Longitudinal detection of dementia through lexical and syntactic changes in writing: A case study of three British novelists

Literary and Linguistic Computing

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 435-461

  Le, Xuan ^a   Lancashire, Ian ^a   Hirst, Graeme ^a   Jokel, Regina ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b Kunin Lunenfeld Applied Research Unit and Department of Food and Nutrition Services and Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857494391     PISSN: 02681145     EISSN: 14774615     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/llc/fqr013     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Bates, E., Harris, C., Marchman, V., Wulfeck, B., and Kritchevsky, M. (1995). Production of complex syntax in normal ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Language and Cognitive Processes, 10(5): 487-539.
2. Bird, H., Ralph, M. A. L., Patterson, K., and Hodges, J. R. (2000). The rise and fall of frequency and imageability: noun and verb production in semantic dementia. Brain and Language, 73: 17-49.
3. Bird, S., Klein, E., and Loper, E. (2009). Natural Language Processing with Python. O'Reilly. http://www.nltk.org/book (accessed 1 May 2011).
4. Blazer, D. G. and Steffens, D. C. (2009). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Geriatric Psychiatry. 4th edn. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric.
5. Brown, C., Snodgrass, T., Kemper, S. J., Herman, R., and Covington, M. A. (2008). Automatic measurement of propositional idea density from part-of-speech tagging. Behavior Research Methods, 40(2): 540-5.
6. Burke, D. M. and Shafto, M. A. (2008). Language and aging. In Craik, F. I. M. and Salthouse, T. A. (eds), The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. 3rd edn. New York: Psychology Press, pp. 373-443.
7. Cantos Gómez, P. (2010). Analyzing the oral speech of an Alzheimer affected person: a case study. Proceedings, 10th International Conference on Statistical Analysis of Textual Data (JADT 2010), Rome, pp. 897-905.
8. Chan, A. S., Butters, N., and Salmon, D. P. (1997). The deterioration of semantic networks in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a cross-sectional study. Neuropsychologia, 35(3): 241-48.
9. Charniak, E. (2006). Charniak parser. http://www.cs.brown.edu/~ec/ (accessed 20 March 2011).
10. Cheung, H. and Kemper, S. (1992). Competing complexity metrics and adults' production of complex sentences. Applied Psycholinguistics, 13: 53-76.
11. Christie, A. (1977). Agatha Christie: an Autobiography. New York: Dodd, Mead.
12. Conradi, P. J. (2001). Iris Murdoch: a Life. New York: Norton.
13. Cook, C., Fay, S., and Rockwood, K. (2009). Verbal repetition in people with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease: a descriptive analysis from the VISTA Clinical Trial. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 23(2): 146-51.
14. Covington, M. A. (2007). CPIDR 3 user manual. Research report 2007-03. CASPR. http://www.ai.uga.edu/caspr/CPIDR-Manual.pdf (accessed 12 August 2010).
15. Covington, M. A., He, C., Brown, C., Naci, L., and Brown, J. (2006). How complex is that sentence? A proposed revision of the Rosenberg and Abbeduto D-Level Scale. Research report 2006-01. CASPR. http://www.ai.uga.edu/caspr/2006-01-Covington.pdf (accessed 20 March 2011).
16. Garrard, P., Maloney, L. M., Hodges, J. R., and Patterson, K. (2005). The effects of very early Alzheimer's disease on the characteristics of writing by a renowned author. Brain, 128(2): 250-60.
17. James, P. D. (2010). P.D. James: The official website. http://www.randomhouse.com/features/pdjames (accessed 2 August 2010).
18. Kemper, S., Greiner, L. H., Marquis, J. G., Prenovost, K., and Mitzner, T. L. (2001). Language decline across the life span: findings from the Nun Study. Psychology and Aging, 16(2): 227-39.
19. Lancashire, I. (2010). Forgetful Muses: Reading the Author in the Text. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
20. Lancashire, I. and Hirst, G. (2009). Vocabulary changes in Agatha Christie's mysteries as an indication of dementia: a case study. 19th Annual Rotman Research Institute Conference, Cognitive Aging: Research and Practice, 8-10 March 2009, Toronto. http://ftp.cs.toronto.edu/pub/gh/Lancashire+Hirst-extabs-2009.pdf (accessed 1 May 2011).
21. Lancashire, I., Bradley, J., McCarty, W., Stairs, M., and Wooldridge, T. R. (1996). Using TACT with electronic texts: a guide to Text-Analysis Computing Tools, version 2.1 for MS-DOS and PC DOS. New York: Modern Language Association of America. http://www.mla.org/store/CID7/PID236 (accessed 1 May 2011).
22. Le, X. (2010). Longitudinal Detection of Dementia through Lexical and Syntactic Changes in Writing, Master's thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto. http://ftp.cs.toronto.edu/pub/gh/Le-MSc-2010.pdf (accessed 1 May 2011).
23. Maxim, J. and Bryan, K. (1994). Language of the Elderly: A Clinical Perspective. London: Whurr.
24. Morgan, J. (1984). Agatha Christie: a Biography. London: Collins.
25. Nicholas, M., Obler, L. K., Albert, M. L., and Helm-Estabrooks, N. (1985). Empty speech in Alzheimer's disease and fluent aphasia. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 28: 405-10.
26. Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/ (accessed 1 May 2011).
27. Rosenberg, S. and Abbeduto, L. (1987). Indicators of linguistic competence in the peer group conversational behavior of mildly retarded adults. Applied Psycholinguistics, 8: 19-32.
28. Snowdon, D. A., Kemper, S. J., Mortimer, J. A., Greiner, L. H., Wekstein, D. R., and Markesbery, W. R. (1996). Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life: findings from the Nun Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 275(7): 528-32.
29. Thomas, C., Kesělj, V., Cercone, N., Rockwood, K., and Asp, E. (2005). Automatic detection and rating of dementia of Alzheimer type through lexical analysis of spontaneous speech. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, Niagara Falls, Canada, pp. 1569-74.
30. Todd, R. (2001). Realism disavowed? Discourses of memory and high incarnations in Jackson's Dilemma. Modern Fiction Studies, 47(3): 674-95.
31. Van Velzen, M. and Garrard, P. (2008). From hindsight to insight - retrospective analysis of language written by a renowned Alzheimer's patient. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 33(4): 278-86.
32. Williams, K., Holmes, F., Kemper, S., and Marquis, J. (2003). Written language clues to cognitive changes of aging: An analysis of the letters of King James VI/I. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58B(1): 42-4.
33. Wilson, A. N. (2003). Iris Murdoch as I knew her. London: Hutchinson.
34. Yngve, V. H. (1960). A model and an hypothesis for language structure. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 104(5): 444-66.