Mechanism of free radical scavenging and role of phytohormones in plants under abiotic stresses

Plant Adaptation and Phytoremediation

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 99-118

  Ahmad, Parvaiz ^a   Umar, Shahid ^b   Sharma, Satyawati ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR   (India)

^b HAMDARD UNIVERSITY   (India)

^c INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI   (India)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Phytohormones; Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857072474     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9370-7_5     Document Type: Chapter

References (133)

1. Ahmad P (2010) Growth and antioxidant responses in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants subjected to combined effect of gibberellic acid and salinity. Arch Agro Soil Sci, (in Press).
2. Ahmad P, Sarwat M, Sharma S (2008a) Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants and signaling in plants. J Plant Biol 51:167-173.
3. Ahmad P, Jhon R, Sarwat M, Umar S (2008b) Responses of proline, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes in two varieties of Pisum sativum L. under salt stress. Int J Plant Produc 2:353-366.
4. Ahmad P, Jaleel CA, Sharma S (2010) Antioxidative defense system, lipid peroxidation, proline metabolizing enzymes and Biochemical activity in two genotypes of Morus alba L. subjected to NaCl stress. Russian J Plant Physiol (in press).
5. Alam MM, Hayat S, Ali B, Ahmad A (2007) Effect of 28-homobrassinolide on nickel induced changes in Brassica juncea. Photosynthetica 45:139-142.
6. Ali B, Hasan SA, Hayat S, Hayat Q, Yadav S, Fariduddin Q, Ahmad A (2008a) A role for brassinosteroids in the amelioration of aluminum stress through antioxidant system in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Environ Exp Bot 62:153-159.
7. Ali B, Hayat S, Fariduddin Q, Ahmad A (2008b) 24-Epibrassinolide protects against the stress generated by salinity and nickel in Brassica juncea. Chemosphere 72:1387-1392.
8. Apel K, Hirt H (2004) Reactive oxygen species: Metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55:373-399.
9. Arbona V, Hossain Z, Lopez-Climent MF, Perez-Clemente RM, Gomez-Cadenas A (2008) Antioxidant enzymatic activity is linked to waterlogging stress tolerance in citrus. Physiol Plant 132:452-466.
10. Asada, K (2006) Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts and their functions. Plant Physiol 141:391-396.
11. Azevedo RA, Alas RM, Smith RJ, Lea PA (1998) Response of antioxidant enzymes to transfer from elevated carbon dioxide to air and ozone fumigation, in leaves and roots of wild type and catalase deficient mutant of barley. Physiol Plant 104:280-292.
12. Azevedo-Neto AD, Prisco JT, Enéas-Filho J, Braga-de-Abreu CE, Gomes-Filho E (2006) Effect of salt stress on Antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of salt tolerant and salt sensitive maize genotypes. Environ Exp Bot 56: 87-94.
13. Ben-Amor N, Hamed KB, Debez A, Grignon C, Abdelly C (2005) Physiological and antioxidant response of the perennial halophytes Crithmum maritimum to salinity. Plant Sci 168: 889-899.
14. Bergmüller E, Porfirova S, Dörmann P (2003) Characterization of an Arabidopsis mutant deficient in γ -tocopherol methyltransferase. Plant Mol Biol 52:1181-1190.
15. Borsani O, Valupesta V, Botella M (2001) Evidence for role of salicylic acid in the oxidative damage generated by NaCl and osmotic stress in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Physiol 126:1024-1030.
16. Burke EJ, Brown SJ, Christidis N (2006) Modeling the recent evolution of global drought and projections for the twenty-first century with the Hadley centre climate model. J Hydrometer 7:1113-1125.
17. Camejo D, Martí MC, Nicolás E, Alarcón JJ, Jiménez A, Sevilla F (2007) Response of superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) during thermo-acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus. Physiol Plant 131:367-377.
