메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 65, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 109-118

Influence of mindfulness practice on cortisol and sleep in long-term and short-term meditators

Author keywords

Cortisol secretion; Long term experience; Mindfulness based stress reduction; Short term experience; Sleep quality

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE;

EID: 84857489335     PISSN: 0302282X     EISSN: 14230224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000330362     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (129)

References (58)
  • 1
    • 79954594077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Chiesa A, Serretti A: Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2011; 187: 441-453.
    • (2011) Psychiatry Res , vol.187 , pp. 441-453
    • Chiesa, A.1    Serretti, A.2
  • 2
    • 77957130022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of neurobiological and clinical features of mindfulness meditations
    • Chiesa A, Serretti A: A systematic review of neurobiological and clinical features of mindfulness meditations. Psychol Med 2010; 40: 1239-1252.
    • (2010) Psychol Med , vol.40 , pp. 1239-1252
    • Chiesa, A.1    Serretti, A.2
  • 3
    • 3142646773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis
    • DOI 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7, PII S0022399903005737
    • Grossman P, Niemann L, Schmidt S, Walach H: Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res 2004; 57: 35-43. (Pubitemid 38901093)
    • (2004) Journal of Psychosomatic Research , vol.57 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-43
    • Grossman, P.1    Niemann, L.2    Schmidt, S.3    Walach, H.4
  • 4
    • 33750833202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Achtsamkeitsbasierte Stressreduktion -Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) nach Kabat-Zinn
    • in Heidenreich T, Michalak J (eds) Tübingen, dgvt
    • Meibert P, Michalak J, Heidenreich T: Achtsamkeitsbasierte Stressreduktion -Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) nach Kabat-Zinn; in Heidenreich T, Michalak J (eds): Achtsamkeit und Akzeptanz in der Psychotherapie. Tübingen, dgvt, 2004, pp 141-191.
    • (2004) Achtsamkeit und Akzeptanz in der Psychotherapie , pp. 141-191
    • Meibert, P.1    Michalak, J.2    Heidenreich, T.3
  • 6
    • 0002541635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mindfulness meditation: Health benefits of an ancient Buddhist practice
    • in Goleman D, Gurin J (eds) New York, Consumer Report Books
    • Kabat-Zinn J: Mindfulness meditation: Health benefits of an ancient Buddhist practice; in Goleman D, Gurin J (eds): Mind/ Body Medicine. New York, Consumer Report Books, pp 259-275.
    • Mind/ Body Medicine , pp. 259-275
    • Kabat-Zinn, J.1
  • 9
    • 38149103307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mindfulness as a concept and a process
    • Kostanski M, Hassed C: Mindfulness as a concept and a process. Aust Psychol 2008; 43: 15-21.
    • (2008) Aust Psychol , vol.43 , pp. 15-21
    • Kostanski, M.1    Hassed, C.2
  • 10
    • 84859883453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mindfulness: A dialogue between Buddhism and clinical psychology
    • Kang C, Whittingham K: Mindfulness: A dialogue between Buddhism and clinical psychology. Mindfulness 2010; 1: 161-173.
    • (2010) Mindfulness , vol.1 , pp. 161-173
    • Kang, C.1    Whittingham, K.2
  • 11
    • 77957946229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MS quality of life, depression, and fatigue improve after mindfulness training: A randomized trial
    • Grossman P, Kappos L, Gensicke H, D'Souza M, Mohr DC, Penner IK, Steiner C: MS quality of life, depression, and fatigue improve after mindfulness training: A randomized trial. Neurology 2010; 75: 1141-1149.
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.75 , pp. 1141-1149
    • Grossman, P.1    Kappos, L.2    Gensicke, H.3    D'Souza, M.4    Mohr, D.C.5    Penner, I.K.6    Steiner, C.7
  • 12
    • 78649946380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antidepressant monotherapy vs sequential pharmacotherapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, or placebo, for relapse prophylaxis in recurrent depression
    • Segal ZV, Bieling P, Young T, MacQueen G, Cooke R, Martin L, Bloch R, Levitan RD: Antidepressant monotherapy vs sequential pharmacotherapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, or placebo, for relapse prophylaxis in recurrent depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 1256-1264.
