Hypertension and hemodialysis: Pathophysiology and outcomes in adult and pediatric populations

Pediatric Nephrology

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 339-350

  Van Buren, Peter N ^a   Inrig, Jula K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular outcomes; Hemodialysis; Hypertension; Pediatrics; Renin angiotensin aldosterone system

Indexed keywords

ANTIANEMIC AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; CANDESARTAN; ENDOTHELIN 1; FOSINOPRIL; LOSARTAN; NITRIC OXIDE; VALSARTAN; VITAMIN D;

ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BLOOD VOLUME; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; HEMODIALYSIS; HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS; HUMAN; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERTENSION; HYPERVOLEMIA; KIDNEY FAILURE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SODIUM INTAKE; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

ADULT; CHILD; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; HUMANS; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; RENAL DIALYSIS; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR STIFFNESS;

EID: 84857049831     PISSN: 0931041X     EISSN: 1432198X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-1775-3     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Agarwal R, Nissenson A, Battle D, Coyne D, Trout J, Warnock D (2003) Prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension in chronic hemodialysis patients in the United States. Am J Med 115:291-297 (Pubitemid 37088191)
2. National Kidney Foundation KDOQI (2005) Clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 45(suppl 3):S1-S154
3. Inrig J, Oddone E, Hasselblad V, Gillespie B, Patel UD, Reddan D, Toto R, Himmelfarb J, Winchester JF, Stivelman J, Lindsay RM, Szczech LA (2007) Association of intradialytic blood pressure changes with hospitalization and mortality rates in prevalent ESRD patients. Kidney Int 71:454-461
4. Foley R, Parfrey P, Darnett J, Kent G, Murray D, Barre P (1996) Impact of hypertension on cardiomyopathy, morbidity, and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 49:1379-1385 (Pubitemid 26166411)
5. Zager P, Nikolic J, Brown R, Campbell MA, Hunt WC, Peterson D, Van Stone J, Levey A, Meyer KB, Klag MJ, Johnson HK, Clark E, Sadler JH, Teredesai P (1998) "U" curve association of blood pressure and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 54:561-569 (Pubitemid 28357420)
6. Myers O, Adams C, Rohrscheib M, Servilla K, Miskulin D, Bedrick E, Zager P (2010) Age, race, diabetes, blood pressure, and mortality among hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 21:1970-1978
7. Inrig J, Patel N, Toto R, Szczech LA (2009) Association of blood pressure increases during hemodialysis with 2-year mortality in incident hemodialysis patients: a secondary analysis of the Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Wave 2 Study. Am J Kidney Dis 54:881-890
8. Inrig JK, Patel UD, Toto RD, Reddan DN, Himmelfarb J, Lindsay RM, Stivelman J, Winchester JF, Szczech LA (2009) Decreased pulse pressure during hemodialysis is associated with improved 6- month outcomes. Kidney Int 76:1098-1107
9. Inrig J (2010) Intradialytic hypertension: a less-recognized cardiovascular complication of hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 55:580-589
10. Alborzi P, Patel N, Agarwal R (2007) Home blood pressures are of greater prognostic value than hemodialysis unit recordings. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2:1228-1234
11. Agarwal R (2010) Blood pressure and mortality among hemodialysis patients. Hypertension 55:762-768
12. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (2004) The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 114:555-576
13. Chavers B, Solid C, Daniels F, Chen SC, Collins AJ, Frankenfield DL, Herzog CA (2009) Hypertension in pediatric long-term hemodialysis patients in the United States. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4:1363-1369
14. Mitsnefes M, Stablein D (2005) Hypertension in pediatric patients on long-term dialysis: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). Am J Kidney Dis 45:309-315 (Pubitemid 40431057)