18. Clouse SD (1996) Molecular genetic studies confirms the role of brassinosteroids in plant growth and development. Plant J 10:1-8.
19. Clouse SD, Sasse JM (1998) Brassinosteroids: Essential regulators of plant growth and development. Anu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49:421-451.
20. Dalal M, Khanna-Chopra R (2001) Differential response of antioxidant enzymes in leaves of necrotic wheat hybrid and their parents. Physiol Plant 111: 297-304.
21. Dalmia A, Sawhney V (2004) Antioxidant defense mechanism under drought stress in wheat seedlings. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 10:109-114.
22. Davis DG, Swanson HR (2001) Activity of stress-related enzymes in the perennial weed leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) Environ Exp Bot 46:95-108.
23. Desel C, Hubbermann EM, Schwarz K, Krupinska K (2007) Nitration of γ-tocopherol in plant tissues. Planta 226:1311-1322.
24. Desikan R, Hanckok JT, Bright J, Harrison J, Weir I, Hooley R, Neill SJ (2005) A role for ETR1 in hydrogen peroxide signalling in stomatal guard cells. Plant Physiol 137:831-834.
25. D'Haeze W, De Rycke R, Mathis R, Goormachtig S, Pagnotta S, Verplancke C, Capoen W, Holsters M (2003) Reactive oxygen species and ethylene play a positive role in lateral root base nodulation of a semiaquatic legume. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:11789-11794.
26. Ding ZS, Tian SP, Zheng XL, Zhou ZW, Xu Y (2007) Responses of reactive oxygen metabolism and quality in mango fruit to exogenous oxalic acid or salicylic acid under chilling temperature stress. Physiol Plant 130: 112-121.
27. Edwards EA, Rawsthorne S, Mullineaux PM (1990) Subcellular distribution of multiple forms of gluththione reductase in leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Planta 180:278-284.
28. Egert M, Tevini M (2002) Influence of drought on some physiological parameters sympatic for oxidative stress in the leaves of chives (Allium schoenoprasum) Environ Exp Bot 48:43-49.
29. Eltayeb AE, Kawano N, Badawi GM, Kaminaka H, Sanekata T, Shibahara T, Inanaga S, Tanaka K (2007) Overexpression of monodehydroascorbate reductase in transgenic tobacco confers enhanced tolerance to ozone, salt and polyethylene glycol stresses. Planta 225:1255-1264.
30. FAO (Food, Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2004) FAO production year book. FAO, Rome.
31. Fariduddin Q, Yusuf M, Hayat S, Ahmad A (2009) Effect of 28-homobrassinolide on antioxidant capacity and photosynthesis in Brassica juncea plants exposed to different levels of copper. Environ Exp Bot 66:418-424.
32. Foyer CH, Noctor G (2003) Redox sensing and signalling associated with reactive oxygen in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and mitochondria. Physiol Plant 119:355-364.
33. Foyer CH, Noctor G (2005) Oxidant and antioxidant signaling in plants: A re-evaluation of the concept of oxidative stress in a physiological context. Plant Cell Environ 28:1056-1071.
34. Foyer CH, Halliwell B (1976) The presence of glutathione and glutathione reductase in chloroplasts: A proposed role in ascorbic acid metabolism. Planta 133:21-25.
35. Foyer CH, Lopez-Delgardo H, Dat JF, Scott IM (1997) Hydrogen peroxide and glutathione associated mechanisms of acclimatory stress tolerance and signaling. Physiol Plant 100:241-254.
36. Freeman JL, Persan MW, Nieman K, Albrecht C, Peer W, Pickering IJ, Salt DE (2004) Increased glutathione biosynthesis plays a role in nickel tolerance in Thlaspi nickel hyperaccumulators. Plant Cell 16:2176-2191.
37. Frugoli JA, Zhong HH, Nuccio ML, McCourt P, McPeek MA, Thomas TL, McClung CR (1996) Catalase is encoded by a multigene family in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Plant Physiol 112:327-336.
