A terrain-based site-conditions map of california with implications for the contiguous united states

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

Volumn 102, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 114-128

  Yong, Alan ^a   Hough, Susan E ^a   Iwahashi, Junko ^b   Braverman, Amy ^c  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^b GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY INSTITUTE   (Japan)

^c CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALIFORNIA; DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL; GEOMORPHOMETRY; IN-SITU MEASUREMENT; LOCAL CONVEXITIES; MATERIAL PROPERTY; ROBUST METHODS; SEMI-EMPIRICAL; SHEAR-WAVE VELOCITY; SHUTTLE RADAR TOPOGRAPHY MISSION; SIMULATION-BASED; SITE CONDITIONS; SLOPE GRADIENTS; SPATIAL RESOLUTION; SURFACE TEXTURES; TAXONOMIC CRITERIA; TERRAIN CLASSIFICATION; TIME-AVERAGED; TOPOGRAPHIC SLOPE;

ESTIMATION; TRACKING RADAR;

LANDFORMS;

CLASSIFICATION; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; S-WAVE; SHUTTLE RADAR TOPOGRAPHY MISSION; SPATIAL RESOLUTION; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; WAVE VELOCITY;

CALIFORNIA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84857178639     PISSN: 00371106     EISSN: 19433573     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1785/0120100262     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Aki, K. (1988). Local site effects on strong ground motion, in Proc. Earthq. Eng. and Soil Dyn II: Recent Advances in Ground-Motion Evaluation, ASCE, Park City, Utah, 27-30 June, 103-155.
2. Akinci, A., L. Malagnini, and F. Sabetta (2010). Characteristics of the strong motions from the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, Italy, Soil Dynam. Earthquake Eng 30, 320-335.
3. Ameri, G., M. Massa, D. Bindi, E.D' Alema, A. Gorini, L. Luzi, S. Marzorati, F. Pacor, R. Paolucci, R. Puglia, and C. Smerzini (2009). The 6 April 2009 Mw 6.3 L'Aquila (Central Italy) earthquake: Strongmotions observations, Seismol. Res. Lett. 80, no. 6, 951-966.
4. Anderson, J. G., Y. Lee, Y. Zeng, and S. Day (1996). Control of strong motion by the upper 30 meters, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86, no. 6, 1749-1759.
5. Assimaki, D., G. Gazetas, and E. Kausel (2005). Effects of local soil conditions on the topographic aggravation of seismic motion: Parametric investigation and recorded field evidence from the 1999 Athens earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 95, no. 3, 1059-1089.
6. Boore, D. M. (2004). Can site response be predicted?, J. Earthq. Eng. 8, no. 1, 1-41.
7. Boore, D. M. (2006). Determining subsurface shear-wave velocities: A review, in Proc. 3rd International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion, Grenoble, France, 30 August -1 September.
8. Boore, D. M.,W. B. Joyner, and T. E. Fumal (1993). Estimation of response spectra and peak accelerations from western North American earthquakes: An interim report, part 1, in U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rept. 93-509, 69 pp.
9. Boore, D. M., W. B. Joyner, and T. E. Fumal (1994). Estimation of response spectra and peak accelerations from western North American earthquakes: An interim report, part 2, in U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rept. 94-127, 40 pp.
10. Boore, D. M., W. B. Joyner, and T. E. Fumal (1997). Equations for estimating horizontal response spectra and peak acceleration from western north American earthquakes: A summary of recent work, Seismol. Res. Lett. 68, no. 1, 128-153.
11. Borcherdt, R. D. (1970). Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 60, no. 1, 29-61.
12. Borcherdt, R. D. (1994). Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design (methodology and justification), Earthquake Spectra 10, 617-653.
13. Borcherdt, R. D., and G. Glassmoyer (1992). On the characteristics of local geology and their influence on ground motions generated by the Loma Prieta earthquake in the San Francisco bay region, California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 82, no. 2, 603-641.
14. Borcherdt, R. D., C. M. Wentworth, A. Janssen, T. Fumal, and J. Gibbs (1991). Methodology for predictive GIS mapping of special study zones for strong ground shaking in the San Francisco bay region, in Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Seismic Zonation, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, California 54, 5-552.
15. Chiou, B., R. Darragh, N. Gregor, and W. Silva (2008). NGA project strong-motion database, Earthquake Spectra 24, no. 1, 23-44.
16. Clark, P. J., and F. C. Evans (1954). Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relations in populations, Ecol. 35, 445-453.
17. Dehn, M., H. Gärtner, and R. Dikau (2001). Principles of semantic modeling of landform structures, Comp. and Geosci. 27, 1005-1010.
