Monetary-based consequences for drug abstinence: Methods of implementation and some considerations about the allocation of finances in substance abusers

American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 20-29

  Dallery, Jesse ^a,b   Raiff, Bethany ^b  

^a University of Florida   (United States)

^b NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavioral choice theory; Contingency management; Substance abuse

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FINANCE; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; REINFORCEMENT; SUBSTANCE ABUSE;

CHOICE BEHAVIOR; DRUG USERS; HUMANS; MOTIVATION; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 84857563594     PISSN: 00952990     EISSN: 10979891     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2011.598592     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. US Office of National Drug Control Policy. The Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in the United States, 1992-2002 (No. 207303). Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President, 2004.
2. Heyman GM. Addiction: A Disorder of Choice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.
3. Herrnstein RJ, Prelec D. A theory of addiction. In Choice Over Time. Elster J, ed. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1992; 331-360.
4. Vuchinich RE, Heather N. Choice, Behavioural Economics and Addiction. Amsterdam: Pergamon/Elsevier Science, 2003.
5. Bigelow GE, Brooner RK, Silverman K. Competing motivations: Drug reinforcement vs non-drug reinforcement. J Psychopharmacol 1998; 12:8-14. (Pubitemid 28142994)
6. Johanson CE, Schuster CR. Animal models of drug selfadministration. Adv Subst Abuse 1981; 2:219-297.
7. Thompson T. Relations among functional systems in behavior analysis. J Exp Anal Behav 2007; 87:423-440.
8. Stitzer ML, Iguchi MY, Felch LJ. Contingent take-home incentive: Effects on drug use of methadone maintenance patients. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992; 60:927-934.
9. Higgins ST, Silverman K. Motivating Behavior Change among Illicit Drug Abusers: Research on ContingencyManagement Interventions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1999.
10. Higgins ST, Heil SH, Solomon LJ, Bernstein IM, Lussier JP, Abel RL, Lynch ME, Badger GJ. A pilot study on voucherbased incentives to promote abstinence from cigarette smoking during pregnancy and postpartum. Nicotine Tob Res 2004; 6:1015-1020. (Pubitemid 40124758)
11. Jones HE, Haug N, Silverman K, Stitzer M, Svikis D. The effectiveness of incentives in enhancing treatment attendance and drug abstinence in methadone-maintained pregnant women. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001; 61:297-306. (Pubitemid 32119311)
12. Dunn KE, Sigmon SC, Reimann EF, Badger GJ, Heil SH, Higgins ST. A contingency-management intervention to promote initial smoking cessation among opioid-maintained patients. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2010; 18:37-50.
13. Higgins ST, Silverman K, Heil SH. Contingency Management in Substance Abuse Treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 2008.
14. Higgins ST, Budney AJ, Bickel WK, Foerg FE, Donham R, Badger GJ. Incentives improve outcome in outpatient behavioral treatment of cocaine dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:568-576. (Pubitemid 24211034)
15. Silverman K, Higgins ST, Brooner RK, Montoya ID, Cone EJ, Schuster CR, Preston KL. Sustained cocaine abstinence in methadone maintenance patients through voucherbased reinforcement therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53: 409-415. (Pubitemid 26149229)
16. Silverman K, Wong CJ, Higgins ST, Brooner RK, Montoya ID, Contoreggi C, Umbricht-Schneiter A, Schuster CR, Preston KL. Increasing opiate abstinence through voucherbased reinforcement therapy. Drug Alcohol Depend 1996; 41:157-165. (Pubitemid 26183908)
17. Downey KK, Helmus TC, Schuster CR. Treatment of heroin-dependent poly-drug abusers with contingency management and buprenorphine maintenance. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 8:176-184.
18. Piotrowski NA, Hall SM. Treatment of multiple drug abuse in the methadone clinic. In Motivating Behavior Change among Illicit-Drug Abusers: Research on ContingencyManagement Interventions. Silverman K, ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1999; 183-202.
19. Dallery J, Silverman K, Chutuape MA, Bigelow GE, Stitzer ML. Voucher-based reinforcement of opiate plus cocaine abstinence in treatment-resistant methadone patients: Effects of reinforcer magnitude. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 9:317-325. (Pubitemid 32762879)
20. Dallery J, Meredith S, Glenn IM. A deposit contract method to deliver abstinence reinforcement for cigarette smoking. J Appl Behav Anal 2008; 41:609-615.
21. Reynolds B, Dallery J, Shroff P, Patak M, Leraas K. A webbased contingency management program with adolescent smokers. J Appl Behav Anal 2008; 41:597-601.
