Survival on the ark: Life-history trends in captive parrots

Animal Conservation

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 28-43

  Young, A M ^a   Hobson, E A ^a   Lackey, L Bingaman ^b   Wright, T F ^a  

^a NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b International Species Information System   (United States)

Author keywords

Captive breeding; ISIS; Life history; Lifespan; Parrot; Psittaciformes

Indexed keywords

BIRD; BREEDING; DATABASE; ENDANGERED SPECIES; NUMERICAL MODEL; SPECIES CONSERVATION; SURVIVAL;

AVES; CACATUA MOLUCCENSIS; CACATUIDAE; PSITTACIDAE; PSITTACIFORMES;

EID: 84857451471     PISSN: 13679430     EISSN: 14691795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00477.x     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). (2007). Regional collection plan (RCP) handbook. Available at (accessed 30 July 2009).
2. Baker, A. (2007). Animal ambassadors: an analysis of the effectiveness and conservation impact of ex situ breeding efforts. In Zoos in the 21st century: catalysts for conservation?: 139-154. Zimmermann, A., Hatchwell, M., Dickie, L. & West, C. (Eds). New York: Cambridge University Press.
3. Beck, B.B., Rapaport, L.G., Price, M.S. & Wilson, A.C. (1994). Reintroduction of captive-born animals. In Creative conservation: interactive management of wild and captive animals: 265-284. Olney, P.J.S., Mace, G.M. & Feistner, A.T.C. (Eds). London: Chapman & Hall.
4. Beissinger, S.R., Wunderle, J.M.Jr, Meyers, J.M., Saether, B.E. & Engen, S. (2008). Anatomy of a bottleneck: diagnosing factors limiting population growth in the Puerto Rican parrot. Ecol. Monogr. 78, 185-203.
5. Biggins, D.E., Vargas, A., Godbey, J.L. & Anderson, S.H. (1999). Influence of prerelease experience on reintroduced black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes). Biol. Conserv.89, 121-129.
6. Bouman, I. (2000). The reintroduction of Przewalski horses in the Hustain Nuruu mountain forest steppe reserve in Mongolia; an integrated conservation development project. Gazella27, 27-51.
7. Brightsmith, D., Hilburn, J., Del Campo, A., Boyd, J., Frisius, M., Frisius, R., Janik, D. & Guillen, F. (2005). The use of hand-raised psittacines for reintroduction: a case study of scarlet macaws (Ara macao) in Peru and Costa Rica. Biol. Conserv. 121, 465-472.
8. Brooks, T.M., Mittermeier, R.A., Da Fonseca, G.A.B., Gerlach, J., Hoffmann, M., Lamoreux, J.F., Mittermeier, C.G., Pilgrim, J.D. & Rodrigues, A.S.L. (2006). Global biodiversity conservation priorities. Science313, 58-61.
9. Brouwer, K., Jones, M.L., King, C.E. & Schifter, H. (2000). Longevity records for Psittaciformes in captivity. Int. Zoo Yearb.37, 299-316.
10. Buckland, S.T., Rowley, I. & Williams, D.A. (1983). Estimation of survival from repeated sightings of tagged galahs. J. Anim. Ecol.52, 563-573.
11. Christe, P., Keller, L. & Roulin, A. (2006). The predation cost of being a male: implications for sex-specific rates of ageing. Oikos 114, 381-384.
12. Collazo, J.A., White, T.H.Jr, Vilella, F.J. & Guerrero, S.A. (2003). Survival of captive-reared Hispaniolan parrots released in Parque Nacional del Este, Dominican Republic. Condor105, 198-207.
13. Conde, D.A., Flesness, N., Colchero, F., Jones, O.R. & Scheuerlein, A. (2011). An emerging role of zoos to conserve biodiversity. Science331, 1390-1391.
14. Fischer, J. & Lindenmayer, D.B. (2000). An assessment of the published results of animal relocations. Biol. Conserv.96, 1-11.
15. Foose, T.J. & Wiese, R.J. (2006). Population management of rhinoceros in captivity. Int. Zoo Yearb.40, 174-196.
16. Forshaw, J.M. & Knight, F. (2006). Parrots of the world: an identification guide. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
17. Frynta, D., Lišková, S., Bültmann, S., Burda, H. & Mappes, T. (2010). Being attractive brings advantages: the case of parrot species in captivity. PloS One 5, e12568.
18. Graham, S. (1996). Issues of surplus animals. In Wild mammals in captivity: principles and techniques. Kleiman, D.G., Allen, M.E., Thompson, K.V. & Lumpkin, S. (Eds). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
