Geothermobarometry of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption: New constraints on Icelandic magma plumbing systems

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 117, Issue 3, 2012, Pages

  Keiding, Jakob K ^a   Sigmarsson, Olgeir ^b,c  

^a GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITÉ BLAISE PASCAL   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND   (Iceland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BASALT; CRYSTALLIZATION; GEOBAROMETRY; GEOTHERMOMETRY; MAFIC ROCK; MAGMA; MELT INCLUSION; PLAGIOCLASE; TEMPERATURE EFFECT; TEPHRA; VOLCANIC ERUPTION;

EYJAFJALLAJOKULL; ICELAND;

EID: 84857754201     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011JB008829     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Aulinas, M., D. Gimeno, J. L. Fernandez-Turiel, F. J. Perez-Torrado, A. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, and D. Gasperini (2010), The Plio-Quaternary magmatic feeding system beneath Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain): Constraints from thermobarometric studies, J. Geol. Soc., 167, 785-801, doi:10.1144/0016- 76492009-184.
2. Beattie, P. (1993), Olivine-melt and orthopyroxene-melt equilbria, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 115, 103-111, doi:10.1007/BF00712982.
3. Berndt, J., C. Liebske, F. Holtz, M. Freise, M. Nowak, D. Ziegenbein, W. Hurkuck, and J. Koepke, (2002), A combined rapid-quench and H2-membrane setup for internally heated pressure vessels: Description and application for water solubility in basaltic melts, Am. Mineral., 87, 1717-1726. (Pubitemid 36101441)
4. Breddam, K. (2002), Kistufell: Primitive melt from the Iceland mantle plume, J. Petrol., 43, 345-373, doi:10.1093/petrology/43.2.345. (Pubitemid 34147585)
5. de Zeeuw-van Dalfsen, E., R. Pedersen, F. Sigmundsson, and C. Pagli (2004), Satellite radar interferometry 1993-1999 suggests deep accumulation ofmagma near the crust-mantle boundary atthe Krafla volcanic system, Iceland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L13611, doi:10.1029/2004GL020059. (Pubitemid 39250779)
6. de Zeeuw-van Dalfsen, E., H. Rymer, G. Williams-Jones, E. Sturkell, and F. Sigmundsson (2006), Integration of micro-gravity and geodetic data to constrain shallow system mass changes at Krafla Volcano, N. Iceland, Bull. Volcanol., 68, 420-431, doi:10.1007/s0445-005-0018-5.
7. Dixon, J. E., E. M. Stolper, and J. R. Holloway (1995), An experimental study of water and carbon dioxide solubilities in mid ocean ridge basaltic liquids.1. Calibration and solubility models, J. Petrol., 36, 1607-1631. (Pubitemid 26460962)
8. Droop, G. T. R. (1987), A general equation for estimating Fe3+ concentrations in ferromagnesian silicates and oxides from microprobe analyses, using stoichiometric criteria, Mineral. Mag., 51, 431-435, doi:10.1180/minmag. 1987.051.361.10. (Pubitemid 18517102)
9. Elthon, D. (1989), Pressure of origin of primary mid-ocean ridge basalts, in Magmatism in the Ocean Basins, edited by A. D. Saunders and M. J. Norry, J. Geol. Soc. London, 42, 125-136.
10. Finnerty, A. A., and F. R. Boyd (1978), Pressure-dependent solubility of calcium on forsterite coexisting with diopside and enstatite, Year Book Carnegie Inst. Washington, 77, 713-717.
11. Furman, T., F. A. Frey, and K.-H. Park (1991), Chemical constraints on the petrogenesis of mildly alkaline lavas from Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland: The Eldfell (1973) and Surtsey (1963-1967) eruptions, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 109, 19-37, doi:10.1007/BF00687198.