22. PrendergastM, Podus D, Finney J, Greenwell L, Roll J. Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Addiction 2006; 101:1546-1560. (Pubitemid 44527186)
23. Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. A perfect platform: Combining contingency management with medications for drug abuse. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2007; 33:343-365. (Pubitemid 47037172)
24. Carroll KM, Ball SA, Nich C, O'Connor PG, Eagan DA, Frankforter TL, Triffleman EG, Shi J, Rounsaville BJ. Targeting behavioral therapies to enhance naltrexone treatment of opioid dependence: Efficacy of contingency management and significant other involvement. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58:755-761. (Pubitemid 32717799)
25. Rigsby MO, Rosen MI, Beauvais JE, Cramer JA, Rainey PM, O'Malley SS, Dieckhaus KD, Rounsaville BJ. Cuedose training with monetary reinforcement: Pilot tudy of an antiretroviral adherence intervention. J Gen Intern Med 2000; 15:841-847. (Pubitemid 32011833)
26. Sorensen JL, Haug NA, Delucchi KL, Gruber V, Kletter E, Batki SL, Tulsky JP, Barnett P, Hall S. Voucher reinforcement improves medication adherence in HIV-positive methadone patients: A randomized trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 88:54-63. (Pubitemid 46400307)
27. Rosen MI, Dieckhaus K, McMahon TJ, Valdes B, Petry NM, Cramer J, Rounsaville B. Improved adherence with contingency management. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2007; 21:30-40.
28. Lussier JP, Heil SH, Mongeon JA, Badger GJ, Higgins ST. A meta-analysis of voucher-based reinforcement therapy for substance use disorders. Addiction 2006; 101:192-203. (Pubitemid 43351594)
29. Petry NM, Martin B, Cooney JL, Kranzler HR. Give them prizes, and they will come: Contingency management for treatment of alcohol dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68:250-257.
30. Stitzer ML, Petry NM, Peirce J. Motivational incentives research in the national drug abuse treatment clinical trials network. J Subst Abuse Treat 2010; 38(Suppl. 1):S61-S69.
31. Petry NM, Peirce JM, Stitzer ML, Blaine J, Roll JM, Cohen A, Obert J, Killeen T, Saladin ME, Cowell M, Kirby KC, Sterling R, Royer-Malvestuto C, Hamilton J, Booth RE, Macdonald M, Liebert M, Rader L, Burns R, DiMaria J, Copersino M, Stabile PQ, Kolodner K, Li R. Effect of prize-based incentives on outcomes in stimulant abusers in outpatient psychosocial treatment programs: A national drug abuse treatment clinical trials network study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:1148-1156. (Pubitemid 41396940)
32. Petry NM, Tedford J, Austin M, Nich C, Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. Prize reinforcement contingency management for treating cocaine users: How low can we go, and with whom? Addiction 2004; 99:349-360. (Pubitemid 38333827)
33. Peirce JM, Petry NM, Stitzer ML, Blaine J, Kellogg S, Satterfield F, Schwartz M, Krasnansky J, Pencer E, Silva- Vazquez L, Kirby KC, Royer-Malvestuto C, Roll JM, Cohen A, Copersino ML, Kolodner K, Li R. Effects of lower-cost incentives on stimulant abstinence in methadone maintenance treatment: A national drug abuse treatment clinical trials network study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 201-208. (Pubitemid 43213882)
34. Petry NM, Alessi SM. Prize-based contingency management is efficacious in cocaine-abusing patients with and without recent gambling participation. J Subst Abuse Treat 2010; 39:282-288.
35. Petry NM, Oncken C. Cigarette smoking is associated with increased severity of gambling problems in treatmentseeking gamblers. Addiction 2002; 97:745-753. (Pubitemid 34620595)
36. Petry NM, Alessi SM, Marx J, Austin M, Tardif M. Vouchers versus prizes: Contingency management treatment of substance abusers in community settings. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005; 73:1005-1014. (Pubitemid 43161099)
37. Petry NM, Alessi SM, Hanson T, Sierra S. Randomized trial of contingent prizes versus vouchers in cocaine-using methadone patients. J Consult Clin Psychol 2007; 75: 983-991.
38. Olmstead TA, Petry NM. The cost-effectiveness of prizebased and voucher-based contingency management in a population of cocaine- or opioid-dependent outpatients. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 102:108-115.
39. Kim A, Kamyab K, Zhu J, Volpp K. Why are financial incentives not effective at influencing some smokers to quit? Results of a process evaluation of a worksite trial assessing the efficacy of financial incentives for smoking cessation. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:62-67.