    • (2010) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.67 , pp. 1256-1264
    • Segal, Z.V.1    Bieling, P.2    Young, T.3    MacQueen, G.4    Cooke, R.5    Martin, L.6    Bloch, R.7    Levitan, R.D.8
  • 13
    • 84857780840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The short-term impact of a brief group-based mindfulness therapy program on depression and life satisfaction
    • Harnett Ph, Whittingham K, Puhakka E, Hodges J, Spry C, Dob R: The short-term impact of a brief group-based mindfulness therapy program on depression and life satisfaction. Mindfulness 2010; 1: 183-188.
    • (2010) Mindfulness , vol.1 , pp. 183-188
    • Harnett, P.H.1    Whittingham, K.2    Puhakka, E.3    Hodges, J.4    Spry, C.5    Dob, R.6
  • 14
    • 79952103043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mindfulness-based approaches are they all the same?
    • Chiesa A, Malinowski P: Mindfulness-based approaches: Are they all the same? J Clin Psychol 2011; 67: 404-424.
    • (2011) J Clin Psychol , vol.67 , pp. 404-424
    • Chiesa, A.1    Malinowski, P.2
  • 17
    • 72949104128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortisol as a marker for improvement in mindfulness-Based stress reduction
    • Matousek RH, Dobkin PL, Pruessner J: Cortisol as a marker for improvement in mindfulness-based stress reduction. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2010; 16: 13-19.
    • (2010) Complement Ther Clin Pract , vol.16 , pp. 13-19
    • Matousek, R.H.1    Dobkin, P.L.2    Pruessner, J.3
  • 18
    • 34848908358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One year pre-post intervention follow-up of psychological, immune, endocrine and blood pressure outcomes of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in breast and prostate cancer outpatients
    • DOI 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.04.002, PII S0889159107000852
    • Carlson LE, Speca M, Faris P, Patel KD: One year pre-post intervention follow-up of psychological, immune, endocrine and blood pressure outcomes of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21: 1038-1049. (Pubitemid 47496126)
    • (2007) Brain, Behavior, and Immunity , vol.21 , Issue.8 , pp. 1038-1049
    • Carlson, L.E.1    Speca, M.2    Faris, P.3    Patel, K.D.4
  • 20
    • 27744580083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of psychological and physiological measures of stress in health-care professionals during an 8-week mindfulness meditation program: Mindfulness in pratice
    • DOI 10.1002/smi.1062
    • Galantino ML, Baime M, Maguire M, Szapary P, Farrar JT: Association of psychological and physiological measures of stress in health-care professionals during an 8-week mindfulness meditation program: Mindfulness in practice. Stress Health 2005; 21: 255-261. (Pubitemid 41614631)
    • (2005) Stress and Health , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 255-261
    • Galantino, M.L.1    Baime, M.2    Maguire, M.3    Szapary, P.O.4    Farrar, J.T.5
  • 21
    • 67649679273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of low-dose mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR-ld) on working adults
    • Klatt MD, Buckworth J, Malarkey WB: Effects of low-dose mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR-ld) on working adults. Health Educ Behav 2009; 36: 601-614.
    • (2009) Health Educ Behav , vol.36 , pp. 601-614
    • Klatt, M.D.1    Buckworth, J.2    Malarkey, W.B.3
  • 22
    • 0242496466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psycho-endocrine-immune response to mindfulness-based stress reduction in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: A quasiexperimental study
    • Robinson FP, Mathews HL, Witek-Janusek L: Psycho-endocrine-immune response to mindfulness-based stress reduction in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: A quasiexperimental study. J Altern Complement Med 2003; 9: 683-694. (Pubitemid 37377388)
    • (2003) Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine , vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp. 683-694
    • Robinson, F.P.1    Mathews, H.L.2    Witek-Janusek, L.3
  • 23
    • 8644271792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pilot study to examine the effects of a mindfulness-based stress-reduction and relaxation program on levels of stress hormones, physical functioning, and submaximal exercise responses
    • DOI 10.1089/acm.2004.10.819
    • Robert McComb JJ, Tacon A, Randolph P, Caldera Y: A pilot study to examine the effects of a mindfulness-based stress-reduction and relaxation program on levels of stress hormones, physical functioning, and submaximal exercise responses. J Altern Complement Med 2004; 10: 819-827. (Pubitemid 39507037)
    • (2004) Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine , vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp. 819-827
    • Robert-McComb, J.J.1    Tacon, A.2    Randolph, P.3    Caldera, Y.4
  • 24
    • 79953075682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the cortisol awakening response (CAR) following participation in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in women who completed treatment for breast cancer
    • Matousek RH, Pruessner JC, Dobkin PL: Changes in the cortisol awakening response (CAR) following participation in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in women who completed treatment for breast cancer. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2011; 17: 65-70.