12. Gudmundsson, O. (2003), The dense root of the Iceland crust, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 206, 427-440, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01110-X. (Pubitemid 36209661)
13. Gudmundsson, O., B. Brandsdottir, W. Menke, and G. E. Sigvaldason (1994), The crustal magma chamber of the Katla volcano in South Iceland revealed by 2-d seismic undershooting, Geophys. J. Int., 119, 277-296, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X. 1994.tb00928.x.
14. Gudmundsson, M. T., R. Pedersen, K. Vogfjörd, B. Thorbjarnardottir, S. Jakobsdottir, and M. Roberts (2010), Eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull Volcano, Iceland, Eos Trans. AGU, 91(21), 190, doi:10.1029/2010EO210002.
15. Gurenko, A. A., and M. Chaussidon (1995), Enriched and depleted primitive melts included in olivine from Icelandic tholeiites: Origin by continuous melting of a single mantle column, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 2905-2917, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00184-0. (Pubitemid 26455416)
16. Halldorsson, S. A., N. Oskarsson, K. Gronvold, G. Sigurdsson, G. Sverrisdottir, and S. Steinthorsson (2008), Isotopic-heterogeneity of the Thjorsa lava: Implications for mantle sources and crustal processes within the Eastern Rift Zone, Iceland, Chem. Geol., 255, 305-316, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo. 2008. 06.050.
17. Hansen, H., and K. Grönvold (2000), Plagioclase ultrapyric basalts in Iceland: The mush of the rift, J. Volcanol. Geothem. Res., 98, 1-32. (Pubitemid 30464324)
18. Hansteen, T. H. (1991), Multi-stage evolution of the picritic Maelifell Rocks, SW Iceland: Constraints from mineralogy and inclusions of glass and fluid in olivine, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 109, 225-239, doi:10.1007/BF00306481.
19. Hards, V. L., P. D. Kempton, R. N. Thompson, and P. B. Greenwood (2000), The magmatic evolution of the Snæfell volcanic centre; an example of volcanism during incipient rifting in Iceland, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 99, 97-121, doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00160-8. (Pubitemid 30467358)
20. Herzberg, C. (2004), Partial crystallization of mid-ocean ridge basalts in the crust and mantle, J. Petrol., 45, 2389-2405, doi:10.1093/petrology/ egh040. (Pubitemid 39622393)
21. Housh, T. B., and J. F. Luhr (1991), Plagioclase-melt equilibria in hydrous systems, Am. Mineral., 76, 477-492.
22. Irvine, N. T., and W. R. A. Baragar (1971), A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks, Can. J. Earth Sci., 8, 523-548, doi:10.1139/e71-055.
23. Kelley, D. F., and M. Barton (2008), Pressures of crystallization of Icelandic magmas, J. Petrol., 49, 465-492, doi:10.1093/petrology/egm089.
24. Kent, A. J. R. (2008), Melt inclusions in basaltic and related volcanic rocks, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 69, 273-331, doi:10.2138/rmg.2008.69.8.
25. Key, J., R. S. White, H. Soosalu, and S. S. Jakobsdóttir (2011), Multiple melt injection along a spreading segment at Askja, Iceland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L05301, doi:10.1029/2010GL046264.
26. Klügel, A., T. H. Hansteen, and K. Galipp (2005), Magma storage and underplating beneath Cumbre Vieja Volcano, La Palma (Canary Islands), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 236, 211-226, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.006. (Pubitemid 40984430)
27. Kudo, A. M., and D. F. Weill (1970), An igneous plagioclase thermometer, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 25, 52-65, doi:10.1007/BF00383062.
28. Kushiro, I. (1969), The system forsterite-diopside-silica with and without water at high pressures, Am. J. Sci., 267-A, 269-294.
29. Lange, R. A., H. M. Frey, and J. Hector (2009), A thermodynamic model for the plagioclase-liquid hygrometer/thermometer, Am. Mineral., 94, 494-506, doi:10.2138/am.2009.3011.