15. Sorof J, Brewer E, Portman R (1999) Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and interdialytic weight gain in children receiving chronic hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 33:667-674 (Pubitemid 29159931)
16. Lurbe E, Torro I, Alvarez V, Nawrot T, Paya R, Redon J, Staessen JA (2005) Prevalence, persistence, and clinical significance of masked hypertension in youth. Hypertension 45:493-498 (Pubitemid 40411249)
17. Mitsnefes M, Flynn J, Cohn S, Samuels J, Blydt-Hansen T, Saland J, Kimball T, Furth S, Warady B, CKiD Study Group (2010) Masked hypertension associates with left ventricular hypertrophy in children with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 21:137-144
18. Mitsnefes M, Kimball TR, Kartal J, Witt SA, Glascock BJ, Khoury PR, Daniels SR (2006) Progression of left ventricular hypertrophy in children with early chronic kidney disease: 2-year follow-up study. J Pediatr 149:671-675 (Pubitemid 44692241)
19. Mitsnefes M, Daniels S, Schwartz S, Meyer R, Khoury P, Strife C (2000) Severe left ventricular hypertrophy in pediatric dialysis: prevalence and predictors. Pediatr Nephrol 14:898-902 (Pubitemid 30621296)
20. Mitsnefes M, Daniels S, Schwartz S, Khoury P, Strife C (2001) Changes in left ventricular mass in children and adolescents during chronic dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 16:318-323 (Pubitemid 32366664)
21. Inrig J, Patel U, Gillespie B, Hasselblad V, Himmelfarb J, Reddan D, Lindsay RM, Winchester JF, Stivelman J, Toto R, Szczech LA (2007) Relationship between interdialytic weight gain and blood pressure among prevalent hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 50:108-118
22. Foley R, Herzog C, Collins A (2002) Blood pressure and longterm mortality in United States hemodialysis patients: USRDS Waves 3 and 4 Study. Kidney Int 62:1784-1790 (Pubitemid 35286287)
23. Lopez-Gomez J, Villaverde M, Jofre R, Rodriguez-Benitez P, Perez-Garcia R (2005) Interdialytic weight gain as a marker of blood pressure, nutrition, and survival in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int Supp 93:S63-S68 (Pubitemid 40019219)
24. Agarwal R, Alborzi P, Satyan S, Light R (2009) Dry-Weight Reduction in Hypertensive Hemodialysis Patients (DRIP): a randomized, controlled trial. Hypertension 53:500-507
25. Agarwal R (2010) Hypervolemia is associated with increased mortality among hemodialysis patients. Hypertension 56:512-517
26. Reddan D, Szczech L, Hasselblad V, Lowrie EG, Lindsay RM, Himmelfarb J, Toto RD, Stivelman J, Winchester JF, Zillman LA, Califf RM, Owen WF Jr (2005) Intradialytic blood volume monitoring in ambulatory hemodialysis patients: a randomized trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:2162-2169 (Pubitemid 41716449)
27. Candan C, Sever L, Civilibal M, Caliskan S, Arisoy N (2009) Blood volume monitoring to adjust dry weight in hypertensive pediatric hemodialysis patients. Ped Nephrol 24:581-587
28. Patel H, Goldstein S, Mahan J, Smith B, Fried CB, Currier H, Flynn JT (2007) A standard, noninvasive monitoring of hematocrit algorithm improves blood pressure control in pediatric hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2:252-257
29. Song J, Lee S, Suh C, Kim M (2002) Time-averaged concentration of dialysate sodium relates with load and interdialytic weight gain during sodium profiling hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 40:291-301 (Pubitemid 34827646)
30. de Paula F, Peixoto A, Pinto L, Dorigo D, Patricio P, Santos S (2004) Clinical consequences of an individualized dialysate sodium prescription in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 66:1232-1238 (Pubitemid 39121033)
31. Oberleithner H, Riethmuller C, Schillers H, MacGregor G, de Wardener H, Hausberg M (2007) Plasma sodium stiffens vascular endothelium and reduces nitric oxide release. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:16281-16286 (Pubitemid 350099397)
32. Santos S, Peixoto A (2008) Revisiting the dialysate sodium prescription as a tool for better blood pressure and interdialytic weight gain management in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3:522-530
