The ethics of sightseeing

The Ethics of Sightseeing

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages

  MacCannell, Dean ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

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References (253)

1. My approach may be anathema to those who make a business of clinical psychoanalytic practice, who treat patients one- by- one, who depend on the unconscious seeming to operate like a faulty organ. I do not think I stray further than clinicians from the original promise of psychoanalysis. The materials I deal with have an additional beneficial quality of being out in the open, accessible to all.
2. A notable exception is Lisa Wynn's chapter on "Ethics and Methodology of a Transnational Anthropology" in her Pyramids and Nightclubs: A Travel Ethnography of Arab and Western Imaginations of Egypt, (Austin: University of Texas, 2007).
3. Dean MacCannell, "The Fate of the Symbolic in Architecture for Tourism: Piranesi, Disney, Gehry," in Learning from the Bilbao Guggenheim, eds. Anna M. Guasch and Joseba Zulaika, 21- 36 (Reno: Center for Basque Studies Conference Papers, 2005); Dean MacCannell, "Staged Authenticity Today," in Indefensible Space: The Architecture of the National Security State, ed. Michael Sorkin, 259- 76 (London: Routledge, 2008); Dean MacCannell, "Tourist Agency," Tourist Studies 1:1 (2001): 23- 37.
4. First, in readings of specific cultural attractions, e.g., Dean MacCannell, "Marilyn Monroe Was Not a Man," Diacritics (Summer 1987): 114- 27; or Dean MacCannell, "The Vietnam Memorial in Washington, D.C.," in Empty Meeting Grounds: The Tourist Papers (London: Routledge, 1992), 280- 82. Later, in conceptual models of the tourist experience, e.g., Dean MacCannell, "The Ego Factor in Tourism," Journal of Consumer Research 29: 1 (2002): 146- 51.
5. For a detailed account of Freud's departure from Vienna, see Peter Gay's "Introduction" in Sigmund Freud and Art: His Personal Collection of Antiquities, ed. Lynn Gamwell and Richard Wells (Binghamton, NY: State University of New York, 1989), 15- 19.
6. Sigmund Freud and William Christian Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson: A Psychological Study (Boston: Houghton Miffl in, 1967).
7. Freud and Art, 12.
8. Much sightseeing is about ghosts and the unseen. The role of ghosts in tourism may be handled tactfully as the spirit of Abraham Lincoln was by Ed Bruner in his Culture on Tour: Ethnographies of Travel (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2005). Or it may be handled sensationally. See, e.g., the entries under "hauntings" in Dr. Weirde, Dr. Weirde's Weirde Tours: A Guide to Mysterious San Francisco (San Francisco: Barrett- James, 1994), 177ff.
9. Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (First Part), vol. 4, ed. James Strachey, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: Hogarth, 1900, 1953, 1958), 195.
10. Mesela Mavric and John Urry, "Tourist Studies and the New Mobilities Paradigm," in Handbook of Tourism Studies eds. Tazim Jamal and Mike Robinson, 645- 57 (London: Sage, 2009). Bente Heimtum argues tourism may be "depathologized" by taking into account that tourists travel with family and friends and their failures to connect socially with their host contexts are off- set by the ways tourism strengthens their bonds with their traveling companions. See his "Depathologizing the Tourist Syndrome," Tourist Studies 7:3 (December 2007): 271- 93. This formulation leaves open questions of the tourists' connections to peoples and places they visit. The discussion on tourism research as a moral science is taken up again in the "Appendix" of this book.
11. Louis Turner and John Ash, The Golden Hordes: International Tourism and the Plea sure Periphery (New York: St. Martins, 1975).
12. Erving Goffman, Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order (New York: Basic Books, 1971), xvi.
13. Tom Selanniemi, "Couples on Holiday: (En)gendered or Endangered Experiences," in Gender/Tourism/Fun(?), eds. Margaret Swain and Janet Momsen (New York: Cognizant, 2002), 15- 23.
14. Erik H. Cohen in collaboration with Elnat Bar On- Cohen and Allison Ofanansky, Youth Tourism to Israel: Educational Experiences of the Diaspora (Clevedon: Channel View, 2007), 118- 20.
15. In her study of Saudi tourism in Egypt, Lisa Wynn argues that tourism researchers assume Westerners are tourists and people from other parts of the world, those visited, are not. She mentions my work to make her point. I regret having inadvertantly given the impression that I believe(d) tourism and sightseeing to be the exclusive province of Westerners. Wynn's book demonstrates that tourists come from both Western and non- Western cultures, an argument I aim to provide more theoretical grounding for here. See L. L. Wynn, Pyramids and Nightclubs, esp. 13.