18. Dobry, R., R. D. Borcherdt, C. B. Crouse, I. M. Idriss, W. B. Joyner, G. R. Martin, M. S. Power, E. E. Rinne, and R. B. Seed (2000). New site coefficients and site classification system used in recent building seismic code provisions, Earthquake Spectra 16, no. 1, 41-67.
19. Ellis, M. A., A. L. Densmore, and R. S. Anderson (1999). Development of mountainous topography in the Basin Ranges, USA, Basin Res. 11, 21-41.
20. Farr, T. G., P. A. Rosen, E. Caro, R. Crippen, R. Duren, S. Hensley, M. Kobrick, M. Paller, E. Rodriquez, L. Roth, D. Seal, S. Shaffer, J. Shimada, M. Werner, M. Oskin, D. Burbank, and D. Alsdorf (2007). The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 43 pp.
21. Fenneman, N. M., and D.W. Johnson (1946). Physical division of the United States, U.S. Geol. Surv. Special Map, scale 1:7,000,000.
22. Field, E. H. (2000). A modified ground-motion attenuation relationship for southern California that accounts for detailed site classification and a basin-depth effect, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 90, no. 6BS209-S221.
23. Frankel, A. D., D. L. Carver, and R. A. Williams (2002). Nonlinear and linear site response and basin effects in Seattle for the M 6.8 Nisqually, Washington, earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 92, no. 6, 2090-2109.
24. Frankel, A. D., S. Harmsen, C. Mueller, E. Calais, and J. Haase (2010). Documentation for initial seismic hazard maps for Haiti, in U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rept. 2010-1067, 12 pp.
25. Franklin, S. E. (1987). Geomorphometric processing of digital elevation models, Comp. and Geosci. 13, no. 6, 603-609.
26. Fumal, T. E. (1978). Correlations between seismic wave velocities and physical properties of near-surface geologic materials in the southern San Francisco Bay region, California, in U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rept. 78-1067, 114 pp.
27. Fumal, T. E., and J. C. Tinsley (1985). Mapping shear-wave velocities in near-surface geological materials, in Evaluating Earthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region-An Earth Science Perspective,J. I. Ziony (Editor), in U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Pap. 81-1360, 127-150.
28. Fumal, T. E., J. F. Gibbs, and E. F. Roth (1981). In-situ measurements of seismic velocities at 19 locations in the Los Angeles, California, region, in U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rept. 81-399, 123 pp.
29. Fumal, T. E., J. F. Gibbs, and E. F. Roth (1982). In-situ measurements of seismic velocities at 22 locations in the Los Angeles, California region, in U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rept. 82-833, 140 pp.
30. Fumal, T. E., J. F. Gibbs, and E. F. Roth (1984). In-situ measurements of seismic velocities at 16 locations in the Los Angeles, California, region in U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rept. 84-683, 109 pp.
31. Gao, S., H. Liu, P. M. Davis, and L. Knopoff (1996). Localized amplification of seismic waves and correlation with damage due to the Northridge earthquake: Evidence for focusing in Santa Monica, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86, no. 1B, S209-S230.
32. Gibbs, J. F., T. E. Fumal, and E. F. Roth (1980). In-situ measurements of seismic velocities at 27 locations in the Los Angeles, California region, in U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rept. 80-378, 169 pp.
33. Graf, W. L. E. (1987). Geomorphic Systems of North American; Centennial Special Volume 2, Geological Society of America, Inc., Boulder, Colorado, 643 pp.
34. Hammond, E. H. (1954). Small-scale continental landform maps, Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 44, 33-42.
35. Hammond, E. H. (1964). Analysis of properties in land form geography: An application to broad-scale landform mapping, Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 54, 11-19.
36. Harden, J. W. (1990). Soil development on stable landforms and implications for landscape studies, Geomorphology 3, 391-398.
37. Holzer, T. L., M. J. Bennett, T. E. Noce, and J. C. Tinsley (2005). Shear-wave velocity of surficial geologic sediments in northern California: Statistical distributions and depth dependence, Earthquake Spectra 21, no. 1, 161-177.
38. Horn, B. K. P. (1981). Hill shading and the reflectance map, Proc. IEEE 69, no. 1, 14-47.
39. Hough, S. E., J. R. Altidor, D. Anglade, D. Given, M. G. Janvier, J. Z. Maharrey, M. Meremonte, B. S. L. Mildor, C. Prépetit, and A. Yong 2010. Localized damage caused by topographic amplification during the 2010 M 7.0 Haiti earthquake, Nature Geoscience 3, 778-782 (http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/pdf/ngeo988.pdf,last accessed October 2010).