33. Weidmann P, Maxwell M, Lupu A, Lewin A, Massry S (1971) Plasma renin activity and blood pressure in terminal renal failure. New Engl J Med 285:759-766
34. Silva A, Diniz J, Pereira R, Pinheiro B, Santos R (2006) Circulating renin angiotensin system in childhood chronic renal failure: marked increase of angiotensin-(1-7) in end-stage renal disease. Ped Res 60:734-739 (Pubitemid 44789518)
35. Converse R, Jacobsen T, Toto R, Jost CM, Cosentino F, Fouad- Tarazi F, Victor RG (1992) Sympathetic overactivity in patients with chronic renal failure. New Engl J Med 327:1912-1918 (Pubitemid 23006966)
36. Hausberg M, Kosch M, Harmerlink P, Barenbrock M, Hohage H, Kisters K, Heinz Dietl K, Heinz Rahn K (2002) Sympathetic nerve activity in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 106:1974-1979 (Pubitemid 35176304)
37. Liu M, Takashi H, Morita Y, Maruyama S, Mizuno M, Yuzawa Y, Watanabe M, Toriyama T, Kawahara H, Matsuo S (2003) Nondipping is a potent predictor of cardiovascular mortality and is associated with autonomic dysfunction in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:563-569 (Pubitemid 36305663)
38. Zilch O, Vos P, Oey P, Cramer MJ, Ligtenberg G, Koomans HA, Blankestijn PJ (2007) Sympathetic hyperactivity in haemodialysis patients is reduced by short daily hemodialysis. J Hypertens 25:1285-1289 (Pubitemid 46918809)
39. Rauh W, Hund E, Sohl G, Rascher W, Mehls O, Scharer K (1983) Vasoactive hormones in children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 15(Supp):S27-S33
40. Xu J, Li G, Wang P, Velazquez H, Yao X, Li Y, Wu Y, Peixoto A, Crowley S, Desir GV (2005) Renalase is a novel, soluble monoamine oxidase that regulates cardiac function and blood pressure. J Clin Invest 115:1275-1280 (Pubitemid 40629046)
41. Shichiri M, Hirata Y, Ando K, Emori T, Ohta K, Kimoto S, Ogura M, Inoue A, Marumo F (1990) Plasma endothelin levels in hypertension and chronic renal failure. Hypertension 15:493-496 (Pubitemid 20148040)
42. Matsuguma K, Ueda S, Yamagishi S, Matsumoto Y, Kaneyuki U, Shibata R, Fujimura T, Matsuoka H, Kimoto M, Kato S, Imaizumi T, Okuda S (2006) Molecular mechanisms for elevation of asymmetric dimethylarginine and its role for hypertension in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:2176-2183 (Pubitemid 44141907)
43. Kielstein J, Boger R, Bode-Boger S (1999) Asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations differ in patients with end stage renal disease: relationship to treatment method and atherosclerotic disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:594-600 (Pubitemid 29117641)
44. Zoccali C, Bode-Boger S, Mallamaci F, Benedetto F, Tripepi G, Malatino L, Cataliotti A, Bellanuova I, Fermo I, Frölich J, Böger R (2001) Plasma concentrations of asymmetrical dimethylarginine and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease: a prospective study. Lancet 358:2113-2117 (Pubitemid 34094901)
45. Vaziri N, Oveisi F, Ding Y (1998) Role of increased oxygen-free radical activity in the pathogenesis of uremic hypertension. Kidney Int 53:1748-1754 (Pubitemid 28243760)
46. Elshamaa M, Sabry S, Nabih M, Elghoroury E, El-Saaid G, Ismail A (2009) Oxidative stress markers and C-reactive protein in pediatric patients on hemodialysis. Ann Nutr Metab 55:309-316
47. London G, Marchais S, Guerin A (2004) Arterial stiffness and function in end-stage renal disease. Adv Chron Kidney Dis 11:202-209 (Pubitemid 39295215)
48. Blacher J, Guerin A, Pannier B, Marchais S, Safar M, London G (1999) Impact of aortic stiffness on survival in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 99:2434-2439 (Pubitemid 29218240)
49. Kis E, Cseprekal O, Horvath Z, Katona G, Fekete BC, Hrapka E, Szabó A, Szabó AJ, Fekete A, Reusz GS (2008) Pulse wave velocity in end-stage renal disease: influence of age and body dimensions. Ped Res 63:95-98
50. Robinson R, Nahata M, Sparks E, Daniels C, Batisky DL, Hayes JR, Mahan JD (2005) Abnormal left ventricular mass and aortic distensibility in pediatric dialysis patients. Ped Nephrol 20:64-68 (Pubitemid 40057856)
51. Gbadegesin R, Kudelka T, Gadegbeku C, Brophy P, Smoyer W, Lin J (2008) Arterial compliance in adolescents and young adults receiving chronic hemodialysis. Ren Fail 30:591-596