16. Mark Twain, Innocents Abroad (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 91- 95.
17. Jean- Jacques Rousseau, The Confessions, trans. J. M. Cohen (London: Penguin, 1953).
18. Mike Davis has pointed out (in correspondence) that the first Eu ro pe an to gaze upon the Grand Canyon, in 1540, stayed for a few moments then retreated in horror, afterwards refusing to discuss it. No existing model for human experience fit the vista. Garcia Lopez de Cardenas was literally dumbfounded.
19. Jacques Derrida,Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, corrected edition (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1998), 139- 40. Emphasis and spelling as in original.
20. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Random House, 1979).
21. Use of this terminology began to appear in tourism research about fifteen years ago. See e.g., Pierre L. Van den Berghe, The Quest for the Other: Ethnic Tourism in San Cristobal, Mexico (Seattle: University of Washington, 1994). Note that all "Orientalist" discourse is subject to Lisa Wynn's criticism, discussed in note 6 above.
22. Said, Orientalism, 3. The same point is central in Rosine Lefort and Robert Lefort's study, Birth of the Other (Chicago: University of Illinois, 1980). The Leforts argue that their clinical subjects' grasp of every form of otherness is a function of the ultimate other- the unconscious.
23. Juliet Flower MacCannell developed this formulary in several papers on psychoanalysis and urban design. See Juliet Flower MacCannell, "Las Vegas: The Post- Cinematic City," Per for mance Research 6:1 (2001): 46- 64; and "Death Drive in Venice: Or, Sophie Calle as Guide to the Future of Cities," (a): the journal of culture and the unconscious II: (2002): 55- 79.
24. The risk of subjective disintegration is evidenced by three sightseeing specific, medically recognized (and fortunately treatable) mental aberrations discussed in a following chapter: the Stendhal Syndrome, the Paris Syndrome, and the Jerusalem Syndrome.
25. Stendhal, The Life of Henry Brulard, trans. Jean Stewart and B. C. J. G. Knight, (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1958), 1.
26. For more details on Celebration, see my "New Urbanism and its Discontents" in Giving Ground: The Politics of Propinquity, eds. Joan Copjec and Michael Sorkin (London and New York: Verso, 1999), 106- 128.
27. Erving Goffman, Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction (Indianapolis: Bobbs- Merrill, 1961), 25.
28. Goffman, Pre sen ta tion, 112.
29. Goffman, Encounters, 68.
30. Goffman, Pre sen ta tion, 9.
31. Goffman, Encounters, 152.
32. For a study of the economic advantage of representing tourist experience as "authentic," intimate, and revelatory see Agnes Gannon, "Rural Tourism as a Factor in Rural Community Economic Development for Economies in Transition," Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2:1- 2 (1994): 51- 60.
33. Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception (New York: Vintage, 1975), 39, 195.
34. Consider as evidence the case of Charles Veley, who retired at age thirty- five from the software company he founded to pursue his dream of visit- ing every place on the face of the earth. "Over the past nine years . . . he's logged almost three million miles and spent nearly $2 million in an effort, as he puts it, 'to go everywhere in the world.' " Rolf Potts, "Mister Universe: What Makes Someone Want to be the World's Most Traveled Man?" New York Times Travel Magazine, Winter 2008, 84- 85.
35. Jacques Lacan, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book Three: The Psychoses, 1955- 1956, trans. Russell Grigg (New York: Norton, 1993), 19- 20.
36. Foucault, Birth of the Clinic, 169. Italics as in original.
37. Lacan, Seminar, 86ff.
38. See chapter 13 for a more detailed account of Lacan's "second gaze" and its potential for renewing ethics.
39. Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (New York: Doubleday, 1961).
40. Under the heading "make dos," Goffman describes entertaining oneself and fellow inmates by playing checkers with bottle caps and a chalked grid, playing poker with an improvised deck of homemade cards, using radiators to brew tea for unscheduled breaks, shorting electrical outlets to light cigarettes, and other furtive ways of being human while socially classed as insane.
41. As I send this manuscript to press, the global economic situation is undergoing a downturn that might result in changing tastes in automobiles- a positive sign.
42. For this and other insights on Bentham, I am indebted to Janet Semple's fine Introduction to her compilation of his writings on incarceration. See Janet Semple, Bentham's Prison: A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993).
43. Iona Spens, ed., The Architecture of Incarceration (London: Academy, 1994).
44. Forster was strong in his 1964 critique of the impacts of tourism on communities, labeling those who marketed their culture for tourism "phony folk."
45. MacCannell, "Staged Authenticity"; and Dean MacCannell, "Negative Solidarity," Human Or ga ni za tion 36:3 (1977): 301- 04.
46. Davydd Greenwood, "Culture by the Pound," reprinted in Valene Smith, ed., Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977), 171- 86.
47. Erik Cohen, "Sociology," in Encyclopedia of Tourism, ed. Jafar Jafari, 544- 47 (London: Routledge, 2000).
48. John Urry, The Tourist Gaze (London: Sage, 1990), 10.
49. Susan Fainstein and Dennis Judd, "Cities as Places to Play," in The Tourist City, eds. Dean Judd and Susan Fainstein (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1999), 261- 72.