38. Fujioka S (1999) Natural occurrence of brassinosteroids in the plant kingdom. In: Sakurai A, Yokota T, Clouse SD (eds) Brassinosteroids: Steroidal plant hormones. Springer, Tokyo, Japan, pp 21-45.
39. Giacomelli L, Masi A, Ripoll DR, Lee MJ, VanWijk KJ (2007) Arabidopsis thaliana deficient in two chloroplast ascorbate peroxidases shows accelerated light-induced necrosis when levels of cellular ascorbate are low. Plant Mol Biol 65:627-644.
40. Grill E, Winnacker EL, Zenk MH (1985) Phytochelatins: The principal heavy metal complexing peptides of higher plants. Science 230:674-676.
41. Harber F, Weiss J (1934) The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by iron salt, Proc Royal Soc London, A Math Phys Sci 147:337-351.
42. Harinasut P, Poonsopa D, Roengmongkoi K, Charoensataporn R (2003) Salt effects on antioxidant enzymes in mulberry cultivar. ScienceAsia 29:109-113.
43. Hasan SA, Hayat S, Ali B, Ahmad A (2008) 28-homobrassinolide protects chickpea (Cicer arietinum) from cadmium toxicity by stimulating antioxidants. Environ Poll 151:60-66.
44. Hayat S, Ali B, Hasan SA, Ahmad A (2007) Brassinosteroid enhanced the level of antioxidants under cadmium stress in Brassica juncea. Environ Exp Bot 60:33-41.
45. Herbette S, Taconnat L, Hugouvieux H, Piette L, Magniette MLM, Cuine S, Auroy P, Richaud P, Forestier C, Bourguignon J, Renou JP, Vavas-seur A, Leonhardt N (2006) Genome wide transcriptome profiling of the early cadmium response of Arabidopsis roots and shoots. Biochimie 88:1751-1765.
46. Horemans N, Foyer CH, Asard H (2000) Transport and action of ascorbate at the plasma membrane. Trends Plant Sci 5: 263-267.
47. Hsu YT, Kao CH (2004) Cadmium toxicity is reduced by nitric oxide in rice leaves. Plant Growth Regul 42:227-238.
48. Jaleel CA, Gopi R, Manivannan P, Panneerselvam R (2007a) Responses of antioxidant defense system of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. to paclobutrazol treatment under salinity. Acta Physiol Plant 29:205-209.
49. Jaleel CA, Manivannan P, Kishorekumar A, Sankar B, Gopi R, Somasundaram R, Panneerselvam R (2007b) Alterations in osmoregulation, antioxidant enzymes and indole alkaloid levels in Catharanthus roseus exposed to water deficit. Coll Surf B: Biointerf 59:150-157.
50. Jaleel CA, Sankar B, Murali PV, Gomathinayagam M, Lakshmanan GMA, Panneerselvam R (2008) Water deficit stress effects on reactive oxygen metabolism in Catharanthus roseus; impacts on ajmalicine accumulation. Coll Surf B: Biointerf 62:105-111.
51. Jiang M, Zhang J (2002) Water Stress induced abscisic acid accumulation triggers the increased generation of reactive oxygen species and up regulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes in maize leaves. J Exp Bot 53:2401-2410.
52. Jimenez A, Hernandez JA, Pastori G, del Rio LA, Sevilla F (1998) Role of the ascorbateglutathione cycle of mitochondria and peroxisomes in the senescence of pea leaves. Plant Physiol 118:1327-1335.
53. Kagan VE (1989) Tocopherol stabilizes membrane against phospholipase A, free fatty acids, and lysophospholipids. In: Diplock AT, Machlin J, Packer L, Pryor W (eds) Vitamin E: Biochemistry and Health Implications. Ann New York Acad Sci 570:121-135.
54. Kamal-Eldin A, Appelqvist L (1996) The chemistry and antioxidant properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Lipids 31:671-701.
