Measurement of gait speed

Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 27-32

  Hornyak, Victoria ^a   Vanswearingen, Jessie M ^a   Brach, Jennifer S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

gait speed; measurement

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; GAIT; MEASUREMENT; STANDARDIZATION; WALKING AID; WALKING SPEED;

EID: 84856945399     PISSN: 08827524     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/TGR.0b013e318233e75b     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Jette AM, Haley SM, Coster WJ, et al. Late life function and disability instrument: I. Development and evaluation of the disability component. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57A: M209-M216. (Pubitemid 34263297)
2. Haley SM, Jette AM, Coster WJ, et al. Late life function and disability instrument: II. Development and evaluation of the function component. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57A: M217-M222. (Pubitemid 34263298)
3. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care. 1992;30:473-483.
4. Wolinsky FD, Armbrecht ES, Wyrwich KW. Rethinking functional limitation pathways. Gerontologist. 2000;40:137-146. (Pubitemid 30266282)
5. Studenski S, Perera S, Wallace D, et al. Physical performance measures in the clinical setting. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51: 314-322. (Pubitemid 36348892)
6. Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Pieper C, et al. Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: Consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55A:M221-M231. (Pubitemid 30257618)
7. Cesari M, Kritchevsky S, Bauer DC, et al. Prognostic value of usual gait speed in well-functioning older people-results from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:1675-1680. (Pubitemid 43109929)
8. Woo J, Ho SC, Yu ALM. Walking speed and stride length predicts 36 months dependency, mortality, and institutionalization in Chinese aged 70 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;47: 1257-1260.
9. Atkinson HH, Rosano C, Simonsick EM, et al. Cognitive function, gait speed decline, and comorbidities: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62A:844-850. (Pubitemid 350131668)
10. Abellan Van Kan G, Rolland Y, Andrieu S, et al. Gait speed at usual pace as a predictor of adverse outcomes in communitydwelling older people an international academy on nutrition and aging (IANA) task force. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:881-889.
11. Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al. Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA. 2011;305:50-58.
12. Brach JS, Studenski S, Perera S, VanSwearingen JM, Newman AB. Stance time and step width variability have unique contributing impairments in older persons. Gait Posture. 2008;27: 431-439. (Pubitemid 351726213)
13. Ferrucci L, Baninelli S, Benvenuti E, et al. Subsystems contributing to the decline in ability to walk: bridging the gap between epidemiology and geriatric practice in the InCHIANTI study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:1618-1625.
14. Studenski S. Bradypedia: Is gait speed ready for clinical use? J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:878-880.
15. Fritz S, Lusardi M. White paper: Walking speed: The sixth vital sign. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2009;33:2-5.
16. VanSwearingen JM, Brach JS. Making geriatric assessment work: selecting useful measures. Phys Ther. 2001;81:1233-1252. (Pubitemid 32553065)
17. Graham JE, Ostir GV, Fisher SR, Ottenbacher KJ. Assessing walking speed in clinical research: A systematic review. J Eval Clin Pract. 2008;14:552-562.
18. Graham JE, Ostir GV, Kuo YF, Fisher SR, Ottenbacher KJ. Relationship between test methodology and mean velocity in timed walk tests: A review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:865-872. (Pubitemid 351602242)
19. Breniere Y, Do MC. When and how does steady state gait movement induced from upright posture begin? J Biomech. 1986;19:1035-1040. (Pubitemid 17225253)
20. Bohannon RW. Measurement of gait speed of older adults is feasible and informative in a home-care setting. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2009;32:22-23.
21. Dobkin BH. Short-distance walking speed and timed walking distance: Redundant measures for clinical trials? Neurology. 2006;66:584-586. (Pubitemid 43739894)
22. Bohannon RW. Walking after stroke: Comfortable versus maximum safe speed. Intern J Rehabil Research. 1992;15:246-248.
23. Brach JS, Berthold R, Craik R, VanSwearingen JM, Newman AB. Gait variability in community-dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:1646-1650. (Pubitemid 34007991)
24. Bohannon RW. Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20-79 years: Reference values and determinants. Age Aging. 1997;26:15-19. (Pubitemid 27153910)
25. Weiss CO, Seplaki CL, Wolff JL, Kasper JD, Agree EM. Self-selected walking speed was consistent when recorded while using a cane. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61:622-627.
26. Steffen T, Seney M. Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change on balance and ambulation tests, the 36-Item Short- Form Health Survey, and the Unifi ed Parkinson Disease Rating Scale in people with Parkinsonism. Phys Ther. 2008;88:733-746. (Pubitemid 351770181)