50. Edward M. Bruner, Culture on Tour: Ethnographies of Travel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 206- 08. Professor Bruner has asked me in correspondence not to identify him completely with the postmodernists.
51. See his Epilogue to a reprint of his classic 1972 article in Sharon Gmelch, ed., Tourists and Tourism (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2004), 165- 69.
52. Jafari, Encyclopedia, 444.
53. WTTC, WTO, and Earth Council, Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry: Towards Environmentally Sustainable Development (London: World Travel and Tourism Council, 1995). As quoted in Jim Butcher, The Moralization of Tourism: Sun, Sand . . . And Saving the World (London: Routledge, 2003), 8- 9.
54. See, e.g., Butcher, Moralization of Tourism; or J. Croall, Preserve or Destroy: Tourism and the Environment (London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1995); G. Neale, The Green Travel Guide (London: Earthscan, 1998); or articles published in the Journal of Sustainable Tourism.
55. La Jolla: Classic Journeys, 2007, 10.
56. Reprinted in David B. Weaver, Ecotourism in the Less Developed World (New York: CAB International, 1998), 29.
57. Quoted in Gmelch, Tourists and Tourism, 470- 78.
58. Robert Mugerauer, "Architecture and Urban Planning: Practical and Theoretical Contributions,"in Handbook of Tourism Studies, eds. Tazim Jamal and Mike Robinson, 719- 771 (London: Sage, 2009), 734.
59. I make no claim to distinction in adopting this position. It is central to John Urry's study, The Tourist Gaze; to David M. Wrobel and Patrick Long's edited volume Seeing and Being Seen: Tourism in the American West (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas, 2001); and to numerous other studies.
60. The global evidence for prehistoric population movements, migrations, and immigration is exhaustively reviewed in Irving Rouse, Migrations in Prehistory: Inferring Population Movement from Cultural Remains (New Haven: Yale, 1986).
61. This drives the narrative of the myth of an Arapaho chief's philandering brother and all its variants, M762a- b, in Claude Lévi- Strauss, The Naked Man, trans. John and Doreen Weightman, vol. 4, Introduction to a Science of Mythology (New York: Harper, 1971), 504ff.
62. Claude Levi- Strauss, Tristes Tropiques, New York: Atheneum, 1968, p. 17.
63. Chehalis myth (M649a) reproduced in Claude Lévi- Strauss, The Naked Man, 319.
64. Edmond L. Andrews, "Interior Department blasted for ethics breaches," originally reported in the New York Times, reprinted in the San Francisco Chronicle, September 14, 2006.
65. See the Appendix for a more complete treatment of morality and tourism.
66. Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics, trans. J. A. K. Thompson, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1953). Alain Badiou, Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil (London: Verso, 2001). Badiou does not specifically refer to "plea sure" in connection to ethics. He uses the more Christian term "joy."
67. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 31, 55.
68. Sigmund Freud, The Ego and the Id, vol. 19, eds. James Strachey et al., The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: Hogarth, 1974).
69. The difficulties here are refl ected in the title and ner vous orthography of Margaret B. Swain and Janet H. Momsen's edited volume Gender/Tourism/ Fun(?).
70. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 55ff.
71. Discussed in greater detail in chapter 13.
72. See my article, "Staged Authenticity."
73. For a more complete discussion see "The Liberty Restoration Project," in MacCannell, Empty Meeting Grounds, 147- 57.
74. For more on the imagery of travel see chapter 12.
75. Robert Andrews, Rough Guide to Sardinia (London: Rough Guides Ltd., 2000), 323.
76. One company that offers an Everest summit for thirty thousand dollars (not including travel to and from Tibet) advises that it does not provide emergency evacuation ser vices: "Make sure you have adequate travelers medical and evacuation insurance for coverage should you have a problem during the trip. Medical care and evacuation from Everest can be expensive." www .peakfreaks .com/ everest _north .htm, November 23, 2008.
77. Bodil Stilling Blitchfeldt, in a study of Danish holiday makers, not unexpectedly found that only those tourists planning a new (for them) type of vacation to a new destination engaged in extensive research. Tourists making repeated returns to the same place devote little time and effort to planning. Bodil Stilling Blitchfeldt, "The Habit of Holidays," Tourist Studies 7:3 (2007): 249- 69.
78. Control can become controversial. Police armed with riot shields were needed to subdue one hundred Chinese tourists in Macao. The tourists physically attacked their guides for failing to take them to sufficient numbers of cultural and heritage sites. They were bitter about the guides' overemphasis on shopping venues to the detriment of historic attractions. Associated Press, "China: Tourists Riot Over Shopping Trip," The New York Times, December 6, 2007, www .nytimes .com/ 2007/ 12/ 06/ world/ asia/ 06briefs -macao .html ? _r = 1 .
