Gender identity disorder in twins: A review of the case report literature

Journal of Sexual Medicine

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 751-757

  Heylens, Gunter ^a   De Cuypere, Griet ^a   Zucker, Kenneth J ^b   Schelfaut, Cleo ^a   Elaut, Els ^a   Vanden Bossche, Heidi ^a   De Baere, Elfride ^a   T'Sjoen, Guy ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^b CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Biologic Factors in GID; Gender Identity Disorder; Genetics; Transsexualism; Twins

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD BEHAVIOR CHECKLIST; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; DIZYGOTIC TWINS; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HEREDITY; HUMAN; KARYOTYPE 46,XX; KARYOTYPE 47,XYY; MALE; MONOZYGOTIC TWINS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TWIN DISCORDANCE;

EID: 84857650293     PISSN: 17436095     EISSN: 17436109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Zucker KJ, Bradley SJ. Gender identity disorder and psychosexual problems in children and adolescents. New York: Guilford Press; 1995.
2. Di Ceglie D, Freedman D, eds. A stranger in my own body: Atypical gender identity development and mental health. London: Karnac Books; 1998.
3. Gehring D, Knudson G. Prevalence of childhood trauma in a clinical population of transsexual people. Int J Transgenderism 2005;8:23-30.
4. Wallien MSC. Gender dysphoria in children: Causes and consequences. Doctoral Dissertation, VU Amsterdam, 2008.
5. Zhou JN, Hofman MA, Gooren LJG, Swaab DF. A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality. Nature 1995;378:68-70.
6. Kruyver FP, Zhou J, Pool C, Hofman MA, Gooren LJG, Swaab DF. Male-to-female transsexuals have female neuron numbers in a limbic nucleus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2034-41.
7. Garcia-Falgueras A, Swaab DF. A sex difference in the hypothalamic uncinate nucleus: Relationship to gender identity. Brain 2008;13:3132-46.
8. Berenbaum SA, Bailey JM. Effect on gender identity of prenatal androgens and genital appearance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1102-6.
9. Hare L, Bernard P, Sanchez FJ, Baird PN, Vilain E, Kennedy T, Harley VR. Androgen receptor repeat length polymorphism associated with male-to-female transsexualism. Biol Psychiatry 2009;65:93-6.
10. Coolidge FL, Thede LL, Young SE. The heritability of gender identity disorder in a child and adolescent twin sample. Behav Genet 2002;32:251-7.
11. Bailey JM, Dunne MP, Martin NG. Genetic and environmental influences on sexual orientation and its correlates in an Australian twin sample. J Pers Soc Psychol 2000;78:524-36.
12. Knafo A, Iervolino AC, Plomin R. Masculine girls and feminine boys: Genetic and environmental contributions to atypical gender development in early childhood. J Pers Soc Psychol 2005;88:400-12.
13. Gómez-Gil E, Esteva I, Almaraz MC, Pasaro E, Segovia S, Guillamon A. Familiality of gender identity disorder in non-twin siblings. Arch Sex Behav 2010;39:546-52.
14. Sadeghi M, Fakhrai A. Transsexualism in female monozygotic twins: A case report. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2000;34:862-4.
15. Knoblauch H, Busjahn A, Wegener B. Monozygotic twins concordant for female-to-male transsexualism: A case report. Arch Sex Behav 2007;36:135-7.
16. Green R, Stoller RJ. Two monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant for gender identity. Arch Sex Behav 1971;1:321-7.
17. Garden GM, Rothery DJ. A female monozygotic twin pair discordant for transsexualism: Some theoretical implications. Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:852-4.
18. Segal NL. Two monozygotic twin pairs discordant for female-to-male transsexualism. Arch Sex Behav 2006;35:347-59.