19. Hatchwell, M., Rubel, A., Dickie, L.A., West, C. & Zimmerman, A. (2007). The future of zoos. In Zoos in the 21st century: catalysts for conservation?: 343-360. Zimmerman, A., Hatchwell, M., Dickie, L.A. & West, C. (Eds). New York: Cambridge University Press.
20. Heinsohn, R. & Legge, S. (2003). Breeding biology of the reverse-dichromatic, co-operative parrot Eclectus roratus. J. Zool. (Lond.)259, 197-208.
21. Holdsworth, M., Dettmann, B. & Baker, B. (in press). Survival in the orange-bellied parrot Neophema chrysogaster. Emu. Available at (accessed 29 May 2011).
22. Holmes, D.J., Thomson, S.L., Wu, J. & Ottinger, M.A. (2003). Reproductive aging in female birds. Exp. Gerontol.38, 751-756.
23. Hutchins, M. (2003). Zoo and aquarium animal management and conservation: current trends and future challenges. Int. Zoo Yearb. 38, 14-28.
24. Hutchins, M. & Thompson, S.D. (2008). Zoo and aquarium research: priority setting for the coming decades. Zoo Biol. 27, 488-497.
25. Hutchins, M. & Wiese, R.J. (1991). Beyond genetic and demographic management: the future of the species survival plan and related AAZPA conservation efforts. Zoo Biol. 10, 285-292.
26. International Species Information System (ISIS). (2009). ISIS species holdings. Available at (accessed 28 July 2009).
27. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (2009). The IUCN red list of threatened species. Available at (accessed 19 June 2009).
28. Jackson, S.M. (2003). Standardizing captive-management manuals: guidelines for terrestrial vertebrates. Int. Zoo Yearb. 38, 229-243.
29. Joseph, L., Dolman, G., Donnellan, S., Saint, K.M., Berg, M.L. & Bennett, A.T.D. (2008). Where and when does a ring start and end? Testing the ring-species hypothesis in a species complex of Australian parrots. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B275, 2431-2440.
30. Koenig, S.E. (2008). Black-billed parrot (Amazona agilis) population viability assessment (PVA): a science-based prediction for policy makers. Ornitol. Neotrop. 19(Suppl.): 135-149.
31. Lacy, R. (1995). Culling surplus animals for population management. In Ethics on the ark: zoos, animal welfare, and wildlife conservation: 187-194. Norton, B., Hutchins, M., Stevens, E.F. & Maple, T.F. (Eds). Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
32. Lindburg, D.G. & Lindburg, L. (1995). Success breeds a quandary: to cull or not to cull. In Ethics on the ark: zoos, animal welfare, and wildlife conservation: 195-208. Norton, B., Hutchins, M., Stevens, E.F. & Maple, T.F. (Eds). Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
33. Mace, G.M., Balmford, A., Leader-Williams, N., Manica, A., Walter, O., West, C. & Zimmermann, A. (2007). Measuring conservation success: assessing zoos' contribution. In Zoos in the 21st century: catalysts for conservation?: 322-342. Zimmermann, A., Hatchwell, M., Dickie, L. & West, C. (Eds). New York: Cambridge University Press.
34. Meehan, C. & Mench, J. (2006). Captive parrot welfare. In Manual of parrot behavior: 301-318. Luescher, A.U. (Ed.). Ames: Blackwell Publishing.
35. Miller, B., Conway, W., Reading, R.P., Wemmer, C., Wildt, D., Kleiman, D., Monfort, S., Rabinowitz, A., Armstrong, B. & Hutchins, M. (2004). Evaluating the conservation mission of zoos, aquariums, botanical gardens, and natural history museums. Conserv. Biol.18, 86-93.
36. Munshi-South, J. & Wilkinson, G.S. (2006). Diet influences life span in parrots (Psittaciformes). Auk123, 108-118.
37. Murphy, S., Legge, S. & Heinsohn, R. (2003). The breeding biology of palm cockatoos (Probosciger aterrimus): a case of a slow life history. J. Zool. (Lond.) 261, 327-339.
38. Powlesland, R.G., Lloyd, B.D., Best, H.A. & Merton, D.V. (1992). Breeding biology of the kakapo Strigops habroptilus on Stewart Island, New Zealand. Ibis134, 361-373.
39. Price, M.R.S. & Soorae, P.S. (2003). Reintroductions: whence and whither? Int. Zoo Yearb. 38, 61-75.