40. Lott DC, Jencius S. Effectiveness of very low-cost contingency management in a community adolescent treatment program. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 102:162-165.
41. DeFulio A, Donlin WD, Wong CJ, Silverman K. Employment-based abstinence reinforcement as a maintenance intervention for the treatment of cocaine dependence: A randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2009; 104:1530-1538.
42. Donlin WD, Knealing TW, Needham M, Wong CJ, Silverman K. Attendance rates in a workplace predict subsequent outcome of employment-based reinforcement of cocaineabstinence in methadone patients. J Appl Behav Anal 2008; 41:499-516.
43. Knealing TW, Roebuck MC, Wong CJ, Silverman K. Economic cost of the therapeutic workplace intervention added to methadone maintenance. J Subst Abuse Treat 2008; 34:326-332. (Pubitemid 351320615)
44. Silverman K, Svikis D, Robles E, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE. A reinforcement-based therapeutic workplace for the treatment of drug abuse: Six-month abstinence outcomes. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 9:14-23. (Pubitemid 32852207)
45. Silverman K, Robles E, Mudric T, Bigelow GE, Stitzer ML. A randomized trial of long-term reinforcement of cocaine abstinence in methadone-maintained patients who inject drugs. J Consult Clin Psychol 2004; 72:839-854. (Pubitemid 39299446)
46. Silverman K, Svikis D, Wong CJ, Hampton J, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE. A reinforcement-based therapeutic workplace for the treatment of drug abuse: Three-year abstinence outcomes. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 10:228-240. (Pubitemid 34919931)
47. Jansson LM, Svikis D, Lee J, Paluzzi P, Rutigliano P, Hackerman F. Pregnancy and addiction. A comprehensive care model. J Subst Abuse Treat 1996; 13:321-329.
48. Silverman K, Wong CJ, Needham M, Diemer KN, Knealing T, Crone-Todd D, Fingerhood M, Nuzzo P, Kolodner K. A randomized trial of employment-based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence in injection drug users. J Appl Behav Anal 2007; 40:387-410.
49. Silverman K, Wong CJ, Umbricht-Schneiter A, MontoyaID, Schuster CR, Preston KL. Broad beneficial effects of cocaine abstinence reinforcement among methadone patients. J Consult Clin Psychol 1998; 66:811-824. (Pubitemid 28478349)
50. Festinger DS, Marlowe DB, Croft JR, Dugosh KL, Mastro NK, Lee PA, Dematteo DS, Patapis NS. Do research payments precipitate drug use or coerce participation? Drug Alcohol Depend 2005; 78:275-281. (Pubitemid 40694049)
51. Vandrey R, Bigelow GE, Stitzer ML. Contingency management in cocaine abusers: A dose-effect comparison of goods-based versus cash-based incentives. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 15:338-343. (Pubitemid 47445261)
52. Roll JM, Reilly MP, Johanson C. The influence of exchange delays on cigarette versus money choice: A laboratory analog of voucher-based reinforcement therapy. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 8:366-370.
53. Bickel WK, Marsch LA. Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: Delay discounting processes. Addiction 2001; 96:73-86. (Pubitemid 32099341)
54. Petry NM, Bickel WK, Arnett M. Shortened time horizons and insensitivity to future consequences in heroin addicts. Addiction 1998; 93:729-738. (Pubitemid 28230604)
55. Reilly MP, Roll JM, Downey KK. Impulsivity and voucher versus money preference in polydrug-dependent participants enrolled in a contingency- management-based substance abuse treatment program. J Subst Abuse Treat 2000; 19:253-257.
56. Rosado J, Sigmon SC, Jones HE, Stitzer ML. Cash value of voucher reinforcers in pregnant drug-dependent women. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 13:41-47. (Pubitemid 40261828)
57. Malotte CK, Hollingshead JR, Rhodes F. Monetary versus nonmonetary incentives for TB skin test reading among drug users. Am J Prev Med 1999; 16:182-188. (Pubitemid 29152566)
58. Paxton R. Prolonging the effects of deposit contracts with smokers. Behav Res Ther 1983; 21:425-433. (Pubitemid 13051772)
59. Paxton R. Deposit contracts with smokers: Varying frequency and amount of repayments. Behav Res Ther 1981; 19:117-123. (Pubitemid 11100602)
60. Paxton R. The effects of a deposit contract as a component in a behavioural programme for stopping smoking. Behav Res Ther 1980; 18:45-50. (Pubitemid 10146914)