79. William Least Heat- Moon, Blue Highways (New York: Little Brown, 1983), 3; and in personal conversation.
80. For Lacan, the elementary form of desire is "le désir d'autre chose" (the desire for something else). Jacques Lacan, Le Séminaire IV: La Relation d'objet (Paris: Les Éditions du Seuil, 1994), 303.
81. In the argot of transportation planners, pop u lar tourist attractions are called "honeypots " and are thought of as little more than "congestion problems." See Stephen Page and Yue Ge, "Transportation and Tourism: A Symbiotic Relationship?" in Jamal and Robinson, eds., Handbook of Tourism Studies, 903- 53.
82. As a child, camping in state parks in Washington, Oregon, and California, I noted my parents' palpable disappointment not merely when one of our favorite campgrounds was full, but even when our favored campsite in a campground was already occupied.
83. Erving Goffman, Encounters, 19- 20.
84. Page and Ge propose a continuum of tourist travel from "low intrinsic value" (fl ying coach, modest hotels and restaurants) to "luxury." They suggest travel arrangements are motivating factors only at the luxury end of their scale. Page and Ge, "Transportation and Tourism" in Jamal and Robinson, eds., Handbook of Tourism Studies, esp. 914.
85. Christine Haughney and Eric Konigsberg, "Even When Times Get Tough, the Ultrarich Keep Spending," The New York Times, April 14, 2008.
86. An important exception is Stephanie Hom Cary's insightful article "The Tourist Moment," Annals of Tourism Research 32:1 (2004): 61- 77.
87. See the Afterword to the 1999 edition of MacCannell, The Tourist.
88. See Judd and Fainstein, The Tourist City; or Marling, The Architecture of Reassurance (Paris and New York: Flammarion, 1997).
89. Vicky Kennedy Overfelt, "That Stupa Moment," www .uponthemountain .org (accessed February 2004). My student Valerie Vaughan brought this site and posting to my attention.
90. Hom Cary, "The Tourist Moment."
91. "Extreme" tourism injects virtuous skill into sightseeing events that happen e.g. while rock climbing or whitewater kayaking. Calling it "extreme" underscores the point that these skills are not expected of ordinary tourists.
92. Youngkill Lee, "Qualitative Mea sure ment of Immediately Recalled Tourist Experience," International Journal of Tourism Sciences 1:1 (2000): 59.
93. Jean- Jacques Rousseau, On the Social Contract: Discourse on the Origins of In e qual ity; and Discourse on Po liti cal Economy, trans. Donald A. Cress (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1983), 17.
94. For a review of the literature that advances this position see Katherine N. Hayles, How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1999).
95. Henry Fountain, "The Great Outdoors, Tailored to Your Needs," New York Times, July 9, 2006.
96. Claude Lévi- Strauss provides a superb ethnographic account of this principle in action in his description of a shaman's use of song to intervene in diffi- cult childbirth. See his "The Effectiveness of Symbols," in Structural Anthropology (Garden City: Doubleday, 1967), 181- 201.
97. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1987). Lacan, Télévision (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1974), 6, puts it this way, six years before Deleuze and Guattari: "[Man] thinks as a consequence of the fact that a structure, that of language- the word implies it- carves up his body, a structure that has nothing to do with anatomy."
98. Willy Apollon in conversation.
99. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble (New York, Routledge, 1990).
100. Joan Copjec, Read My Desire: Lacan Against the Historicists (Cambridge: MIT, 1994), especially her final chapter, "Sex and the Euthanasia of Reason."
101. Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park: The New American City and the End of Public Space (New York: Hill and Wang, 1992), xiv.
102. Judd and Fainstein, The Tourist City, 21.
103. Quoted in Karal Marling, Designing Disney's Theme Parks: The Architecture of Reassurance (Montreal: Canadian Centre for Architecture, 1997), 170.
104. Saskia Sassen and Frank Roost, "The City: Strategic Site for the Global Entertainment Industry," in Judd and Fainstein, The Tourist City, 143.
105. The authors clearly do not intend for their choice of terms to remind us of the "dot- com bubble," the "real estate bubble," or the "sub- prime finance bubble."
106. John Brinkerhoff Jackson, "The Strangers Path," in Landscape In Sight: Looking at America, ed. Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz (New Haven: Yale, 1997), 22- 23.
107. Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (New York: Bantam, 1971), 179- 80. I thank Juliet Flower MacCannell for bringing this passage to my attention.
108. Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. S. F. Rendall (Berkeley: University of California, 1984),91ff.
109. See Bennetta Jules- Rosette's innovative study, Josephine Baker in Art and Life (Urbana: The University of Illinois, 2007), 219.
110. Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1965), 35.
111. This was one of the points made by Juliet Flower MacCannell in her "The City at the End of History," in Urban Politics Now: Re- Imagining Democracy in the Neo- Liberal City, ed. BAVO (Maastricht: Netherlands Architectural Institute, 2007), 162- 81.