55. Kangasjärvi S, Lepistö A, Hännikäinen K, Piippo M, Luomala EM, Aro EM, Rintamäki E (2008) Diverse roles for chloroplast stromal and thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidases in plant stress responses. Biochem J 412:275-285.
56. Keles Y, Oncel I (2002) Response of antioxidative defence system to temperature and water stress combinations in wheat seedlings. Plant Sci 163:783-790.
57. Kruk J, Hollander-Czytko H, Oettmeier W, Trebst A (2005) Tocopherol as singlet oxygen scavenger in photosystem II. J Plant Physiol 162:749-757.
58. Larson RA (1988) The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochemistry 27:969-978.
59. Li CZ, Jiao J, Wang Gen-X (2004) The important roles of reactive oxygen species in the relationship between ethylene and polyamines in leaves of spring wheat seedlings under root osmotic stress. Plant Sci 166:303-315.
60. Lee SH, Ahsan N, Lee KW, Kim DH, Lee DG, Kwak SS, Kwon SY, Kim TH, Lee BH (2007) Simultaneous overexpression of both Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase in transgenic tall fescue plants confers increased tolerance to a wide range of abiotic stresses. J Plant Physiol 164:1626-1638.
61. Li J, Chory J (1999) Brassinosteroid action in plants. J Exp Biol 50:275-282.
62. Liu Y, Zhang S (2004) Phosphorylation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase by MPK6, a stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase, induces ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16:3386-3399.
63. Li L, van Staden J, Jäger AK (1998) Effects of plant growth regulators on the antioxidant system in seedlings of two maize cultivars subjected to water stress. Plant Growth Regul 25: 81-87.
64. Liu X, Hua X, Guo J, Qi D, Wang L, Liu Z, Jin Z, Chen S, Liu G (2008) Enhanced tolerance to drought stress in transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing VTE1 for increased tocopherol production from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biotechnol Lett 30:1275-1280.
65. Lu Z, Liu D, Liu S (2007) Two rice cytosolic ascorbate peroxidases differentially improves salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Rep 26:1909-1917.
66. Manivannan P, Jaleel CA, Kishorekumar A, Sankar B, Somasundaram R, Sridharan R, Panneerselvam R (2007) Changes in antioxidant metabolism of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. by propiconazole under water deficit stress. Coll Surf B: Biointerf 57:69-74.
67. Mathur PB, Vadez V, Sharma KK (2008) Transgenic approaches for abiotic stress tolerance in plants: retrospect and prospects. Plant Cell Rep 27:411-424.
68. Mehlhorn H (1990) Ethylene-promoted ascorbate peroxidase activity protects plants against hydrogen peroxide, ozone and paraquat. Plant Cell Environ 13:971-976.
69. Metwally A, Safronova VI, Belimov AA, Dietz KJ (2005) Genotypic variation of the response to cadmium toxicity in Pisum sativum L. J Exp Bot 56:167-178.
70. Meyer A, Hansen DB, Gomes CSG, Hobley TJ, Thomas ORT, Franzreb M (2005) Demonstration of a strategy for product purification by high-gradient magnetic fishing: recovery of superoxide dismutase from unconditioned whey. Biotechnol Prog 21:244-254.
71. Mittler R (2002) Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 7:405-410.
72. Moller IM (2001) Plant mitochondria and oxidative stress. Electron transport, NADPH turnover andmetabolism of reactive oxygen species. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 52:561-591.
73. Mullineaux PM, Rausch T (2005) Glutathione, photosynthesis and the redox regulation of stressresponsive gene expression. Photosynth Res 86:459-474.
74. Munne-Bosch S (2005) The role of α-tocopherol in plant stress tolerance. J Plant Physiol 162: 743-748.
75. Naya L, Ladrera R, Ramos J, González EM, Arrese-Igor C, Minchin FR, Becana M (2007) The Response of carbon metabolism and antioxidant defenses of alfalfa nodules to drought stress and to the subsequent recovery of plants. Plant Physiol 144:1104-1114.