27. van Loo MA, Moseley AM, Bosman JM, de Bie RA, Hassett L. Inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity of walking speed measurement after traumatic brain injury. Clin Rehabil. 2003;17:775-779. (Pubitemid 37369110)
28. Brach JS, Perera S, Studenski S, Newman AB. Reliability and validity of measures of gait variability in community-dwelling older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:2293-2296.
29. Mangione KK, Craik RL, McCormick AA, et al. Detectable changes in physical performance measures in elderly African Americans. Phys Ther. 2010;90:921-927.
30. Ries JD, Echternach JL, Nof L, Blodgett MG. Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change scores for the Timed Up & Go test, the Six-minute Walk Test, and gait speed in people with Alzheimer Disease. Phys Ther. 2009;89:569-579.
31. Norman GR, Sridhar FG, Guyatt GH, et al. Relation of distribution- and anchor-based approaches in interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life. Med Care. 2001;39:1039-1047. (Pubitemid 33691379)
32. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
33. McHorney CA, Tarlov AR. Individual patient monitoring in clinical practice: Are available health status surveys adequate? Qual Life Res. 1995;4:293.
34. Jaeschke R, Singer J, Guyatt GH. Measurement of health status. Ascertaining the minimally important difference. Control Clin Trials. 1989;10:407-415. (Pubitemid 20025670)
35. Palombaro KM, Craik RL, Mangione KK, Tomlinson JD. Determining meaningful changes in gait speed after hip fracture. Phys Ther. 2006;86:809-816. (Pubitemid 43837159)
36. Perera S, Mody SH, Woodman RC, Studenski SA. Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54: 743-749. (Pubitemid 44030194)
37. Brach JS, Perera S, Studenski SA, Katz M, Hall C, Verghese J. Meaningful change in measure of gait variability in older adults. Gait Posture. 2010;31:175-179.
38. Cress ME, Schechtman KB, Mulrow CD, et al. Relationship between physical performance and self-perceived physical function. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43: 93-101.
39. Harada N, Chiu V, Damron-Rodriguez J, Fowler E, Siu AL, Reuben DB. Screening for balance and mobility impairment in elderly individuals living in residential care facilities. Phys Ther. 1995;75:462-469.
40. Hardy SE, Perera S, Roumani YF, Chandler J, Studenski SA. Improvement in usual gait speed predicts better survival in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:1727-1734. (Pubitemid 350043779)
41. Imms FJ, Edholm OG. Studies of gait and mobility in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1981;10:147-156. (Pubitemid 12234949)
42. Imms FJ, Edholm OG. The assessment of gait and mobility in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1979;8:261-267. (Pubitemid 10161180)
43. Lusardi MM, Pellecchia GL, Schulman M. Functional performance in community living older adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2003;26:14-22.
44. Steffen TM, Hacker TA, Mollinger L. Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six- Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and Gait Speeds. Phys Ther. 2002;82:128-137. (Pubitemid 34112999)
45. Hollman JH, Beckman BA, Brandt RA, Merriwether EN, Williams RT, Nordrum JT. Minimum detectable change in gait velocity during acute rehabilitation following hip fracture. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2008;31:53-56.
46. Fulk GD, Echternach JL. Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change of gait speed in individuals undergoing rehabilitation after stroke. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2008;32:8-13.
47. Kane RA, Kane RL. Assessing the Elderly: A Guide to Practical Measurement. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books; 1981.
48. United States Department of Transportation. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration; 1978.
49. Bohannon RW, Andrews AW. Normal walking speed: A descriptive meta-analysis [published online ahead of print May 11, 2011]. Physiotherapy. 2011;97(3):182-189.
50. Bohannon RW. Population representative gait speed and its determinants. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2008;31:49-52.
51. Lerner-Frankiel MB, Vargas S, Brown M, Krusel L, Schoneberger W. Functional community ambulation: What are your criteria? Clin Manag. 1986;6:12-15.
52. Robinett CS, Vondran MA. Functional ambulation velocity and distance requirements in rural and urban communities. Phys Ther. 1988;68:1371-1373. (Pubitemid 19064007)
53. Friedman PJ, Richmond DE, Baskett JJ. A prospective trial of serial gait speed as a measure of rehabilitation in the elderly. Age Aging. 1988;17:227-235.
54. Langlois JA, Keyl PM, Guralnik JM, Foley DJ, Marottoli RA, Wallace RB. Characteristics of older pedestrians who have diffi culty crossing the street. Am J Public Health. 1997;87: 393-397. (Pubitemid 27157451)
55. VanSwearingen JM, Paschal KA, Bonino P, Yang JF. The modify ed gait abnormality rating scale and recognizing recurrent fall risk of community-dwelling, frail older veterans. Phys Ther. 1996;76:994-1002. (Pubitemid 26299077)
56. Rantanen T, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, et al. Coimpairments as predictors of severe walking disability in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(1):21-27. (Pubitemid 32195131)
57. Graham JE, Fisher SR, Berges IM, Kuo YF, Ostir GV. Walking speed threshold for classifying walking independence in hospitalized older adults. Phys Ther. 2010;90:1591-1597.