112. For a more thoroughgoing discussion of this relationship between democracy and capitalism, see Juliet Flower MacCannell, Regime of the Brother. See also my "Democracy's Turn: On Homeless Noir," in Shades of Noir, ed. Joan Copjec (London and New York: Verso, 1993).
113. Margaret Crawford, "The World in a Shopping Mall," in Variations on a Theme Park, ed. Michael Sorkin (New York: Hill and Wang, 1992), 3- 4.
114. See Juliet Flower MacCannell, Regime of the Brother, 43- 72.
115. Umberto Eco, Travels in Hyperreality, trans. W. Weaver (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986); Fred Jameson, "Postmodernism or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism," New Left Review 146 (1984) 53- 92; Mike Davis, City of Quartz (London: Verso, 1990); Ed Soja, Postmodern Geographies (London: Verso, 1989); Soja, "Inside Exopolis: Scenes from Orange County," in Sorkin, ed., Variations, 94- 122.
116. Walter Benjamin, Refl ections (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978), 97- 101.
117. I am indebted here to a helpful paper by Masao Yamaguchi, "The Poetics of Exhibition in Japa nese Culture" in Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Politics of Museum Display, eds. I. Karp and S. D. Lavine (Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), 57- 67.
118. De Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life.
119. Quoted in Richard Macksey and Eugenio Donato, eds., The Structuralist Controversy: The Language of Criticism and the Sciences of Man (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1970), 189.
120. Jacques Lacan, The Ethics of Psychoanalysis, 1959- 1960, vol. 7, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, ed. Jacques- Alain Miller, trans. Dennis Porter (New York: Norton, 1992), 139ff.
121. Walter Benjamin, Illuminations (New York: Schocken, 1969), 157.
122. Davis, City of Quartz, 3.
123. Chris Taylor, Robert S. Strauss, and Tony Wheeler, Japan, 5th ed. (Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet, 1994), 447- 48.
124. Roland Barthes, Empire of Signs, trans. R. Howard (New York: Hill and Wang, 1984), 30- 31.
125. For a number of examples see Lucy Lippard's account of the role of artists in tourism, especially their interventions in the ways cities are perceived. Lucy Lippard, On the Beaten Track: Tourism, Art and Place (New York: The New Press, 1999).
126. Here again I am indebted to Juliet Flower MacCannell. See her Figuring Lacan, especially 167.
127. Taylor, Strauss, and Wheeler, Japan, 449. The audience for the lecture on which this chapter is based was artists, art historians, museum curators, tourism marketers and developers, and the Cornish public. I have let stand most of the references I made to their professional and regional interests.
128. Jackson, Landscape In Sight, 23.
129. Roland Barthes, Mythologies (New York: Hill and Wang, 1972), 74.
130. Robert Hunt, Cornish Legends (Truro: Tor Mark, 1871 and 1969), 39.
131. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, 71.
132. I addressed the question of the relationship of cultural identity to place in greater detail in my article "Geographies of the Unconscious," Cultural Geographies 9:1 (2002): 3- 14.
133. Jack Pender as quoted in Denys Val Baker, Britain's Art Colony by the Sea (London: Sansom, 1959), 15.
134. For a discussion specific to Cornwall see Philip Payton, The Making of Modern Cornwall: Historical Experience and the Per sis tence of Difference (Redruth: Dyllansow Truran, 1992).
135. These observation were made by Jens Jacobsen in his helpful article "The Making of an Attraction: The Case of North Cape," Annals of Tourism Research 24:2 (1997): 341- 56.
136. Jean Rhys, Wide Sargasso Sea (New York: Norton, 1966), 141.
137. See especially the chapter on "Love Outside the Limits of the Law," in Juliet Flower MacCannell, Hysteric's Guide to the Future Female Subject (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2000), 235- 58.
138. Quoted in Val Baker, Britain's Art Colony, 18.
139. W. G. V. Balchin, The Cornish Landscape (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1983).
140. E.g., the evocative Harry Carter, Autobiography of a Cornish Smuggler- Captain Harry Carter of Prus sian Cove 1749- 1809 (Truro: Joseph Pollard, 1894).
141. Balchin, Cornish Landscape, 39- 40.
142. Quoted in Balchin, Cornish Landscape, 51.
143. Still the best analysis of this par tic u lar social dialectic is Victor Turner, The Ritual Pro cess: Structure and Anti- structure (Glenside: Aldine, 1969).
144. Charles Harrison, En glish Art and Modernism: 1900- 1939 (New Haven: Yale, 1981), 291.
145. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, trans. J. W. Swain (New York: The Free Press, 1965), 128.
146. Here again I am indebted to Ed Bruner's precise and detailed ethnographic reports on tourist attractions. See his "Lincoln's New Salem as a Contested Site," in Culture on Tour, 127- 44.
