. Extended Abstracts, 36th Aerospace Science Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA 98-0577, 24 pp. [Available from http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/1998/TM-1998-206620.pdf.]
46. National Transportation Safety Board, 1996: Aircraft accident report. In-flight icing encounter and loss of control, Simmons Airlines, d.b.a. American Eagle flight 4184, Avions de Transport Regional (ATR) Model 72-212, N401MA, Roselawn, IN, October 31 1994, Vol. 1, Safety Board Rep. NTSB/AAR-96/ 01, PB96-910401, DCA95MA001, 322 pp. [Available from National Transportation Safety Board, Public Inquiries Section RE-51, 490 L'Enfant Plaza S.W., Washington, DC 20594.]
47. Newton, D. W., 1978: An integrated approach to the problem of aircraft icing. J. Aircr., 15, 374-380.
48. Pobanz, B. M., J. D. Marwitz, and M. K. Politovich, 1994: Conditions associated with large-drop regions. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 1366-1372.
49. Politovich, M. K., 1989: Aircraft icing caused by large supercooled droplets. J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 856-868.
50. Politovich, M. K., 1996: Response of a research aircraft to icing and evaluation of severity indices. J. Aircr., 33, 291-297.
51. Rauber, R. M., and M. F. Heggli, 1988: The influence of cloud droplets on the measurement of ice particle concentrations with a Particle Measuring System's 2DC optical array probe. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 123-128.
52. Sand, W. R., W. A. Cooper, M. K. Politovich, and D. L. Veal, 1984: Icing conditions encountered by a research aircraft. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 1427-1440.
53. Shah, A. D., M. W. Patnoe, and E. L. Berg, 2000: Engineering analysis of the atmospheric icing environment including large droplet conditions. Advances in Aviation Safety Conf. and Exposition, Daytona Beach, FL, Society of Automotive Engineers, 2000-01-2115, 12 pp. [Available online at http://papers.sae.org/2000-01-2115/.]
54. Sheppard, B. E., 1990: The measurement of raindrop size distributions using a smallDoppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 255-268.
55. Strapp, J. W., F. Albers, A. Reuter, A. V. Korolev, W. Maixner, E. Rashke, and Z. Vukovic, 2001: Laboratory measurements of the response of a PMS OAP-2DC. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 1150-1170.
56. Strapp, J. W., and Coauthors, 2003: Wind tunnel measurements of the response of hot-wire liquid water content instruments to large droplets. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20, 791-806.
57. Stuart, R. A. and G. A. Isaac, 1999: Freezing precipitation in Canada. Atmos.-Ocean, 37, 87-102.