Inhalation exposure of children to fragrances present in scented toys

Indoor Air

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 501-511

  Masuck, Ines ^a   Hutzler, C ^a   Jann, O ^b   Luch, A ^a  

^a FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR RISK ASSESSMENT   (Germany)

^b BAM FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TESTING   (Germany)

Author keywords

Emission chamber; Fragrance allergens; Inhalation exposure; Scented toys; Volatile organic compounds

Indexed keywords

MATERIALS HANDLING; ODORS; PARTICULATE EMISSIONS; POLYVINYL CHLORIDES; TOYS;

BIOAVAILABLE; CHILDREN'S TOYS; CONDITION; EMISSION CHAMBER; EMISSIONS RATES; FRAGRANCE ALLERGENS; HUMAN SKIN; INHALATION EXPOSURE; PLASTICIZED PVC; SCENTED TOY;

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

PERFUME; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AIR; ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; CHILD; CLASSIFICATION; EXPOSURE; HUMAN; HUMIDITY; INFANT; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RECREATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; TEMPERATURE; TIME;

AIR MOVEMENTS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; HUMANS; HUMIDITY; INFANT; INHALATION EXPOSURE; PERFUME; PLAY AND PLAYTHINGS; RISK ASSESSMENT; TEMPERATURE; TIME FACTORS; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