147. Though it has become a high calling in postmodernity, I am still repulsed when I observe a person or a group volunteering to become a commodity.
148. Val Baker, 50.
149. Harrison, En glish Art and Modernism, 291.
150. expanded on this in my study of differing attitudes of American anthropologists toward Native American concepts of space and place. "Geographies of the Unconscious: Robert F. Heizer versus Alfred Kroeber on the Drawing of American Indian Territorial boundaries," Cultural Geographies 9 (2002): 3- 14.
151. See John Wilton- Ely, The Mind and Art of Giovanni Battista Piranesi (London: Thames and Hudson, 1978), 11. Funding ran out during construction of the Trevi. The tourist custom of throwing coins in the fountain to assure one's return to Rome was devised as a scheme to collect money to be used to complete the work.
152. A. Hyatt Mayor describes the financial situation in northern Italy during Piranesi's day and its effect on young artists and architects. See A. Hyatt Mayor, Giovanni Battista Piranesi (New York: H. Bittner, 1952), 5.
153. See Manfredo Tafuri, The Sphere and the Labyrinth: Avant- Gardes and Architecture from Piranesi to the 1970s (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987). Tafuri argues that Piranesi belongs at the head of the pro cession of the "avant- garde."
154. See Wilton- Ely, The Mind and Art, ch. 1, for a discussion of the antecedents of Piranesi's manipulation of space and objects.
155. Piranesi, quoted in Wilton- Ely, The Mind and Art, 12.
156. Tafuri, The Sphere and the Labyrinth, 26.
157. Wilton- Ely, The Mind and Art, 29.
158. Sergei Eisenstein, quoted in Tafuri, The Sphere and the Labyrinth, 85.
159. Eisenstein, quoted in Tafuri, 70. It is evident from the quote that Eisenstein has one of Piranesi's prison fantasies in front of him. Elsewhere he takes care to distance the "genius" of the carceri from the "banality" of "the more prosaic vedute, of the public construction of his contemporary city," (73). Studying them in a tourist framework puts the innovation and dramatic impact of the vedute on a par with the carceri.
160. From the signage at the exhibition "I Came, I Saw, I Shopped: Piranesi and the Tourist Art of Rome," Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, 1995, unattributed except as to authorship.
161. See Michel Serres, Rome: The Book of Foundations (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991), in which he rereads the founding myths and histories of Rome together- treating the myths as history and the histories as myth.
162. Bianconi, quoted in Mayor, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, 27.
163. For this I want to thank Martha Muhs and other museum staff, especially Eugene Prince who patiently made me superb photographs of the Piranesi prints and other objects on display.
164. And a number of other things as well, including a kitschy life- sized marble statue of the then ten- year- old William Randolph Hearst commissioned by his mother and also on display in "I Came, I Saw, I Shopped."
165. Thanks mainly to the teaching, research, and tireless advocacy of Professor Nelson Graburn who was a key con sul tant to the museum as it put together this exhibition- and very likely the one who proposed that I should be asked to give a lecture opening the show.
166. Dean MacCannell, "The Semiotics of Attraction," in The Tourist, 109- 133.
167. This and the other wall quotes reproduced here were not attributed beyond naming their authors and sometimes the title of the book they appear in. "Ed e fra i ponti antichi l'unico rimaso interro a nostri tempi," my translation.
168. Elsewhere I reported on the Vietnam Memorial in Washington, D.C., also exemplary in the way it fulfills its symbolic promise. See my Empty Meeting Grounds, 280- 82.
169. According to Karl Baedecker, Paris and its Environs: Handbook for Travelers (New York: Macmillan Travel, 1995), 222.
170. Quoted in Frank O. Gehry: Individual Imagination and Cultural Conservatism, ed. Charles Jencks et al. (London: Academy Editions, 1995), 71.
171. I am indebted for the following to both Bill Douglass and my student and in for mant, Julie Lacy, who speaks Euskara and who was resident in Bilbao during the building of the museum. See also Julie A. Lacy and William A. Douglass, "Beyond Authenticity: The Meanings and Uses of Cultural Tourism," Tourist Studies 2:1 (2002): 5- 21.
172. Julie Lacy in conversation.
173. See McGraw Hill's Architectural Record web page at http:// archrecord .construction .com (accessed January 11, 2005).
174. "Laying the Cornerstone for a City's Dream," Christian Science Monitor, July 2, 1997.
175. Quoted in Usha Lee McFarling, "Beauty and the Beastly Project," Los Angeles Times, August 6, 2001.
176. Mario Gandelsonas, "From Structure to Subject: The Formation of an Architectural Language," in House X, ed. Peter Eisenman (New York: Rizzoli, 1982), 7.