76. Nobuhiro S, Mittler R (2006) Reactive oxygen species and temperature stresses: A delicate balance between signaling and destruction. Physiol Plant 126:45-51.
77. Nordberg J, Arner ESJ (2001) Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the mammalian thioredoxin system. Free Radi Biol Med 31:1287-1312.
78. Noctor G, Foyer CH (1998) Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49:249-279.
79. Núñez M, Mazzafera P, Mazorra LM, Siqueira WJ, Zullo MAT (2003) Influence of a brassinsteroid analogue on antioxidant enzymes in rice grown in culture medium with NaCl. Biol Plant 47: 67-70.
80. Parida AK, Das AB, Mohanty P (2004) Defense potentials to NaCl in a mangrove, Bruguiera parviflora: Differential changes of isoforms of some antioxidative enzymes. J Plant Physiol 161:531-542.
81. Pastori GP, Mullineaux, Foyer CH (2000) Post transcriptional regulation prevents accumulation of glutathione reductase protein and activity in the bundle sheath cells of maize. Implication on the sensitivity of maize to temperatures. Plant Physiol 122:667-675.
82. Pietrini F, Iannelli MA, Pasqualini S, Massacci A (2003) Interaction of cadmium with glutathione and photosynthesis in developing leaves and chloroplasts of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steudel. Plant Physiol 133:829-837.
83. Pitcher LH, Zilinskas BA (1996) Overexpression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase in the cytosol of transgenic tobacco confers partial resistance to ozone-induced foliar necrosis. Plant Physiol 110:583-588.
84. Qadir S, Qureshi MI, Javed S, Abdin MZ (2004) Genotypic variation in phytoremediation potential of Brassica juncea cultivars exposed to Cd stress. Plant Sci 167:1171-1181.
85. Qiu-Fang Z, Yuan-Yuan L, Cai-Hong P, Cong-Ming L, Bao-Shan W (2005) NaCl enhances thylakoid-bound SOD activity in the leaves of C3 halophyte Suaeda salsa L. Plant Sci 168:423-430.
86. Rausch T, Wachter A (2005) Sulfur metabolism: A versatile platform for launching defense operations. Trends Plant Sci 10:503-509.
87. Reddy AR, Chaitanya KV, Vivekanandan M (2004) Drought induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. J Plant Physiol 161:1189-1202.
88. Sasse JM (2003) Physiological actions of brassinosteroids: An update. J Plant Growth Regul 22:276-288.
89. Scandalios JG (1990) Response of plant antioxidant defense genes to environmental stress. Adv Genet 28:1-41.
90. Scandalios JG (1993) Oxygen stress and superoxide dismutases. Plant Physiol 101:7-12.
91. Schlagnhaufer CD, Arteca RN, Pell EJ (1997) Sequential expression of two 1-aminocyclopropane- 1-carboxylate synthase genes in response to biotic and abiotic stress in potato leaves. Plant Mol Biol 35:683-688.
92. Schutzendubel A, Polle A (2002) Plant responses to biotic stresses: Heavy metal-induced oxidative stress and protection by mycorrhization. J Exp Bot 53:1351-1366.
93. Schutzendubel A, Schwang P, Teichmann T, Gross K, Langenfeld-Heyer R, Godbold DL, Polle A (2001) Cadmium-induced changes in antioxidative systems, hydrogen peroxide content, and differentiation in scots pine roots. Plant Physiol 127:887-898.
94. Sekmen AH, Turkan I, Takio S (2007) Differential responses of antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation to salt stress in salt-tolerant Plantago maritima and salt-sensitive Plantago media. Physiol Plant 131:399-411.
95. Semane B, Cuypers A, Smeets K, Van Belleghem F, Horemans N, Schat H, Vangronsveld J (2007) Cadmium responses in Arabidopsis thaliana: glutathione metabolism and antioxidative defence system. Physiol Plant 129:519-528.