EID: 84857099825     PISSN: 09056947     EISSN: 16000668     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00727.x     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Babich, M.A., Chen, S.B., Greene, M.A., Kiss, C.T., Porter, W.K., Timothy, P., Smith, T.P., Wind, M.L. and Zamula, W.W. (2004) Risk assessment of oral exposure to diisononyl phthalate from childrens products, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 40, 151-167.
2. Berg, N.D., Linneberg, A., Dirksen, A. and Elberling, J. (2008) Prevalence of selfreported symptoms and consequences related to inhalation of airborne chemicals in a Danish general population, Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 81, 881-887.
3. Brasch, J. and Geier, J. (1997) Patch test results in schoolchildren. Results from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) and the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG), Contact Dermatitis, 36, 286-293.
4. Chen, S.-J., Ma, Y.-J., Wang, J., Chen, D., Luo, X.-J. and Mai, B.-X. (2009) Brominated flame retardants in childrens toys: concentration, composition, and childrens exposure and risk assessment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4200-4206.
5. Clausen, P.A., Hansen, V., Gunnarsen, L., Afshari, A. and Wolkoff, P. (2004) Emission of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from PVC flooring into air and uptake in dust: emission and sorption experiments in the FLEC and CLIMPAQ, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2531-2537.
6. Clayton, T.H., Wilkinson, S.M., Rawcliffe, C., Pollock, B. and Clark, S.M. (2006) Allergic contact dermatitis in children: should pattern of dermatitis determine referral? A retrospective study of 500 children tested between 1995 and 2004 in one U.K. centre. Br. J. Dermatol., 154, 114-117.
7. Dales, R. and Raizenne, M. (2004) Residential exposure to volatile organic compounds and asthma, J. Asthma, 41, 259-270.
8. DIN 32645: 2008-11 (2008). Chemical analysis - Decision limit, detection limit and determination limit under repeatability conditions - Terms, methods, evaluation (DIN 32645: 2008-11), Beuth Publisher, Berlin.
9. DIN EN ISO 16000-9:2006-06 (2006). Indoor air - Part 9: determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building and furnishing - Emission test chamber method (ISO 16000-9:2006), Beuth Publisher, Berlin.
10. Directive 2009/48/EC (2009). Directive 2009/ 48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2009 on the safety of toys. Off. J. Eur. Union, L 170/1.
11. Elberling, J., Linneberg, A., Mosbech, H., Dirksen, A., Frolund, L., Madsen, F., Nielsen, N.H. and Johansen, J.D. (2004) A link between skin and airways regarding sensitivity to fragrance products? Br. J. Dermatol., 151, 1197-1203.
12. Elberling, J., Linneberg, A., Dirksen, A., Johansen, J.D., Frølund, L., Madsen, F., Nielsen, N.H. and Mosbech, H. (2005a) Mucosal symptoms elicited by fragrance products in a population-based sample in relation to atopy and bronchial hyperreactivity, Clin. Exp. Allergy, 35, 75-81.
13. Elberling, J., Linneberg, A., Mosbech, H., Dirksen, A., Menne, T., Nielsen, N.H., Madsen, F., Frolund, L. and Johansen, J.D. (2005b) Airborne chemicals cause respiratory symptoms in individuals with contact allergy, Contact Dermatitis, 52, 65-72.
14. Elberling, J., Dirksen, A., Johansen, J.D. and Mosbech, H. (2006) The capsaicin cough reflex in eczema patients with respiratory symptoms elicited by perfume, Contact Dermatitis, 54, 158-164.
15. Fromme, H., Lahrz, T., Piloty, M., Gebhart, H., Oddoy, A. and Rüden, H. (2004) Occurrence of phthalates and musk fragrances in indoor air and dust from apartments and kindergartens in Berlin (Germany), Indoor Air, 14, 188-195.
16. Glensvig, D. and Ports, J. (2006). Mapping of perfume in toys and childrens articles - Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer Products, No. 68, Danish Ministry of the Environment.
17. Heine, G., Schnuch, A., Uter, W. and Worm, M. (2004). Frequency of contact allergy in German children and adolescents patch tested between 1995 and 2002: results from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology and the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group, Contact Dermatitis, 51, 111-117.
18. Horn, W., Jann, O. and Wilke, O. (2003) Suitability of small environmental chambers to test the emission of biocides from treated materials into the air, Atmos. Environ., 37, 5477-5483.
19. Kemmlein, S., Hahn, O. and Jann, O. (2003) Emissions of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants from selected consumer products and building materials, Atmos. Environ., 37, 5485-5493.
20. Lamas, J.P., Sanchez-Prado, L., Garcia-Jares, C. and Llompart, M. (2010) Determination of fragrance allergens in indoor air by active sampling followed by ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1217, 1882-1890.
21. Masuck, I., Hutzler, C. and Luch, A. (2010) Investigations on the emission of fragrance allergens from scented toys by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1217, 3136-3143.
22. Nielsen, G.D., Larsen, S.T., Olsen, O., Lovik, M., Poulsen, L.K., Glue, C. and Wolkoff, P. (2007) Do indoor chemicals promote development of airway allergy?, Indoor Air, 17, 236-255.
23. Opiekun, R.E., Smeets, M., Sulewski, M., Rogers, R., Prasad, U., Vedula, U. and Dalton, P. (2003) Assessment of ocular and nasal irritation in asthmatics resulting from fragrance exposure, Clin. Exp. Allergy, 33, 1256-1265.
24. Pleschka, S. and Viogtmann, I. (2009) Einsatz von Raumbeduftung in öffentlich zugänglichen Räumen (Application of indoor air scenting in public buildings. Article written in German language.), Allergo J., 32, 53-55.
25. Ramirez, N., Marce, R.M. and Borrull, F. (2010) Development of a thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for determining personal care products in air, J. Chromatogr. A, 1217, 4430-4438.
26. Rastogi, S.C., Johansen, J.D., Menne, T., Frosch, P., Bruze, M., Andersen, K.E., Lepoittevin, J.P., Wakelin, S. and White, I.R. (1999) Contents of fragrance allergens in childrens cosmetics and cosmetictoys, Contact Dermatitis, 41, 84-88.
27. Regueiro, J., Garcia-Jares, C., Llompart, M., Lamas, J.P. and Cela, R. (2009) Development of a method based on sorbent trapping followed by solid-phase microextraction for the determination of synthetic musks in indoor air, J. Chromatogr. A, 1216, 2805-2815.
28. Rogers, R.E., Isola, D.A., Chwen-Jyh, J. and Smith, L.W. (2005) Simulated inhalation levels of fragrance materials in a surrogate air freshener formulation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 7810-7816.
29. Schäfer, B., Platzek, T., Henkler, F. and Luch, A. (2009) Inhalativ verursachte Allergien durch Sprays und Duftstoffe? Bericht über ein Sachverstä ndigengespräch (Allergies caused by aerosols sprays and fragrances? Report of an Expert Workshop held at BfR on May 26, 2008. Article written in German language.), Umweltmed. Forsch. Prax., 14, 33-37.
30. Schnuch, A., Oppel, E., Oppel, T., Römmelt, H., Kramer, M., Riu, E., Darsow, U., Przybilla, B., Nowak, D. and Jörres, R.A. (2010) Experimental inhalation of fragrance allergens in predisposed subjects: effects on skin and airways, Br. J. Dermatol., 162, 598-606.
31. Singer, B.C., Destaillats, H., Hodgson, A.T. and Nazaroff, W.W. (2006) Cleaning products and air fresheners: emissions and resulting concentrations of glycol ethers and terpenoids, Indoor Air, 16, 179-191.
32. Sofuoglu, A., Kiymet, N., Kavcar, P. and Sofuoglu, S.C. (2010) Polycyclic and nitro musks in indoor air: a primary school classroom and a womens sport center, Indoor Air, 20, 515-522.
33. Su, H.J., Chao, C.J., Chang, H.Y. and Wu, P.C. (2007) The effects of evaporating essential oils on indoor air quality, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1230-1236.
34. Svendsen, N., Søren, F., Pedersen, S.F., Ole Chr Hansen, O.C., Eva Pedersen, E. and Nils Bernth, N. (2005). Survey and release of chemical substances in slimy toys - Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer Products, No. 67, Danish Ministry of the Environment.
35. US-EPA (2002). Child-Specific Exposure Factors handbook Volume I-III. Washington, DC, Office of Research and Development National Center for Environmental Assessment, (EPA/600/P-00/ 002B).
36. Winkens, A. and Schomberg, K. (2009) Duftstoffe in Innenrä umen: Einfluss der Raumbeduftung auf die Qualitä t der Innenraumluft (Fragrances in indoor area: the influence of air scenting on the quality of indoor air. Article written in German language.), Allergo J., 32, 56-64.