Rare adipose disorders (RADs) masquerading as obesity

Acta Pharmacologica Sinica

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 155-172

  Herbst, Karen L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

adiposis dolorosa; Dercum's disease; familial multiple lipomatosis; familial partial lipodystrophy; lipedema; lymph; lymphatics; multiple symmetric lipomatosis

Indexed keywords

CARBOPLATIN; CORTICOSTEROID; CORTISONE; DAFLON; DECONGESTIVE AGENT; DEOXYCHOLIC ACID; DIURETIC AGENT; ENOXAPARIN; FENOFIBRATE; GLYCINE; GROWTH HORMONE; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INFLIXIMAB; LIDOCAINE; METHOTREXATE; MEXILETINE; NEOSTIGMINE; PACLITAXEL; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR AGONIST; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; PREGABALIN; SALBUTAMOL; SODIUM SELENITE; TERBUTALINE SULFATE; THEOPHYLLINE; THYROXINE; UNCOUPLING PROTEIN 1;

ADIPOSIS DOLOROSA; ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE; ASTHENIA; BONE DENSITY; BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE; DEPRESSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DYSPNEA; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; EPISTAXIS; EXTRACORPOREAL LITHOTRIPSY; FAMILIAL PARTIAL LIPODYSTROPHY; FATIGUE; HEMATEMESIS; HIV ASSOCIATED LIPODYSTROPHY; HUMAN; HYDROTHERAPY; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; HYPERURICEMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; IDIOPATHIC EDEMA; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LIPODYSTROPHY; LIPOMA; LIPOMATOSIS; LIPOSUCTION; LYMPHEDEMA; MICROSCOPY; MUSCLE MASS; MYALGIA; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NEUROPATHY; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OXYGEN THERAPY; PAIN; PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; TACHYCARDIA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WEIGHT GAIN; WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE; WHOLE BODY VIBRATION;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANIMALS; HUMANS; LIPODYSTROPHY; LIPOMATOSIS; OBESITY;

EID: 84856935172     PISSN: 16714083     EISSN: 17457254     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.153     Document Type: Review

References (266)