96. Serbinova EA, Packer L (1994) Antioxidant properties of α-tocopherol and α-tocotrienol.Methods Enzymol 234:354-366.
97. Shalata A, Mittova V, Volokita M, Guy M, Tal M (2001) Response of the cultivated tomato and its wild salt-tolerant relative Lycopersicon pennellii to salt-dependent oxidative stress: The antioxidative system. Physiol Plant 112:487-494.
98. Shao HB, Chu LY, Wu G, Zhang JH, Lu ZH, Hu YC (2007) Changes of some anti-oxidative physiological indices under soil water deficits among 10 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes at tillering stage. Coll Surf B: Biointerf 54:143-149.
99. Shao HB, Liang ZS, Shao MA, Sun Q, Hu ZM (2005) Investigation on dynamic changes of photosynthetic characteristics of 10 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes during two vegetative-growth stages at water deficits. Biointerfaces 43:221-227.
100. Siefermann-Harms D (1987) The light-harvesting and protective functions of carotenoids in photosynthetic membranes. Physiol Plant 69:561-568.
101. Singh B, Usha K (2003) Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedligs under water stress. Plant Grow Regul 39:137-141.
102. Sirko A, Blaszczyk A, Liszewska F (2004) Overproduction of SAT and/or OASTL in transgenic plants: A survey of effects. J Exp Bot 55:1881-1888.
103. Skadsen RW, Schulz-Lefert P, Herbt JM (1995) Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of two classes of catalase isozyme genes in barley. Plant Mol Biol 29: 1005-1014.
104. Smirnoff N (1993) The role of active oxygen in the response of plants to water deficit and desiccation. New Phytol 125:27-58.
105. Smirnoff N (2000) Ascorbic acid: Metabolism and functions of a multi-facetted molecule. Curr Opin Plant Biol 3:229-235.
106. Srivalli B, Chinnusamy V, Khanna-Chopra R (2003) Antioxidant defense in response to abiotic stresses in plants. J Plant Biol 30:121-139.
107. Srivastava M, Ma LQ, Singh N, Singh S (2005) Antioxidant responses of hyper-accumulator and sensitive fern species to arsenic. J Exp Bot 56:1335-1342.
108. Sumithra K, Jutur PP, Carmel BD, Reddy AR (2006) Salinity-induced changes in two cultivars of Vigna radiata: responses of antioxidative and proline metabolism. Plant Growth Regul 50: 11-22.
109. Sun Q, Ye ZH, Wang XR, Wong MH (2007) Cadmium hyperaccumulation leads to an increase of glutathione rather than phytochelatins in the cadmium hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii. J Plant Physiol 164:1489-1498.
110. Tanaka Y, Sano T, Tamaoki M, Nakajima N, Kondo N, Hasezawa S (2005) Ethylene inhibits the abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 138:2337-2343.
111. TauszM, Ircelj H, Grill D (2004) The glutathione system as a stress marker in plant ecophysiology: Is a stress-response concept valid? J Exp Bot 55:1955-1962.
112. Torres MA, Dangl JL (2005) Functions of the respiratory burst oxidase in biotic interactions, abiotic stress and development. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8:397-403.
113. Tuna AL, Kaya C, Dikilitas M, Higgs D (2008) The combined effects of gibberellic acid and salinity on some antioxidant enzyme activities, plant growth parameters and nutritional status in maize plants. Environ Exp Bot 62:1-9.
114. Tuomainen J, Betz C, Kangasjärvi J, Ernst D, Yin ZH, Langebartels C, Sandermann H Jr. (1997) Ozone induction of ethylene emission in tomato plants: Regulation by differential accumulation of transcripts for the biosynthetic enzymes. Plant J 12:1151-1162.
115. Turkan I, Bor M, Ozdemir F, Koca H (2005) Differential responses of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the leaves of drought tolerant P. actifolius Gray and drought sensitive P. vulgaris L. subjected to polyethylene glycol mediated water stress. Plant Sci 168:223-231.