19. Zucker KJ. A twin study of 25 children with gender identity disorder. Paper presented at the meeting of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, Atlanta, GA, September 2011.
20. Segal NL. Twins reared apart: A forgotten case/twin research reviews: X-inactivation and female co-twin discordance for hemophilia; transplantation for breast reconstruction; chimerism and telomere attrition in dizygotic twins; divergent life histories in twins reared apart/current concerns: High ACT-scoring twins; dating a twin; when gender identities diverge/the Holland twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 2009;12:123-6.
21. Zucker KJ, Bradley SJ, Hughes HE. Gender dysphoria in a child with true hermaphroditism. Can J Psychiatry 1987;32:602-9.
22. Vujovic S, Popovic S, Sbutega-Milosevic G, Djordjevic M, Gooren L. Transsexualism in Serbia: A twenty-year follow-up study. J Sex Med 2009;6:1018-23.
23. Hyde C, Kenna JC. A male MZ twin pair, concordant for transsexualism, discordant for schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1977;56:265-75.
24. Tsur H, Borenstein A, Seidman DS. Transsexualism. Lancet 1991;338:945-6.
25. Green R. Family cooccurrence of "gender dysphoria": Ten sibling or parent-child pairs. Arch Sex Behav 2000;29:499-507.
26. Ancherson P. Problems of transvestism. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 1956;106:249-56.
27. Stoller RJ, Baker H. Two male transsexuals in one family. Arch Sex Behav 1973;2:323-8.
28. Gooren L, Frantz RR, Erickson AW, Rao BR. Transsexualism in twins. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Congress of Twin Studies, Rome, August 1989.
29. Stoller RJ. Two feminized male American Indians. Arch Sex Behav 1976;5:529-38.
30. Hepp U, Milos G, Braun-Scharm H. Gender identity disorder and anorexia nervosa in male monozygotic twins. Int J Eat Disord 2004;35:239-43.
31. Segal NL. Twins and transsexualism: An update and a preview; research reviews: Conjoined twins, angiographic lesions, single versus double embryo transfer; headlines: School placement legislation, Junior Taekwondo Olympics, prosthetic ears, murder victim. Twin Res Hum Genet 2007;10:894-7.
32. Diamond M, Hawk ST. Concordance for gender identity among monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI, July 2004.
33. Veale JF, Clarke DE, Lomax TC. Biological and psychosocial correlates of adult gender-variant identities: A review. Pers Individ Dif 2009;48:357-66.
34. Hall J. Twinning. Lancet 2003;362:735-43.
35. Singh SM, Murphy B, O'Reilly R. Epigenetic contributors to the discordance of monozygotic twins. Clin Genet 2002;62:97-103.
36. Fraga MF, Ballestar E, Paz MF, Ropero S, Setien F, Ballestar ML, Heine-Suñer D, Cigudosa JC, Urioste M, Benitez J, Boix-Chornet M, Sanchez-Aguilera A, Ling C, Carlsson E, Poulsen P, Vaag A, Stephan Z, Spector TD, Wu YZ, Plass C, Esteller M. Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:10604-9.
37. Bruder CE, Piotrowski A, Gijsbers AA, Andersson R, Erickson S, Diaz de Ståhl T, Menzel U, Sandgren J, von Tell D, Poplawski A, Crowley M, Crasto C, Partridge EC, Tiwari H, Allison DB, Komorowski J, van Ommen GJ, Boomsma DI, Pedersen NL, den Dunnen JT, Wirdefeldt K, Dumanski JP. Phenotypically concordant and discordant monozygotic twins display different DNA copy-number-variation profiles. Am J Hum Genet 2008;82:763-71.
38. Mustanski BS, Chivers ML, Bailey JM. A critical review of recent biological research on human sexual orientation. Annu Rev Sex Res 2002;13:89-140.
39. Bagley C, Tremblay P. On the prevalence of homosexuality and bisexuality, in a random community survey of 750 men aged 18 to 27. J Homosex 1998;36:1-18.
40. Mustanski BS, Dupree MG, Nievergelt CM, Bocklandt S, Schork NJ, Hamer DH. A genomewide scan of male sexual orientation. Hum Genet 2005;116:272-8.