1. Ogden CL, Carroll MD. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity among adults: united states, trends 1960-1962 through 2007-2008. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/overwt.htm
2. Orsi CM, Hale DE, Lynch JL. Pediatric obesity epidemiology. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18: 14-22
3. James WP, Caterson ID, Coutinho W, Finer N, Van Gaal LF, Maggion AP, et al. Effect of sibutramine on cardiovascular outcomes in overweight and obese subjects. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 905-17
4. Sam AH, Salem V, Ghatei MA. Rimonabant: From RIO to Ban. J Obes 2011; 2011: 432607
5. Bobowicz M, Lehmann A, Orlowski M, Lech P, Michalik M. Preliminary outcomes 1 year after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy based on bariatric analysis and reporting outcome system (BAROS). Obes Surg 2011: 15
6. Butner KL, Nickols-Richardson SM, Clark SF, Ramp WK, Herbert WG A review of weight loss following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass vs restrictive bariatric surgery: impact on adiponectin and insulin. Obes Surg 2010; 20: 559-68
7. RayJB, Ray S. Safety, effcacy, and durability of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in a single surgeon u.S. community practice Surg Obes Relat Dis 2011; 7: 140-4
8. D'Hondt M, Vanneste S, Pottel H, Devriendt D, Van Rooy F Vansteenkiste F. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as a single-stage procedure for the treatment of morbid obesity and the resulting quality of life, resolution of comorbidities, food tolerance, and 6-year weight loss. Surg Endosc 2011; 25: 2498-504
9. Engelson ES. HIV lipodystrophy diagnosis and management. Body composition and metabolic alterations: diagnosis and management AIDS Read 2003; 13: S10-14
10. Lo JC, Mulligan K, Tai VW, Algren H, Schambelan M. "Buffalo hump" n men with HIV-1 infection. Lancet 1998; 351: 867-70 (Pubitemid 28121175)
11. Grunfeld C, Rimland D, Gibert CL, Powderly WG, Sidney S, Shlipak MG, et al. Association of upper trunk and visceral adipose tissue volume with insulin resistance in control and HIV-infected subjects in the FRAM study. J Acquir Immune Defc Syndr 2007; 46: 283-90 (Pubitemid 350287354)
12. Mallon PW, Wand H, Law M, Miller J, Cooper DA, Carr A. Buffalo hump seen in HIV-associated lipodystrophy is associated with hyperinsulinemia but not dyslipidemia. J Acquir Immune Defc Syndr 2005; 38: 156-62 (Pubitemid 40189322)
13. Tierney EP, Hanke CW. "Bullfrog neck," a unique morphologic trait n HIV lipodystrophy: case series and review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1279; 146: 1279-82
14. Albu JB, Kenya S, He Q, Wainwright M, Berk ES, Heshka S, et al ndependent associations of insulin resistance with high whole-body ntermuscular and low leg subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution n obese HIV-infected women. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86: 100-6 (Pubitemid 47041598)
15. Andany N, Raboud JM, Walmsley S, Diong C, Rourke SB, Rueda S, et al. Ethnicity and gender differences in lipodystrophy of HIV-positive ndividuals taking antiretroviral therapy in Ontario, Canada. HIV Clin Trials 2011; 12: 89-103
16. Abrams H, Herbst KL. Novel liposuction techniques for the treatment of HIV-associated dorsocervical fat pad and parotid hypertrophy. In Serdev N, ed. Advanced techniques in liposuction and fat transfer Vol In press. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech; 2011
17. Falutz J, Potvin D, Mamputu JC, Assaad H, Zoltowska M, Michaud SE et al. Effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor, in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial with a safety extension. J Acquir Immune Defc Syndr 2011; 53: 311-22
18. Oriot P, Hermans MP, Selvais P, Buysschaert M, de la Tribonniere X. Exenatide improves weight loss insulin sensitivity and beta-cel function following administration to a type 2 diabetic HIV patient on antiretroviral therapy. Ann Endocrinol 1016; 72: 244-6
19. Garg A. Lipodystrophies: genetic and acquired body fat disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 3313-25
20. Kurugol Z, ulger Z, Berk O, Tugral O. Acquired partial lipodystrophy associated with varicella. Turk J Pediatr 2009; 51: 617-20
21. Walker UA, Kirschfnk M, Peter HH. Improvement of acquired partia ipodystrophy with rosiglitazone despite ongoing complement activation. Rheumatology 2003; 42: 393-4 (Pubitemid 36305637)
22. Herbst KL, Tannock LR, Deeb SS, Purnell JQ, Brunzell JD, Chait A Kobberling type of familial partial lipodystrophy: an underrecognized syndrome. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1819-24 (Pubitemid 36929126)
23. Utzschneider KM, Trence DL. Effectiveness of gastric bypass surgery n a patient with familial partial lipodystrophy. Diabetes Care 2006 29: 1380-2 (Pubitemid 44125939)