40. Prinzinger, R. (1993). Life span in birds and the ageing theory of absolute metabolic scope. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Comp. Physiol.105, 609-615.
41. Rahbek, C. (1993). Captive breeding - a useful tool in the preservation of biodiversity?Biodivers. Conserv.2, 426-437.
42. Renton, K. & Salinas-Melgoza, A. (2004). Climatic variability, nest predation, and reproductive output of lilac-crowned parrots (Amazona finschi) in tropical dry forest of western Mexico. Auk121, 1214-1225.
43. Ricklefs, R.E. (2000). Intrinsic aging-related mortality in birds. J. Avian Biol.31, 103-111.
44. Ricklefs, R.E. (2008). The economy of nature. 6th edn. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.
45. Ricklefs, R.E. & Cadena, C.D. (2007). Lifespan is unrelated to investment in reproduction in populations of mammals and birds in captivity. Ecol. Lett.10, 867-872.
46. Rowley, I. (1983). Mortality and dispersal of juvenile galahs, Cacatua roseicapilla, in the western Australian wheatbelt. Aust. Wildl. Res.10, 329-342.
47. Sandercock, B.K., Beissinger, S.R., Stoleson, S.H., Melland, R.R. & Hughes, C.R. (2000). Survival rates of a Neotropical parrot: implications for latitudinal comparisons of avian demography. Ecology 81, 1351-1370.
48. Sanz, V. & Grajal, A. (1998). Successful reintroduction of captive-raised yellow-shouldered amazon parrots on Margarita Island, Venezuela. Conserv. Biol.12, 430-441.
49. Saunders, D.A. (1982). The breeding behavior and biology of the short-billed form of the white-tailed black cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus. Ibis124, 422-455.
50. Seddon, P.J., Armstrong, D.P. & Maloney, R.F. (2007). Developing the science of reintroduction biology. Conserv. Biol.21, 303-312.
51. Smith, B., Hutchins, M., Allard, R. & Warmolts, D. (2002). Regional collection planning for speciose taxonomic groups. Zoo Biol.21, 313-320.
52. Snyder, N.F.R., Derrickson, S.R., Beissinger, S.R., Wiley, J.W., Smith, T.B., Toone, W.D. & Miller, B. (1996). Limitations of captive breeding in endangered species recovery. Conserv. Biol.10, 338-348.
53. Snyder, N.F.R. & Snyder, H.A. (1989). Biology and conservation of the California condor. Curr. Ornithol.6, 175-263.
54. Vanstreels, R.E.T., Teixeira, R.H.F., Camargo, L.C., Nunes, A.L.V. & Matushima, E.R. (2010). Impacts of animal traffic on the Brazilian amazon parrots (Amazona species) collection of the Quinzinho de Barros Municipal Zoological Park, Brazil, 1986-2007. Zoo Biol29, 600-661.
55. Vom Saal, F.S., Finch, C.E. & Nelson, J.F. (1994). Natural history and mechanisms of reproductive aging in humans, laboratory rodents, and other selected vertebrates. In The physiology of reproduction: 1213-1314. Knobil, E. & Neill, J. (Eds). New York: Raven Press.
56. Walters, J.R., Derrickson, S.R., Michael Fry, D., Haig, S.M., Marzluff, J.M. & Wunderle, J.M.Jr (2010). Status of the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) and efforts to achieve its recovery. Auk127, 969-1001.
57. Wasser, D.E. & Sherman, P.W. (2010). Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence. J. Zool. (Lond.)280, 103-155.
58. WAZA. (2005). The World Zoo and Aquarium conservation strategy: building a future for wildlife. Liebefeld-Bern: WAZA.
59. White, T.H.Jr, Collazo, J.A. & Vilella, F.J. (2005). Survival of captive-reared Puerto Rican parrots released in the Caribbean national forest. Condor107, 424-432.
60. Wiese, R.J. & Willis, K. (2004). Calculation of longevity and life expectancy in captive elephants. Zoo Biol.23, 365-373.
61. Wiese, R.J. & Willis, K. (2006). Population management of zoo elephants. Int. Zoo Yearb.40, 80-87.
62. Wilkinson, R. (2000). An overview of captive-management programmes and regional collection planning for parrots. Int. Zoo Yearb.37, 36-58.
63. Wilson, E.O. (1991). The current state of biological diversity. In Learning to listen to the land: 17-37. Willers, W.B. (Ed.). Washington: Island Press.
64. World Parrot Trust. (2009). Available at (accessed 20 November 2009).
65. Zar, J.H. (1999). Biostatistical analysis. 4th edn. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.