    • (2011) Complement Ther Clin Pract , vol.17 , pp. 65-70
    • Matousek, R.H.1    Pruessner, J.C.2    Dobkin, P.L.3
  • 25
    • 0033796310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pre-sleep cognitive activity: A comparison of sleep-onset insomniacs and good sleepers
    • Harvey AG: Pre-sleep cognitive activity: A comparison of sleep-onset insomniacs and good sleepers. Br J Clin Psychol 2000; 39: 275-286.
    • (2000) Br J Clin Psychol , vol.39 , pp. 275-286
    • Harvey, A.G.1
  • 26
    • 0037269449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction in the treatment of sleep disturbance in women with breast cancer. An exploratory study
    • DOI 10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00546-9, PII S0022399902005469
    • Shapiro SL, Bootzin RR, Figueredo AJ, Lopez AM, Schwartz GE: The efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction in the treatment of sleep disturbance in women with breast cancer: An exploratory study. J Psychosom Res 2003; 54: 85-91. (Pubitemid 36172429)
    • (2003) Journal of Psychosomatic Research , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 85-91
    • Shapiro, S.L.1    Bootzin, R.R.2    Figueredo, A.J.3    Lopez, A.M.4    Schwartz, G.E.5
  • 29
    • 36049049536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on sleep disturbance: A systematic review
    • DOI 10.1016/j.explore.2007.08.003, PII S1550830707002741
    • Winbush NY, Gross CR, Kreitzer MJ: The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on sleep disturbance: A systematic review. Explore 2007; 3: 585-591. (Pubitemid 350082041)
    • (2007) Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing , vol.3 , Issue.6 , pp. 585-591
    • Winbush, N.Y.1    Gross, C.R.2    Kreitzer, M.J.3
  • 30
    • 77958506256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mindfulness-based approach to the treatment of insomnia
    • Ong J, Sholtes D: A mindfulness-based approach to the treatment of insomnia. J Clin Psychol 2010; 66: 1175-1184.
    • (2010) J Clin Psychol , vol.66 , pp. 1175-1184
    • Ong, J.1    Sholtes, D.2
  • 31
    • 40949117161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electroencephalographic sleep profiles and hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenocortical (HPA) activity in kindergarten children: Early indication of poor sleep quality associated with increased cortisol secretion
    • Hatzinger M, Brand S, Perren S, Stadelmann S, Von Wyl A, Von Klitzing K, Holsboer-Trachsler E: Electroencephalographic sleep profiles and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) activity in kindergarten children: Early indication of poor sleep quality associated with increased cortisol secretion. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42: 352-543.
    • (2008) J Psychiatr Res , vol.42 , pp. 352-543
    • Hatzinger, M.1    Brand, S.2    Perren, S.3    Stadelmann, S.4    Von Wyl, A.5    Von Klitzing, K.6    Holsboer-Trachsler, E.7
  • 32
    • 77249108282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sleep actigraphy pattern and behavioral/emotional difficulties in kindergarten children: Association with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) activity
    • Hatzinger M, Brand S, Perren S, Von Wyl A, Von Klitzing K, Holsboer-Trachsler E: Sleep actigraphy pattern and behavioral/emotional difficulties in kindergarten children: Association with hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenocortical (HPA) activity. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44: 253-261.