177. Calvin Thomas, "The Maverick," The New Yorker, July 7, 1997.
178. Goffman, The Pre sen ta tion of Self.
179. Marling, Designing Disney's Theme Parks.
180. Lucy Lippard, in On the Beaten Path, argues that there is untapped potential in the array of tourist attractions to open dialogue on questions of culture, history, and the environment.
181. Thomas, "The Maverick," 44.
182. Charles Jencks, 46.
183. Until modern times, city mayors in En gland and Protestant ministers in Scotland could and did condemn individuals to death without trial. Paid attendance at public hangings of unfortunates who displeased the powerful was the norm in early modern Eu rope and En gland.
184. Shinji Yamashita, Bali and Beyond: Explorations in the Anthropology of Tourism, trans. J. S. Eades (New York: Berghahn, 2003).
185. Jochen Spielmann, "Auschwitz is Debated in Oswiecim: The Topography of Remembrance" in The Art of Memory: Holocaust Memorials in History, ed. James Young (Munich: Prestel- Verlag, 1994).
186. See Barbara Kirshenblatt- Gimblett, Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage (Berkeley: California, 1998), 144.
187. I attempted to provide an account of the faulty logic that leads to the decision to use nuclear weapons on civilian populations in my article "Baltimore in the Morning . . . After: On the Forms of Post- Nuclear Leadership," Diacritics 14:2 (Summer 1984): 33- 46.
188. Quoted without further attribution by Andreas Huyssen, Twilight Memories: Marking Time in a Culture of Amnesia (New York: Routledge, 1995), 9.
189. Benjamin, Illuminations, 256.
190. Stephan Schmidt- Wulffen, "The Monument Vanishes: A Conversation with Esther and Jochen Gerz," in Young, ed., Art of Memory, 69- 75.
191. Michael Lewis and Jacqueline Serbu, "Kommemorating the Ku Klux Klan," The So cio log i cal Quarterly 40:1 (1999): 139- 57, quote from 151.
192. See Joel Sternfeld, On this Site: Landscape in Memoriam (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1997).
193. Kenneth Baker, "Scenes of the Crimes: Photos show the land remembers long after memory fades," The San Francisco Chronicle, March 30, 1996.
194. Young, ed., Art of Memory, 19- 38, 260.
195. Pierre Nora, "The Era of Commemoration," in Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past, ed. Lawrence D. Kritzman (New York: Columbia University, 1998), 609- 707.
196. Andreas Huyssen, "Monument and Memory in a Post- Modern Age," in Young, ed., Art of Memory, 9.
197. Edward Bruner argues that all of tourism is more dependent on narrative than has been acknowledged in the literature. See his Culture on Tour.
198. Barbara Kirschenblatt- Gimblett's study, Destination Culture, of the agency and confusion of display is still the best work on the subject.
199. This is not trivial and must not be assumed, as the legions of Holocaust deniers incessantly remind us.
200. Jacques Derrida, Memoires for Paul de Man (New York: Columbia, 1986), 32- 33.
201. La Jolla: Classic Journeys, LLC, n.d.
202. Roland Barthes, Camera Lucida: Refl ections on Photography (New York: Hill and Wang, 1981), 5ff.
203. Jean- Paul Sartre, The Psychology of the Imagination (New York: Washington Square, 1966), 10.
204. Susan Lendroth, "First encounter with a place, as with love, is one you never forget," San Francisco Chronicle, April 1, 2007.
205. John Flinn, "Sightseeing can't compete with miracle of everyday lives," San Francisco Chronicle, April 8, 2007.
206. Classic Journeys, 36.
207. Alain de Botton, The Art of Travel (New York: Vintage, 2004), 8- 9.
208. Seth Sherwood, "The Soul of Morocco," New York Times, April 8, 2007.
209. Christopher Reynolds, "The new glass bridge at Grand Canyon," San Francisco Chronicle, March 24, 2007.
210. Dean MacCannell, The Tourist, 142.
211. Paul Cloke and Harvey C. Perkins, "Cracking the Canyon with the Awesome Foursome: Repre sen ta tions of Adventure Tourism in New Zealand," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16:2 (1998): 189. Italics as in the original.
212. Graham Dann and Jens K. S. Jacobsen, "Tourism Smellscapes," Tourism Geographies 5:1 (2003): 3- 25.
213. Connie Atkinson argues that music defines the tourist space of New Orleans. See her "Whose New Orleans? Music's Place in the Packaging of New Orleans for Tourism," in Tourists and Tourism: Identifying with People and Places, eds. Simone Abram, Jacqueline Waldron et al (New York: Berg, 1997)
214. I wanted to include a model of "spectacles as attractions" in The Tourist but left it out. Eventually I returned to my notes on spectacles and the ways they model all the senses. See Dean MacCannell, "Sights and Spectacles" in Iconicity: Essays on the Nature of Culture: Festschrift for Thomas A. Sebeok, eds. Paul Bouissac, Michael Herzfeld, and Roland Posner (Berlin: Stauffenburg Verlag, 1986), 421- 37.