40. Hough, S. E., P. A. Friberg, R. Busby, E. H. Field, K. H. Jacob, and R. D. Borcherdt (1990). Sediment-induced amplification and the collapse of the Nimitz Freeway, Nature 344, 853-855.
41. Iwahashi, J., and I. Kamiya (1995). Landform classification using digital elevation model by the skills of image processing-mainly using the Digital National Information, Geoinformatics 6, no. 2, 97-108 (in Japanese with English abstract).
42. Iwahashi, J., and R. J. Pike (2007). Automated classifications of topography from DEMs by an unsupervised nested-means algorithm and a threepart geometric signature, Geomorphology 86, 409-440.
43. Iwahashi, J., I. Kamiya, and M. Matsuoka (2010). Regression analysis of VS30 using topographic attributes from a 50-m DEM, Geomorphology 117, 202-205.
44. Iwahashi, J., S. Watanabe, and T. Furuya (2001). Landform analysis of slope movements using DEM in Higashikubiki area, Japan, Comput. Geosci. 27, 851-865.
45. Jensen, J. R. (2007). Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 526 pp.
46. Joyner, W. B., R. E. Warrick, and T. E. Fumal (1981). The effect of Quaternary alluvium on strong ground motion in the Coyote Lake, California, earthquake of 1979, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 71, no. 4, 1333-1350.
47. Lee, V. W., and M. D. Trifunac (2010). Should average shear-wave velocity in the top 30 m of soil be used to describe seismic amplification?, Soil Dynam. Earthquake Eng. 30, 1250-1258.
48. Lee, S., Y. Chan, D. Komatitsch, B. Huang, and J. Tromp (2009). Effects of realistic surface topography on seismic ground motion in the Yangminshan region of Taiwan based upon the spectral-element method and LiDAR DTM, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 99, 2A, 681-693.
49. Magistrale, H., S. Day, R. W. Clayton, and R. Graves (2000). The SCEC southern California reference three-dimensional seismic velocity model version 2, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 90, no. 6B S65-S76.
50. Matsuoka, M., and S. Midorikawa (1995). GIS-Based Integrated Seismic Hazard Mapping for a Large Metropolitan Area, Proc. fifth Intern. Conf. on Seismic Zonation 2, 1334-1341.
51. Matsuoka, M., K. Wakamatsu, K. Fujimoto, and S. Midorikawa (2006). Average shear-wave velocity mapping using Japan engineering geomorphogic classification map, J. Struc. Mech. Earthq. Eng. 23, no. 157s-68s.
52. Minár, J., and I. S. Evans (2008). Elementary forms for land surface segmentation: The theoretical basis of terrain analysis and geomorphological mapping, Geomorphology 95, 236-259.
53. Moss, R. E. S. (2008). Quantifying measurement uncertainty of 30-meter shear-wave velocity, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 98, no. 3, 1399-1411.
54. Murray, B., and M. A. Fonstad (2007). Preface: Complexity (and simplicity) in landscapes, Geomorphology 91, 173-177.
55. Oliver, M. A., and R. Webster (1986). Semi-variograms for modeling the spatial pattern of landform and soil properties, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 11, 491-504.
56. Olsen, K. B., S. M. Day, J. B. Minster, Y. Cui, A. Chourasia, M. Faerman, R. Moore, P. Maechling, and T. Jordan (2006). Strong shaking in Los Angeles expected from southern San Andreas earthquake, Geophys Res. Lett. 33, L07305.
57. Park, S., and S. Elrick (1998). Predictions of shear-wave velocities in southern California using surface geology, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 88, no. 3, 677-685.
58. Peterson, F. F. (1981). Landforms of the basin and range province; defined for soil survey, Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Nevada Technical Bulletin 28, Max C. Fleischmann College of Agriculture, Reno, Nevada, 52 pp.
59. Petersen, M., W. Bryant, C. Cramer, M. Reichle, and C. Real (1997). Seismic ground-motion hazard mapping incorporating site effects for Los Angeles, Orange, and Ventura counties, California: A geographical information system application, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 87, no. 1, 249-255.
60. Philips, J. D. (2007). The perfect landscape, Geomorphology 84, 159-169.
61. Pike, R. J., I. S. Evans, and T. Hengl (2009). Geomorphometry: A brief guide in Geomorphometry: Concepts, Software, Applications, T. Hengl, H. I. Reuter (Editors), Series Developments in Soil Science, 33, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 3-30.
62. Romero, S. M., and G. J. Rix (2001). Ground motion amplification of soils in the upper Mississippi embayment, Mid-America Earthquake Center at School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology, Report No. GIT-CEE/GEO-01-1, 46-112.
63. Saco, P. M., G. R. Willgoose, and G. R. Hancock (2006). Spatial organization of soil depths using a landform evolution model, J. Geophys. Res. 111, F02016, doi 10.1029/2005JF000351.