30. Le Maitre, R. W., A. Streckeisen, B. Zanettin, M. J. Le Bas, B. Bonin, and P. Bateman (Eds.) (2005), Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks, 2nd ed., 256 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
31. Lee, C.-T. A., P. Luffi, T. Plank, H. Dalton, and W. P. Leeman (2009), Constraints on the depths and temperatures of basaltic magma generation on Earth and other terrestrial planets using new thermobarometers for mafic magmas, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 279, 20-33, doi:10.1016/j. epsl.2008.12.020.
32. Lindsley, D. H. (1983), Pyroxene thermometry, Am. Mineral., 68, 477-493.
33. Lowenstern, J. B. (1995), Applications of silicate melt inclusions to the study of magmatic volatiles, in Magmas, Fluid and Ore Deposits, Short Course Ser., vol. 23, edited by J. F. H. Thompson, pp. 71-99, Mineral. Assoc. of Can., Victoria, B. C.
34. Maclennan, J., D. McKenzie, K. Grönvold, and L. Slater (2001), Crustal accretion under northern Iceland, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 191, 295-310, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00420-4. (Pubitemid 32974634)
35. Mathez, E. A. (1973), Refinement of the Kudo-Weill plagioclase thermometer and its applications to basaltic rocks, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 41, 61-72, doi:10.1007/BF00377654.
36. Menke, W. (1999), Crustal isostasy indicates anomalous densities beneath Iceland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1215-1218, doi:10.1029/1999GL900202. (Pubitemid 29437781)
37. Mollo, S., P. Del Gaudio, G. Ventura, G. Iezzi, and P. Scarlato (2010), Dependence of clinopyroxene composition on cooling rate in basaltic magmas: Implications for thermobarometry, Lithos, 118, 302-312, doi:10.1016/j.lithos. 2010.05.006.
38. Mollo, S., K. Putirka, G. Iezzi, P. Del Gaudio, and P. Scarlato (2011), Plagioclase-melt (dis)equilibrium due to cooling dynamics: Implications for thermometry, barometry and hygrometry, Lithos, 125, 221-235, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2011.02.008.
39. Mordick, B. E., and A. F. Glazner (2006), Clinopyroxene thermobarometry of basalts from the Coso and Big Pine volcanic fields, California, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 152, 111-124, doi:10.1007/s00410-006-0097-0. (Pubitemid 43899329)
40. Morimoto, N. (1989), Nomenclature of pyroxenes, Can. Mineral., 27, 143-156.
41. Moune, S., O. Sigmarsson, T. Thordarson, P. Schiano, and J. K. Keiding (2012), Melt inclusion constraints on the magma source of Eyjafjallajökull 2010 flank eruption, J. Geophys. Res., 117, B00C07, doi:10.1029/2011JB008718.
42. Nimis, P. (1995), A clinopyroxene geobarometer for basaltic systems based on crystal-structure modeling, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 121, 115-125, doi:10.1007/s004100050093.
43. Nimis, P., and P. Ulmer (1998), Clinopyroxene geobarometry of magmatic rocks, Part 1: An expanded structural geobarometer for anhydrous and hydrous, basic and ultrabasic systems, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 133, 122-135, doi:10.1007/s004100050442. (Pubitemid 128683489)
44. O'Hara, M. J. (1968), Are ocean floor basalts primary magma?, Nature, 220, 683-686, doi:10.1038/220683a0.
45. Óladóttir, B. A., O. Sigmarsson, G. Larsen, and T. Thordarson (2008), Katla volcano, Iceland: Magma composition, dynamics and eruption frequency as recorded by Holocene tephra layers, Bull. Volcanol., 70, 475-493, doi:10.1007/s00445-007-0150-5.
46. Panjasawatwong, Y., L. V. Danyushevsky, A. J. Crawford, and K. L. Harris (1995), An experimental study of the effects of melt composition on plagioclase-melt equilibria at 5 and 10 kbar: Implications for the origin of magmatic high-An plagioclase, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 118, 420-432, doi:10.1007/s004100050024.