61. Winett RA. Parameters of deposit contracts in the modification of smoking. Psychol Rec 1973; 23:49-60.
62. Herrnstein RJ. On the law of effect. J Exp Anal Behav 1970; 13:243-266.
63. Murphy JG, Correia CJ, Colby SM, Vuchinich RE. Using behavioral theories of choice to predict drinking outcomes following a brief intervention. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 13:93-101. (Pubitemid 40791818)
64. Murphy JG, Correia CJ, Barnett NP. Behavioral economic approaches to reduce college student drinking. Addict Behav 2007; 32:2573-2585. (Pubitemid 47332838)
65. Correia CJ, Benson TA, Carey KB. Decreased substance use following increases in alternative behaviors: A preliminary investigation. Addict Behav 2005; 30:19-27. (Pubitemid 39550436)
66. Rash CJ, Olmstead TA, Petry NM. Income does not affect response to contingency management treatments among community substance abuse treatment-seekers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 104:249-253.
67. Kinnaman JES, Slade E, Bennett ME, Bellack AS. Examination of contingency payments to dually-diagnosed patients in a multi-faceted behavioral treatment. Addict Behav 2007; 32:1480-1485. (Pubitemid 46634783)
68. McKay JR, Foltz C, Stephens RC, Leahy PJ, Crowley EM, Kissin W. Predictors of alcohol and crack cocaine use outcomes over a 3-year follow-up in treatment seekers. J Subst Abuse Treat 2005; 28:S73-S82. (Pubitemid 40387922)
69. Roll JM, Shoptaw S. Contingency management: Schedule effects. Psychiatry Res 2006; 144:91-93. (Pubitemid 44332536)
70. Roll JM, Huber A, Sodano R, Chudzynski JE, Moynier E, Shoptaw S. A comparison of five reinforcement schedules for use in contingency management-based treatment of methamphetamine abuse. Psychol Rec 2006; 56:67-81. (Pubitemid 43258349)
71. Roll JM, Higgins ST. A within-subject comparison of three different schedules of reinforcement of drug abstinence using cigarette smoking as an exemplar. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000; 58:103-109.
72. Petry NM. A comprehensive guide to the application of contingency management procedures in clinical settings. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000; 58:9-25.
73. Correia CJ, Sigmon SC, Silverman K, Bigelow G, Stitzer ML. A comparison of voucher-delivery schedules for the initiation of cocaine abstinence. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 13:253-258. (Pubitemid 41330639)
74. Kirby KC, Marlowe DB, Festinger DS, Lamb RJ, Platt JJ. Schedule of voucher delivery influences initiation of cocaine abstinence. J Consult Clin Psychol 1998; 66:761-767. (Pubitemid 28478343)
75. Romanowich P, Lamb RJ. Effects of escalating and descending schedules of incentives on cigarette smoking in smokers without plans to quit. J Appl Behav Anal 2010; 43: 357-367.
76. Lamb RJ, Kirby KC, Morral AR, Galbicka G, Iguchi MY. Shaping smoking cessation in hard-to-treat smokers. J Consult Clin Psychol 2010; 78:62-71.
77. Lamb RJ, Morral AR, Kirby KC, Javors MA, Galbicka G, Iguchi M. Contingencies for change in complacent smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 15:245-255. (Pubitemid 47445253)
78. Lamb RJ, Kirby KC, Morral AR, Galbicka G, Iguchi MY. Improving contingency management programs for addiction. Addict Behav 2004; 29:507-523. (Pubitemid 38410834)
79. Silverman K, Chutuape MA, Bigelow GE, Stitzer ML. Voucher-based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence intreatment-resistant methadone patients: Effects of reinforcement magnitude. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 1999; 146: 128-138. (Pubitemid 29474204)
80. Garcia-Rodriguez O, Secades-Villa R, Higgins ST, Fernandez-Hermida J, Carballo JL, Errasti Perez JM, Diaz SA. Effects of voucher-based intervention on abstinence and retention in an outpatient treatment for cocaine addiction: A randomized controlled trial. Exp Clin Psychopharmaco 2009; 17:131-138.
81. Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE. Contingent payment for carbon monoxide reduction: Effects of pay amount. Behav Ther 1983; 14:647-656. (Pubitemid 14216692)
82. Kidorf M, Stitzer ML, Brooner RK. Characteristics of methadone patients responding to take-home incentives. Behav Ther 1994; 25:109-121. (Pubitemid 24184563)
83. Silverman K, Chutuape MA, Bigelow GE, Stitzer ML. Voucher-based reinforcement of attendance by unemployed methadone patients in a job skills training program. Drug Alcohol Depend 1996; 41:197-207. (Pubitemid 26252462)
84. Critchfield TS, Kollins SH. Temporal discounting: Basic research and the analysis of socially important behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2001; 34:101-122. (Pubitemid 33595581)
85. Perry JL, Carroll ME. The role of impulsive behavior in drug buse. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 2008; 200:1-26.