64. Scripter, M. W. (1970). Nested-means map classes for statistical maps, Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr 60, 385-393.
65. Seed, H. B., C. Ugas, and J. Lysmer (1976). Site-dependent spectra for earthquake-resistant design, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 66, no. 1, 221-243.
66. Singh, S. K., and M. Ordaz (1993). On the origin of long coda observed in the lake-bed strong-motion records of Mexico City, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 83, no. 3, 1298-1306.
67. Spudich, P., M. Hellweg, and W. H. K. Lee (1996). Directional topographic site response at Tarzana observed in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Implications for mainshock motions, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86, no. 1B, S193-S208.
68. Thompson, E. M., L. G. Baise, R. E. Kayen, Y. Tanaka, and H. Tanaka (2010). A geostatistical approach to mapping site response spectral amplifications, Eng. Geol. 114, 330-342.
69. Tinsley, J. C., and T. E. Fumal (1985). Mapping Quaternary sedimentary deposits for areal variations in shaking response, in Evaluating Earthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region-An Earth Science Perspective J. I. Ziony (Editor), U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Pap. 1360, 101-126.
70. Tobler, W. R. (1988). Resolution, resampling and all that, Building Databases for Global Science, H. Mounsey, R. Tomlinson (Editors), 12, Taylor & Francis, London, 9-137.
71. Vibration Instruments Company (VIC) (1993). Shear wave velocity profiling of instrumented sites in the greater Los Angeles area using surface wave measurements, in Report to the University of Southern California, Department of Civil Engineering, Vibration Instruments Company, Tokyo, Japan.
72. Wakamatsu, K., M. Matsuoka, K. Hasegawa, S. Kudo, and M. Sugiura (2004). GIS-based engineering geomorphologic map for nationwide hazard assessment, 11th Intl. Conf. Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Eng. and 3rd Intl. Conf. Earthquake Geotech. Eng. Proceedings, University of California, Berkeley, California, 7-9 January 2004, 879-886.
73. Wald, D. J., and T. I. Allen (2007). Topographic slope as a proxy for seismic site conditions and amplification, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 97, no. 5, 1379-1395.
74. Warnes, G. R. (2004). Plot x-y points with locally smoothed mean and standard deviation, http://rss.acs.unt.edu/Rdoc/library/gplots/html/bandplot.html (last accessed April 2009).
75. Wills, C. J. (1998). Differences in shear-wave velocity due to measurement methods: A cautionary note, Seismol. Res. Lett. 69, no. 3, 216-221.
76. Wills, C. J., and K. B. Clahan (2006). Developing a map of geological defined site-condition categories for California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 96, no. 4A, 1483-1501.
77. Wills, C. J., and W. Silva (1998). Shear-wave velocity characteristics of geologic units in California, Earthquake Spectra 14, no. 3 533-556.
78. Wills, C. J., M. Petersen, W. A. Bryant, M. Reichle, G. J. Saucedo, S. Tan, G. Taylor, and J. Treiman (2000). A site-conditions map for California based on geology and shear-wave velocity, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 90, no. 6B, S187-S208.
79. Yamazaki, F., K. Wakamatsu, J. Onishi, and K. T. Shabestari (2000). Relationship between geomorphological land classification and site amplification ratio based on JMA strong motion records, Soil Dynam. Earthquake Eng. 19, 41-53.
80. Yong, A., S. E. Hough, M. J. Abrams, H. M. Cox, C. J. Wills, and G. W. Simila (2008a). Site characterization using integrated imaging analysis methods on satellite data of the Islamabad, Pakistan, region, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 98, no. 6 2679-2693.
81. Yong, A., S. E. Hough, M. J. Abrams, and C. J. Wills (2008b). Preliminary results for a semi-automated quantification of site effects using geomorphometry and ASTER satellite data for Mozambique, Pakistan, and Turkey, J. Earth Syst. Sci. 117, no. S2 797-808.
82. Yong, A., S. E. Hough, A. Braverman, and J. Iwahashi (2010). A terrainbased VS30 estimation map of the contiguous United States, Seismol. Res. Lett. 81, no. 2, 294
83. Yong, A., S. Hough, H. Cox, K. Tiampo, A. Braverman, J. Harvey, S. Hook, K. Hudnut, and G. Simila (2006). Balloons to satellites: A century of progress in geotechnical site characterization, Seismol. Res. Lett. 77,no. 2, 302
84. Yong, A., S. Hough, K. Hudnut, S. Healy, J. Giberson, and G. Simila (2005). Geotechnical site characterization using remote sensing data: A feasibility study, Seismol. Res. Lett. 76, no. 2, 241
85. Yong, A., S. E. Hough, C. Wills, and M. Abrams (2007). Site characterization using satellite imagery: A progress report, Seismol. Res. Lett. 78, no. 2, 272