116. Tuteja N, Singh MB, Misra MK, Bhalla PL, Tuteja R (2001) Molecular mechanisms of DNA damage and repair: progress in plants. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 36:337-397.
117. Tuteja N, Ahmad P, Panda BB, Tuteja R (2009) Genotoxic stress in plants: Shedding light on DNA damage, repair and DNA repair helicases. Mutat Res 681:134-149.
118. Upadhyaya H, Panda SK, Dutta BK (2008) Variation of physiological and antioxidative responses in tea cultivars subjected to elevated water stress followed by rehydration recovery. Acta Physiol Plant 30:457-468.
119. Vahala J, Ruonala R, Keinänen M, Tuominen H, Kangasjärvi J (2003) Ethylene insensitivity modulates ozone-induced cell death in birch. Plant Physiol 132:185-195.
120. Van Breusegem F, Vranová E, Dat JF, Inzé D (2001) The role of active oxygen species in plant signal transduction. Plant Sci 161:405-414.
121. Van Heerden, PDR, Kruger GHJ (2002) Separately and simultaneously induced dark chilling and drought stress effects on photosynthesis, proline accumulation and antioxidant metabolism in soybean. J Plant Physiol 159:1077-1086.
122. Vardhini BV, Rao SSR (2003) Amelioration of osmotic stress by brassinosteroids on seed germination and seedling growth of three varieties of sorghum. Plant Growth Regul 41:25-31.
123. Vital SA, Fowler RW, Virgen A, Gossett DR, Banks SW, Rodriguez J (2008) Opposing roles for superoxide and nitric oxide in the NaCl stress-induced upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activity in cotton callus tissue. Environ Exp Bot 62:60-68.
124. Vogelli-Lange R, Wagner GJ (1990) Relationship between cadmium, glutathione and cadmiumbinding peptides (phytochelatins) in leaves of intact tobacco seedlings. Plant Sci 114:701-710.
125. Wang K, Li H, Ecker J (2002) Ethylene biosynthesis and signaling networks. Plant Cell 14(suppl):S131-S151.
126. Wang FZ, Wang QB, Kwon SY, Kwak SS, Su WA (2005) Enhanced drought tolerance of transgenic rice plants expressing a pea manganese superoxide dismutase. J Plant Physiol 162: 465-472.
127. Wang Y, Feng H, Qu Y, Cheng J, Zhao Z, Zhang M, Wang X, An L (2006) The relationships between reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in ultraviolet-B-induced ethylene production in leaves of maize seedlings. Environ Exp Bot 57:51-61.
128. Wu G, Wei ZK, Shao HB (2007) The mutual responses of higher plants to environment: physiological and microbiological aspects. Coll Surf B: Biointerf 59:113-119.
129. Xia XJ, Wang YJ, Zhou YH, Tao Y, Mao WH, Shi K, Asami T, Chen Z and Yu ZQ (2009) Reactive Oxygen Species Are Involved in Brassinosteroid-Induced Stress Tolerance in Cucumber. Plant Physiol 150:801-814.
130. Xiang C, Werner BL, Christensen EM, Oliver DJ (2001) The biological function of glutathione revisited in Arabidopsis transgenic plants with altered glutathione levels. Plant Physiol 126: 564-574.
131. Yang Y, Han C, Liu Q, Lin B, Wang J (2008) Effect of drought and low light on growth and enzymatic antioxidant system of Picea asperata seedlings. Acta Physiol Plant 30:433-440.
132. Zarembinski TI, Theologis A (1994) Ethylene biosynthesis and action: A case of conservation. Plant Mol Biol 26:1579-1597.
133. Zhang Y, Yang J, Lu S, Cai J, Guo Z (2008) Overexpressing SgNCED1 in tobacco increases ABA level, antioxidant enzyme activities, and stress tolerance. J Plant Growth Regul 27:151-158.