52. Raine A, Bedford L, Simpson A, Ashley CC, Brown R, Woodhead JS, Ledingham JG (1983) Hyperparathyroidism, platelet intracellular free calcium, and hypertension in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 43:700-705
53. Pittas A, Chung M, Trikalinos T, Mitri J, Brendel M, Patel K, Lichtenstein AH, Lau J, Balk EM (2010) Systematic review: vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Ann Int Med 152:307-314
54. de Zeeuw D, Agarwal R, Amdahl M, Audhya P, Coyne D, Garimella T, Parving HH, Pritchett Y, Remuzzi G, Ritz E, Andress D (2010) Selective vitamin D receptor activation with paricalcitol for reduction of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes (VITAL study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 376:1543-1551
55. Eschbach J, Abdulhadi M, Browne J, Browne JK, Delano BG, Downing MR, Egrie JC, Evans RW, Friedman EA, Graber SE, Haley NR, Korbet S, Krantz SB, Lundin AP, Nissenson AR, Ogden DA, Paganini EP, Rader B, Rutsky EA, Stivelman J, Stone WJ, Peschan P, Van Stone JC, Van Wyck DB, Zuckerman K, Adamson JW (1989) Recombinant human erythropoetin in anemic patients with end-stage renal disease. Ann Int Med 111:992-1000
56. Krapf R, Hulter H (2009) Arterial hypertension induced by erythropoietin and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4:470-480
57. Brandt J, Avner E, Hickman R, Watkins S (1999) Safety and efficacy of erythropoetin in children with chronic renal failure. Ped Nephrol 13:143-147 (Pubitemid 29206242)
58. United States Renal Data System USRDS (2010) Annual data report: atlas of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, M.D.
59. Efrati S, Zaldenstein R, Dishy V, Beberashvili I, Sharist M, Averbukh Z, Golik A, Weissgarten J (2002) ACE inhibitors and survival of hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 40:1023-1029 (Pubitemid 35265483)
60. Zannad F, Kessler M, Lehert P, Beberashvili I, Sharist M, Averbukh Z, Golik A, Weissgarten J, The FOSIDIAL Investigators (2006) Prevention of cardiovascular events in end-stage renal disease: results of a randomized trial of fosinopril and implications for future studies. Kidney Int 70:1318-1324 (Pubitemid 44435184)
61. Ichihara A, Hayashi M, Kaneshiro Y, Takemitsu T, Homma K, Kanno Y, Yoshizawa M, Furukawa T, Takenaka T, Saruta T (2005) Low doses of losartan and trandolapril improve arterial stiffness in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 45:866-874 (Pubitemid 43181046)
62. Matsumoto N, Ishimitsu T, Okamura A, Seta H, Takahashi M, Matsuoko H (2006) Effects of imidapril on left ventricular mass in chronic hemodialysis patients. Hypertens Res 29:253-260 (Pubitemid 43853271)
63. Suzuki H, Kanno Y, Sugahara S, Ikeda N, Shoda J, Takenaka T, Inoue T, Araki R (2008) Effect of angiotensin receptor blockers on cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis: an open-label randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 52:501-506
64. Takahashi A, Takase H, Toriyama T, Sugiura T, Kurita Y, Ueda R, Dohi Y (2006) Candesartan, an angiotensin II type-1 receptor blocker, reduces cardiovascular events in patients on chronic haemodialysis-a randomized study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21:2507-2512 (Pubitemid 44644524)
65. Tepel M, Hopfenmueller W, Scholze A, Maier A, Zidek W (2008) Effect of amlodipine on cardiovascular events in hypertensive hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:3605-3612
66. Cice G, Ferrara L, D'Andrea A, D'Isa S, Di Benedetto A, Cittadini A, Russo PE, Golino P, Calabrò R (2003) Carvedilol increases two-year survival in dialysis patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: a prospective, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:1438-1444 (Pubitemid 36543357)
67. Inrig J (2010) Antihypertensive agents in hemodialysis patients: a current perspective. Semin Dial 23:290-297
68. Heerspink H, Ninomiya T, Zoungas S, de Zeeuw D, Grobbee DE, Jardine MJ, Gallagher M, Roberts MA, Cass A, Neal B, Perkovic V (2009) Effect of lowering blood pressure on cardiovascular events and mortality in patients on dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lancet 373:1009-1015