    • (2010) J Psychiatr Res , vol.44 , pp. 253-261
    • Hatzinger, M.1    Brand, S.2    Perren, S.3    Von Wyl, A.4    Von Klitzing, K.5    Holsboer-Trachsler, E.6
  • 33
    • 33644845695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations between sleep and cortisol responses to stress in children and adolescents: A pilot study
    • Capaldi VF, Handwerger K, Richardson E, Stroud LR: Associations between sleep and cortisol responses to stress in children and adolescents: A pilot study. Behav Sleep Med 2005; 3: 177-192.
    • (2005) Behav Sleep Med , vol.3 , pp. 177-192
    • Capaldi, V.F.1    Handwerger, K.2    Richardson, E.3    Stroud, L.R.4
  • 34
    • 52149122484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dex/CRHtest response and sleep in depressed patients and healthy controls with and without vulnerability for affective disorders
    • Friess E, Schmid D, Modell S, Brunner H, Lauer CJ, Holsboer F, Ising M: Dex/CRHtest response and sleep in depressed patients and healthy controls with and without vulnerability for affective disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42: 1154-1162.
    • (2008) J Psychiatr Res , vol.42 , pp. 1154-1162
    • Friess, E.1    Schmid, D.2    Modell, S.3    Brunner, H.4    Lauer, C.J.5    Holsboer, F.6    Ising, M.7
  • 35
    • 79955894668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oh, Baby, please don't cry!' In infants suffering from infantile colic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity is related to poor sleep and increased crying intensity
    • Brand S, Furlano R, Sidler M, Schulz J, Holsboer-Trachsler E: 'Oh, Baby, please don't cry!' In infants suffering from infantile colic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity is related to poor sleep and increased crying intensity. Neuropsychobiology 2011; 64: 15-23.
    • (2011) Neuropsychobiology , vol.64 , pp. 15-23
    • Brand, S.1    Furlano, R.2    Sidler, M.3    Schulz, J.4    Holsboer-Trachsler, E.5
  • 36
    • 4544264515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electroencephalographic sleep profiles in treatment course and long-term outcome of major depression: Association with DEX/CRH-test response
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.01.010, PII S0022395604000263
    • Hatzinger M, Hemmeter UM, Brand S, Ising M, Holsboer-Trachsler E: Electroencephalographic sleep profiles in treatment course and long-term outcome of major depression: Association with DEX/CRH-test response. J Psychiatr Res 2004; 38: 453-465. (Pubitemid 39221752)
    • (2004) Journal of Psychiatric Research , vol.38 , Issue.5 , pp. 453-465
    • Hatzinger, M.1    Hemmeter, U.M.2    Brand, S.3    Ising, M.4    Holsboer-Trachsler, E.5
  • 37
    • 33847302850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurochemical regulation of sleep
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.04.007, PII S0022395606000719
    • Steiger A: Neurochemical regulation of sleep. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41: 537-552. (Pubitemid 46330396)
    • (2007) Journal of Psychiatric Research , vol.41 , Issue.7 , pp. 537-552
    • Steiger, A.1
  • 38
    • 18844437230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review: On the interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sleep: Normal HPA axis activity and circadian rhythm, exemplary sleep disorders
    • DOI 10.1210/jc.2004-1056
    • Buckley TM, Schatzberg AF: On the interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sleep: Normal HPA axis activity and circadian rhythm, exemplary sleep disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 3106-3114. (Pubitemid 40686371)
    • (2005) Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , vol.90 , Issue.5 , pp. 3106-3114
    • Buckley, T.M.1    Schatzberg, A.F.2
  • 41
    • 0024389366 scopus 로고
    • The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research
    • DOI 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
    • Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 1989; 28: 193-213. (Pubitemid 19144991)
    • (1989) Psychiatry Research , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 193-213
    • Buysse, D.J.1    Reynolds III, C.F.2    Monk, T.H.3    Berman, S.R.4    Kupfer, D.J.5
  • 43
    • 0031469353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free cortisol levels after awakening: A reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity
    • DOI 10.1016/S0024-3205(97)01008-4, PII S0024320597010084
    • Pruessner JC, Wolf OT, Hellhammer H, Buske-Kirschbaum A, von Auer K, Jobst S, Kaspers F, Kirschbaum C: Free cortisol levels after awakening: A reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity. Life Sci 1997; 61: 2539-2549. (Pubitemid 28035578)
    • (1997) Life Sciences , vol.61 , Issue.26 , pp. 2539-2549
    • Pruessner, J.C.1    Wolf, O.T.2    Hellhammer, D.H.3    Buske-Kirschbaum, A.4    Von Auer, K.5    Jobst, S.6    Kaspers, F.7    Kirschbaum, C.8
  • 44
    • 1842760553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The awakening cortisol response: Methodological issues and significance
    • DOI 10.1080/10253890410001667205
    • Clow A, Thorn L, Evans P, Hucklebridge F: The awakening cortisol response: Methodological issues and significance. Stress 2004; 7: 29-37. (Pubitemid 38470327)
    • (2004) Stress , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-37
    • Clow, A.1    Thorn, L.2    Evans, P.3    Hucklebridge, F.4
  • 47
    • 34248214284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) activity in kindergarten children: Importance of gender and associations with behavioral/emotional difficulties
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.07.012, PII S0022395606001506
    • Hatzinger M, Brand S, Perren S, von Wyl A, von Klitzing K, Holsboer-Trachsler E: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) activity in kindergarten children: Importance of gender and associations with behavioral/ emotional difficulties. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41: 861-870. (Pubitemid 46711112)
    • (2007) Journal of Psychiatric Research , vol.41 , Issue.10 , pp. 861-870
    • Hatzinger, M.1    Brand, S.2    Perren, S.3    Von Wyl, A.4    Von Klitzing, K.5    Holsboer-Trachsler, E.6
  • 48
    • 0027988726 scopus 로고
    • The combined dexamethasone/CRH test: A refined laboratory test for psychiatric disorders
    • DOI 10.1016/0022-3956(94)90017-5
    • Heuser I, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F: The combined dexamethasone/CRH test: A refined laboratory test for psychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 1994; 28: 341-356. (Pubitemid 24370022)
    • (1994) Journal of Psychiatric Research , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 341-356
    • Heuser, I.1    Yassouridis, A.2    Holsboer, F.3
  • 49
    • 84870267223 scopus 로고
    • The generalization of 'Student's' problem when several different population variances are involved
    • Welch BL: The generalization of 'Student's' problem when several different population variances are involved. Biometrika 1947; 34: 28-35.
    • (1947) Biometrika , vol.34 , pp. 28-35
    • Welch, B.L.1
  • 50
    • 84950655779 scopus 로고
    • Practical solutions to the Behrens-Fisher problem
    • Scheffé H: Practical solutions to the Behrens-Fisher problem. J Am Stat Assoc 1970; 65: 1501-1508.
    • (1970) J Am Stat Assoc , vol.65 , pp. 1501-1508
    • Scheffé, H.1
  • 52
    • 11944272254 scopus 로고
    • A power primer
    • Cohen J: A power primer. Psychol Bull 1992; 112: 155-159.
    • (1992) Psychol Bull , vol.112 , pp. 155-159
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 53
    • 0039802908 scopus 로고
    • The earth is round (p ! 0.05)
    • Cohen J: The earth is round (p ! 0.05). Am Psychol 1994; 49: 997-1003.
    • (1994) Am Psychol , vol.49 , pp. 997-1003
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 56
    • 33645111338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies
    • Cahn BR, Polich J: Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychol Bull 2006; 132: 180-210.
    • (2006) Psychol Bull , vol.132 , pp. 180-210
    • Cahn, B.R.1    Polich, J.2
  • 57
    • 78651475207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treating fibromyalgia with mindfulness-based stress reduction: Results from a 3-armed randomized controlled trial
    • Schmidt S, Grossman P, Schwarzer B, Jena S, Naumann J, Walach H: Treating fibromyalgia with mindfulness-based stress reduction: Results from a 3-armed randomized controlled trial. Pain 2011; 152: 361-369.
    • (2011) Pain , vol.152 , pp. 361-369
    • Schmidt, S.1    Grossman, P.2    Schwarzer, B.3    Jena, S.4    Naumann, J.5    Walach, H.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.