Internationalisation of technological innovative capabilities: levels, types and speed (learning rates) in the electronics industry in Malaysia

International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 347-391

  Ariffin, Norlela ^a  

^a 1 Jln Impian Indah 1 ^*  (Malaysia)

Author keywords

electronics industry; internationalisation of innovation; latecomer firms; Malaysia; technological capabilities

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857320519     PISSN: 17531942     EISSN: 17531950     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/IJTLID.2010.039164     Document Type: Article

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68. For examples, Howells (1990) and Wortmann (1990) based their analysis on R&D personnel, Mansfield et al. (1979) on R&D expenditure, Hayter (1996) on the gross domestic expenditure of R&D (GERD), Patel (1995), and Patel and Pavitt (1991) on US patent statistics.
69. For example, Patel (1995) incorporated R&D statistics into US patent statistics. Daniels (1997) used a combination of R&D, patent, education, science and engineering personnel statistics.
70. From 1994–1998, there were only 69 US patents granted to Malaysian firms and individuals, while those to firms in the advanced NICs amounted to 406 (Singapore) and 8,747 (Korea) (Malaysia, MASTIC, 2000).
71. As far as Vernon’s (1979) ideas are concerned, we recognised that in a paper published in the 1970s, he discussed the development of innovative capabilities in countries other than the USA. More important, in his 1966 paper he even predicted (against the prevailing orthodoxy) the development of mass production in low-wage countries.
72. For more details about these common generalisations relative to technological development in the electronics industry in Malaysia see Ariffin and Bell (1999) and Ariffin (2000).
73. There is a vast literature on international business about the globalisation of production (e.g., Henderson, 1989; Coffey, 1996; Clegg, 1992; Drakakis-Smith, 1996).
74. Others include Patel (1995), Patel and Vega (1999), de Arcos et al. (1995), Westney (1993), Casson and Singh (1993), Prahalad and Doz (1987), and Archibugi and Iammarino (1999).
75. An exception is presented by Hobday (1995) of how latecomer firms in the newly industrialised countries have increased their innovative capabilities for producing own-design and own-brand products to a world market.
76. Parts of the basic concepts have been published in Ariffin and Bell (1999).