47. Pedersen, R., and F. Sigmundsson (2004), InSAR based sill model links spatially offset areas of deformation and seismicity for the 1994 unrest episode at Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L14610, doi:10.1029/2004GL020368. (Pubitemid 39300462)
48. Pedersen, R., and F. Sigmundsson (2006), Temporal development of the 1999 intrusive episode in the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland, derived from InSAR images, Bull. Volcanol., 68, 377-393, doi:10.1007/s00445-005-0020-y. (Pubitemid 43239190)
49. Powell, M., and R. Powell (1974), An olivine-clinopyroxene geothermometer, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 48, 249-263, doi:10.1007/BF00951333.
50. Putirka, K. D. (2005), Igneous thermometers and barometers based on plagioclase plus liquid equilibria: Tests of some existing models and new calibrations, Am. Mineral., 90, 336-346, doi:10.2138/am.2005.1449. (Pubitemid 40367807)
51. Putirka, K. D. (2008), Thermometers and barometers for volcanic systems, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 69, 61-120, doi:10.2138/rmg.2008.69.3.
52. Putirka, K., M. Johnson, R. Kinzler, J. Longhi, and D. Walker (1996), Thermobarometry of mafic igneous rocks based on clinopyroxene-liquid equilibria, 0-30 kbar, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 123, 92-108, doi:10.1007/s004100050145. (Pubitemid 126578216)
53. Roedder, E. (1984), Fluid Inclusions, Rev. Mineral., vol. 12, 644 pp., Mineral. Soc. of Am., Washington, D. C.
54. Roeder, P. L., and R. F. Emslie (1970), Olivine-liquid equilibrium, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 29, 275-289, doi:10.1007/BF00371276.
55. Schiellerup, H. (1995), Generation and equilibration of olivine tholeiites in the Northern rift-zone of Iceland: A petrogenetic study of the Blafjall table mountain, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 65, 161-179, doi:10.1016/0377-0273(94)00116-X.
56. Schopka, H. H., M. T. Gudmundsson, and H. Tuffen (2006), The formation of Helgafell, southwest Iceland a monogenetic subglacial hyaloclastite ridge: Sedimentology, volcano-ice interaction hydrology and, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 152, 359-377, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.11.010.
57. Shishkina, T. A., R. E. Botcharnikov, F. Holtz, R. R. Almeev, and M. V. Portnyagin (2010), Solubility of H2O-and CO2-bearing fluids in tholeiitic basalts at pressures up to 500 MPa, Chem. Geol., 277, 115-125, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.07.014.
58. Sigmarsson, O., M. Condomines, and S. Fourcade (1992), A detailed Th, Sr and O isotope study of Hekla: Differentiation processes in an Icelandic Volcano, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 112, 20-34, doi:10.1007/BF00310953. (Pubitemid 23388981)
59. Sigmarsson, O., T. Thordarson, and S. P. Jakobsson (2009), Segregations in Surtsey lavas (Iceland) reveal extreme magma differentiation during late stage flow emplacement, in Studies in Volcanology: The Legacy of George Walker, Spec. Publ. IAVCEI, vol. 2, edited by T. Thordason et al., pp. 85-104, Geol. Soc. London, London.
60. Sigmarsson, O., I. Vlastelic, R. Andreasen, I. Bindeman, J.-L. Devidal, S. Moune, J. K. Keiding, G. Larsen, A. Höskuldsson, and T. Thordarson (2011), Remobilization of silicic intrusion by mafic magmas during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, Solid Earth, 2, 271-281, doi:10.5194/se-2-271- 2011.
61. Sigmundsson, F., et al. (2010), Intrusion triggering of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull explosive eruption, Nature, 468, 426-430, doi:10.1038/nature09558.
62. Sigurdsson, H., and R. S. J. Sparks (1981), Petrology of rhyolitic and mixed magma ejecta from the 1875 eruption of Askja, Iceland, J. Petrol., 22, 41-81.