215. David Crouch and Luke Desforges, "The Sensuous in the Tourist Encounter," Tourist Studies 3:1 (2003): 5- 22.
216. MacCannell, The Tourist, 110ff.
217. Sartre, Imagination, 26.
218. Barthes, Camera Lucida, 49.
219. Stendhal, Memoirs of a Tourist (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1962), 229.
220. Erik Cohen, "A Phenomenology of Tourist Types," Sociology 13 (1996): 179- 201.
221. Urry, The Tourist Gaze, 12.
222. For reasons already given I do not accept the equation of tourists with consumers. I repeat this usage by others here only to avoid awkwardness in reproducing their position, with which I disagree.
223. Urry, The Tourist Gaze, 3.
224. There may be class difference in these two types of tourists, but the relationship to class is only statistical. Working- class people whose everyday lives are too exciting get bored on tour and take up slack time playing cards, etc., things they do at home. Note that the work- leisure, pleasure- unpleasure dialectics are treated in detail in chapter 4.
225. Urry, The Tourist Gaze, 12.
226. Judd and Fainstein, The Tourist City, 39.
227. Strauss, Taylor, and Wheeler, Japan, 489- 90.
228. Foucault, Birth of the Clinic, 89.
229. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage, 1977).
230. Joan Copjec, Read My Desire. Here and elsewhere I have benefited from Copjec's readings of Lacan, especially his concept of the gaze.
231. See Urry, The Tourist Gaze, 135ff.
232. Jacques Lacan, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis (New York: Norton, 1981), 92ff.
233. MacCannell, The Tourist, 112ff.
234. Stendhal, Memoirs of a Tourist, 62.
235. Stendhal, Memoirs of a Tourist, 64.
236. Kirschenblatt- Gimblett, Destination Culture.
237. Lippard, On the Beaten Track, 12.
238. Butcher, Moralization of Tourism, 21.
239. Daniel Boorstin, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo- Events in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1961).
240. See, e.g., MacCannell, "Staged Authenticity"; Eric Gable and Richard Handler, "Horatio Alger and the Tourist's Quest for Authenticity, or, Optimism, Pessimism, and Middle- Class American Personhood," Anthropology and Humanism 30:2 (December 2005): 124- 32.
241. Much research after the first articles in the 1970s has been detailed description of tourist behavior. This literature is too vast to be summarized here. In general it is laudable for filling out the picture of what tourists do.
242. Several of these appear in "The Semiotics of Tourism," special issue, Annals of Tourism Research 15:1 (1989). See especially Judith Adler, "Origins of Sightseeing," 7- 29; Jill Sweet, "Burlesquing 'The Other' in Pueblo Per formance," 62- 75; and Deirdre Evans- Pritchard, "How 'They' See 'Us': Native American Images of Tourists," 89- 105.
243. Erving Goffman, Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Or ga niza tion of Gatherings (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1963), 8.
244. John Brinckerhoff Jackson made this predilection a principle of urban design. See his comments on "wickedness" and "Saturday Night- Bright Lights" in "The Almost Perfect Town" in Landscape In Sight, 31- 42.
245. Gable and Handler, "Horatio Alger and the Tourist's Quest for Authenticity, or, Optimism, Pessimism, and Middle- Class Personhood," Anthropology and Humanism 10:2 (December 2005): 124- 132.
246. Originally reported by Kimi Yoshino in the Los Angeles Times. Her story is reprinted, "Purists feeling queasy as Disney revamps ride," The San Francisco Chronicle, March 31 2008.
247. D. Clelland, "Tourism and Future Heritage," Built Environment 26:2 (2000): 99- 116, argues somewhat more broadly that tourism "filters experience" and cannot provide meaningful "engagement with the world" (109). My aim here is not to reinforce this claim, but to expose the moral arrangements on which it is based.
248. Erving Goffman, Frame Analysis (New York: Harper, 1974), 55 makes the point that pornography is only a matter of the location of the sex act.
249. Tourist attractions succeed in delicately balancing quasi- sacredness and ordinary acceptability. Belden C. Lane observes that sacred places are rarely experienced as such because their mythic intensity is masked by an overlay of assumptions about ordinary everydayness. See Belden C. Lane, Landscapes of the Sacred: Geography and Narrative in American Spirituality (New York: Paulist, 1988).
250. Gmelch, Tourists and Tourism, 199.
251. Decca Aitkenhead, "Lovely Girls, Very Cheap," Granta: The Magazine of New Writing 73 (Spring 2001): 125- 50. The passages quoted here are 149- 50.
252. Joanna Kakissis, "Across the cultural divide, what did the Lebanese boy want?" San Francisco Chronicle, December 16, 2007.
253. Jeffrey Tayler, "Glimpses of veiled passion on unexpected wagon ride," San Francisco Chronicle, October 14, 2007.