69. Agarwal R, Sinha A (2009) Cardiovascular protection with antihypertensive drugs in dialysis patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension 53:860-866
70. Chertow G, Levin N, Beck G, Depner TA, Eggers PW, Gassman JJ, Gorodetskaya I, Greene T, James S, Larive B, Lindsay RM, Mehta RL, Miller B, Ornt DB, Rajagopalan S, Rastogi A, Rocco MV, Schiller B, Sergeyeva O, Schulman G, Ting GO, Unruh ML, Star RA, Kliger AS (2010) The FHN Trial Group in-center hemodialysis six times per week versus three times per week. New Engl J Med 363:2287-2300
71. Chan C, Floras J, Miller J, Richardson R, Pierratos A (2002) Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy after conversion to nocturnal hemodialysis. Kidney Int 61:2235-2239 (Pubitemid 34539341)
72. Culleton B, Walsh M, Klarenbach S, Mortis G, Scott-Douglas N, Quinn RR, Tonelli M, Donnelly S, Friedrich MG, Kumar A, Mahallati H, Memmelgarn BR, Manns B (2007) Effect of frequent nocturnal hemodialysis vs conventional hemodialysis on left ventricular mass and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298:1291-1299 (Pubitemid 47443343)
73. Suri R, Garg A, Chertow G, Levin NW, Rocco MV, Greene T, Beck GJ, Gassman JJ, Eggers PW, Star RA, Ornt DB, Kliger AS, Frequent Hemodialysis Network Trial Group (2007) Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) randomized trials. Study design. Kidney Int 72:349-359 (Pubitemid 46227095)
74. Rocco M, Kliger A and the FHN Trial Group. (2010) Effects of Nocturnal Home Hemodialysis: the Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) Nocturnal Trial. Presented as an abstract at the American Society of Nephrology 43rd Annual Meeting, November 20, 2010 in Denver, C.O.
75. Parekh R, Carroll C, Wolfe R, Port F (2002) Cardiovascular mortality in children and young adults with end-stage kidney disease. J Pediatr 141:191-197
76. Mitsnefes M, Ho P, McEnery P (2003) Hypertension and progression of chronic renal insufficiency in children: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). J Am Soc Nephrol 14:2618-2622 (Pubitemid 37169348)
77. Wingen A, Bach C, Schaefer F, Mehls O, for the European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood (1997) Randomised multicentre study of a low-protein diet on the progression of chronic renal failure in children. Lancet 349:1117-1123 (Pubitemid 27168544)
78. Wuhl E, Trivelli A, Picca S, Litwin M, Peco-Antic A, Zurowska A, Testa S, Jankauskiene A, Emre S, Caldas-Afonso A, Anarat A, Niaudet P, Mir S, Bakkaloglu A, Enke B, Montini G, Wingen AM, Sallay P, Jeck N, Berg U, Caliskan S, Wygoda S, Hohbach- Hohenfellner K, Dusek J, Urasinski T, Arbeiter K, Neuhaus T, Gellermann J, Drozdz D, Fischbach M, Möller K, Wigger M, Peruzzi L, Mehls O, Schaefer F (2009) Strict blood pressure control and progression of renal failure in children. New Engl J Med 361:1639-1650
79. Lurbe E, Cifkova R, Cruickshank J, Dillon MJ, Ferreira I, Invitti C, Kuznetsova T, Laurent S, Mancia G, Morales-Olivas F, Rascher W, Redon J, Schaefer F, Seeman T, Stergiou G, Wühl E, Zanchetti A, European Society of Hypertension (2009) Management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents: recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 27:1719-1742
80. Lin J, Mitsnefes M, Smoyer W, Valentini R (2009) Antihypertensive prescription in pediatric dialysis: a practitioner survey by the Midwest Pediatric Nephrology Consortium study. Hemodial Int 13:307-315
81. Fischbach M, Terzic J, Laugel V, Dheu C, Menouer S, Helms P, Livolsi A (2004) Daily on-line haemodiafiltration: a pilot trial in children. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:2360-2367 (Pubitemid 39214134)
82. Fischbach M, Dheu C, Seuge L, Menouer S, Terzic J (2008) Incenter daily on-line hemodiafiltration: a 4-year experience in children. Clinl Nephrol 69:279-284 (Pubitemid 351516271)
83. Hoppe A, von Puttkamer C, Linke U, Kahler C, Booss M, Braunauer-Kolberg R, Hofmann K, Joachimsky P, Hirte I, Schley S, Utsch B, Thumfart J, Briese S, Gellermann J, Zimmering M, Querfeld U, Müller D (2011) A hospital-based intermittent nocturnal hemodialysis program for children and adolescents. J Pediatr 158:64-68