63. Sisson, T. W., and T. L. Grove (1993), Temperatures and H2O contents of low-MgO high-alumina basalts, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 113, 167-184, doi:10.1007/BF00283226. (Pubitemid 23389919)
64. Slater, L., D. McKenzie, K. Grönvold, and N. Shimizu (2001), Melt generation and movement beneath Theistareykir, NE Iceland, J. Petrol., 42, 321-354, doi:10.1093/petrology/42.2.321. (Pubitemid 32324964)
65. Soosalu, H., and P. Einarsson (2004), Seismic constraints on magma chambers at Hekla and Torfajokull volcanoes, Iceland, Bull. Volcanol., 66, 276-286, doi:10.1007/s00445-003-0310-1. (Pubitemid 38531819)
66. Soosalu, H., K. Jónsdóttir, and P. Einarsson (2006), Seismicity crisis at the Katla volcano, Iceland: Signs of a cryptodome?, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 153, 177-186, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.10.013. (Pubitemid 44287674)
67. Soosalu, H., J. Key, R. S. White, C. Knox, P. Einarsson, and S. S. Jakobsdóttir (2010), Lower-crustal earthquakes caused by magma movement beneath Askja volcano on the north Iceland rift, Bull. Volcanol., 72, 55-62, doi:10.1007/s00445-009-0297-3.
68. Stroncik, N. A., A. Klügel, and T. H. Hansteen (2009), The magmatic plumbing system beneath El Hierro (Canary Islands): Constraints from phenocrysts and naturally quenched basaltic glasses in submarine rocks, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 157, 593-607, doi:10.1007/s00410-008-0354-5.
69. Sturkell, E., F. Sigmundsson, and P. Einarsson (2003), Recent unrest and magma movements at Eyjafjallajökull and Katla volcanoes, Iceland, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B8), 2369, doi:10.1029/2001JB000917.
70. Sturkell, E., P. Einarsson, F. Sigmundsson, H. Geirsson, H. Olafsson, R. Pedersen, E. de Zeeuw-van Dalfsen, A. T. Linde, S. I. Sacks, and R. Stefansson (2006), Volcano, geodesy and magma dynamics in Iceland, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 150, 14-34, doi:10.1016/j. jvolgeores.2005.07.010.
71. Thorarinsson, S. B., and C. Tegner (2009), Magma chamber processes in central volcanic systems of Iceland: Constraints from layered gabbro of the Austurhorn intrusive complex, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 158, 223-244, doi:10.1007/s00410-009-0379-4.
72. Thordarson, T., C. Hayward, S. Moune, M. E. Hartley, O. Sigmarsson, A. Höskuldsson, M. T. Guǒmundsson, and F. Sigmundsson (2011), The 20 March-12 April 2010 Fimmvörǒuháls eruption, Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland: Volatile contents and magma degassing, paper EGU2011-12147 presented at EGU General Assembly, Vienna.
73. Thy, P. (1991), High and low pressure phase equilibria of a mildly alkalic lava from the 1965 Surtsey eruption: Experimental results, Lithos, 26, 223-243, doi:10.1016/0024-4937(91)90030-O.
74. Villiger, S., O. Müntener, and P. Ulmer (2007), Crystallization pressures of mid-ocean ridge basalts derived from major element variations of glasses from equilibrium and fractional crystallization experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B01202, doi:10.1029/2006JB004342. (Pubitemid 47248889)
75. Wager, L. R., and G. M. Brown (1968), Layered Igneous Rocks, 588 pp., Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, U. K.
76. White, R. S., J. Drew, H. R. Martens, J. Key, H. Soosalu, and S. S. Jakobsdóttir (2011), Dynamics of dyke intrusion in the mid-crust of Iceland, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 304, 300-312, doi:10.1016/j. epsl.2011.02.038.
77. Yang, H. J., R. J. Kinzler, and T. L. Grove (1996), Experiments and models of anhydrous, basaltic olivine-plagioclase-augite saturated melts from 0.001 to 10 kbar, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 124, 1-18, doi:10.1007/ s004100050169.