86. Bickel WK, Odum AL, Madden GJ. Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: Delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 1999; 146:447-454. (Pubitemid 29513285)
87. Madden GJ, Bickel WK. Impulsivity: The Behavioral and Neurological Science of Discounting. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2010.
88. Dallery J, Locey ML. Effects of acute and chronic nicotine on impulsive choice in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2005; 16: 15-23. (Pubitemid 40354362)
89. Richards JB, Sabol KE, de Wit H. Effects of methamphetamine on the adjusting amount procedure, a model of impulsive behavior in rats. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 1999; 146:432-439. (Pubitemid 29513283)
90. Locey ML, Dallery J. Isolating behavioral mechanisms of intertemporal choice: Nicotine effects on delay discounting and amount sensitivity. J Exp Anal Behav 2009; 91: 213-223.
91. Carroll ME, Ankera JJ, Perry JL. Modeling risk factors for nicotine and other drug abuse in the preclinical laboratory. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 104:S70-S78.
92. Carroll ME, Anker JJ, Mach JL, Newman JL, Perry JL. Delay discounting as a predictor of drug abuse. In Impulsivity: The Behavioral and Neurological Science of Discounting. Bickel WK, ed.Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2010; 243-271.
93. Krishnan-Sarin S, Reynolds B, Duhig AM, Smith A, Liss T, McFetridge A, Cavallo DA, Carroll KM, Potenza MN. Behavioral impulsivity predicts treatment outcome in a smoking cessation program for adolescent smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 88:79-82. (Pubitemid 46400299)
94. Yoon JH, Higgins ST, Heil SH, Sugarbaker RJ, Thomas CS, Badger GJ. Delay discounting predicts postpartum relapse to cigarette smoking among pregnant women. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 15:176-186. (Pubitemid 47445246)
95. Dallery J, Raiff BR. Delay discounting predicts cigarette smoking in a laboratory model of abstinence reinforcement. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 2007; 190:485-496. (Pubitemid 46204466)
96. Tucker JA, Roth DL, Vignolo MJ, Westfall AO. A behavioral economic reward index predicts drinking resolutions: Moderation revisited and compared with other outcomes. J Consult Clin Psychol 2009; 77:219-228.
97. Tucker JA, Foushee HR, Black BC. Behavioral economic analysis of natural resolution of drinking problems using IVR self-monitoring. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2008; 16:332-340.
98. Tucker JA, Vuchinich RE, Black BC, Rippens PD. Significance of a behavioral economic index of reward value in predicting drinking problem resolution. J Consult Clin Psychol 2006; 74:317-326. (Pubitemid 43807363)
99. Cavallo DA, Nich C, Schepis TS, Smith AE, Liss TB, McFetridge AK, Krishnan-Sarin S. Preliminary examination of adolescent spending in a contingency management based smoking cessation program. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse2010; 19:335-342.
100. Roll JM, PrendergastML, Sorensen K, Prakash S, Chudzynski JE. A comparison of voucher exchanges between criminal justice involved and noninvolved participants enrolled in voucher-based contingency management drug abuse treatment programs. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2005; 31: 393-401. (Pubitemid 41140814)
101. Pantalon MV, Ferro G, Chawarski MC, LaPaglia DM, Pakes JP, Schottenfeld RS. Voucher purchases in contingency management interventions for women with cocaine dependence. Addict Disord Their Treat 2004; 3: 27-35. (Pubitemid 38352201)
102. Bickel WK, Jones BA, Landes RD, Christensen DR, Jackson L, Mancino M. Hypothetical intertemporal choice and real economic behavior: Delay discounting predicts voucher redemptions during contingency-management procedures. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2010; 18:546-552.
103. Schweitzer JB, Sulzer-Azaroff B. Self-control: Teaching tolerance for delay in impulsive children. J Exp Anal Behav 1988; 50:173-186.
104. Rosen MI, Carroll KM, Stefanovics E, Rosenheck RA. A randomized controlled trial of a money managementbased substance use intervention. Psychiatr Serv 2009; 60: 498-504.
105. Black AC, Rosen MI. A money management-based substance use treatment increases valuation of future rewards. Addict Behav 2011; 36:125-128.