24. Donadille B, Lascols O, Capeau J, Vigouroux C. Etiological investigations in apparent type 2 diabetes: when to search for lamin A/C mutations? Diabetes Metab 2005; 31: 527-32 (Pubitemid 43001169)
25. Decaudain A, Vantyghem MC, Guerci B, Hécart AC, Auclair M, Reznik Y et al. New metabolic phenotypes in laminopathies: LMNA mutations n patients with severe metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 4835-44 (Pubitemid 350223467)
26. ChongAY, Lupsa BC, Cochran EK, Gorden P. Effcacy of leptin therapy n the different forms of human lipodystrophy. Diabetologia 2009 53: 27-35
27. McGrath NM, Krishna G. Gastric bypass for insulin resistance due to ipodystrophy. Obes Surg 2006; 16: 1542-4 (Pubitemid 44759990)
28. Ludtke A, Buettner J, Wu W, Muchir A, Schroeter A, Zinn-Justin S et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma C190S mutation causes partial lipodystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007 92: 2248-55 (Pubitemid 46997130)
29. Jeninga EH, van Beekum O, van Dijk AD, Hamers N, Hendriks-Stegeman BI, Bonvin AM, et al. Impaired peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma function through mutation of a conserved salt bridge (R425C) in familial partial lipodystrophy. Mol Endocrino 2007; 21: 1049-65 (Pubitemid 46984758)
30. Ludtke A, Buettner J, Schmidt HH, Worman HJ. New PPARG mutation leads to lipodystrophy and loss of protein function that is partially restored by a synthetic ligand. J Med Genet 2007; 44: e88
31. Iwanishi M, Ebihara K, Kusakabe T, Chen W, Ito J, Masuzaki H, et al. Clinical characteristics and effcacy of pioglitazone in a Japanese diabetic patient with an unusual type of familial partial lipodystrophy Metabolism 2009; 58: 1681-7
32. Brodie B. Lectures illustrative of various subjects in pathology and surgery. London, Longman; 1846
33. Madelung O. Uber den Fetthals. Langenbecks Archiv Klin Chirurg 1888; 37: 106
34. Lanois P, F FB. Ladénolipomatose symmetrique. Bull Soc méd Hop Paris 1898; 1: 289
35. Enzi G, Biondetti PR, Fiore D, Mazzoleni F Computed tomography of deep fat masses in multiple symmetrical lipomatosis. Radiology 1982; 144: 121-4 (Pubitemid 12050825)
36. Enzi G, Busetto L, Ceschin E, Coin A, Digito M, Pigozzo S. Multiple symmetric lipomatosis: clinical aspects and outcome in a long-term longitudinal study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 253-61 (Pubitemid 34151205)
37. Harsch IA, Michaeli P, Hahn EG, Ficker JH, Konturek PC. Launois-Bensaude syndrome in a female with type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Monit 2003; 9: CS5-8 (Pubitemid 36330371)
38. Nielsen S, Levine J, Clay R, Jensen MD. Adipose tissue metabolism in benign symmetric lipomatosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 2717-20 (Pubitemid 32545728)
39. Kratz C, Lenard HG, Ruzicka T, Gartner J. Multiple symmetric ipomatosis: an unusual cause of childhood obesity and menta retardation. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2000; 4: 63-7 (Pubitemid 30194051)
40. Nounla J, Rolle u, Grafe G, Kraling K. Benign symmetric lipomatosis with myelomeningocele in an adolescent: an uncommon association-case report. J Pediatr Surg 2001; 36: E13
41. Busetto L, Strater D, Enzi G, Coin A, Sergi G, Inelmen EM, et al Differential clinical expression of multiple symmetric lipomatosis in men and women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 1419-22 (Pubitemid 37386493)
42. Herpertz U. Das lipödem. Lymphologie 1995; 19: 1-11
43. Donhauser G, Vieluf D, Ruzicka T, Braun-Falco O. Benign symmetric Launois-Bensaude type III lipomatosis and Bureau-Barriere syndrome. Hautarzt 1991; 42: 311-4
44. Ettl T, Gaumann A, Ehrenberg R, Reichert TE, Driemel O. Encapsulated lipomas of the tongue in benign symmetric lipomatosis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2009; 7: 441-4
45. Lopez-Ceres A, Aguilar-Lizarralde Y, Villalobos Sanchez A, Prieto Sanchez E, Valiente Alvarez A. Benign symmetric lipomatosis of the tongue in Madelung's disease. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2006; 34 489-93 (Pubitemid 44890787)
46. Birnholz JC, Macmillan AS Jr. Advanced laryngeal compression due to diffuse, symmetric lipomatosis (Madelung's disease). Br J Radio 1973; 46: 245-9
47. Laure B, Sury F, Tayeb T, Corre P, Goga D. Launois-Bensaude syndrome involving the orbits. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2011; 39 21-3
48. Enzi G. Multiple symmetric lipomatosis: an updated clinical report Medicine (Baltimore) 1984; 63: 56-64 (Pubitemid 14183810)
49. Kodish ME, Alsever RN, Block MB. Benign symmetric lipomatosis functional sympathetic denervation of adipose tissue and possible hypertrophy of brown fat. Metabolism 1974; 23: 937-45
50. Klopstock T, Naumann M, Seibel P, Shalke B, Reiners K, Reichmann H Mitochondrial DNA mutations in multiple symmetric lipomatosis. Mo Cell Biochem 1997; 174: 271-5 (Pubitemid 27404202)
51. Carr A, Miller J, Law M, Cooper DA. A syndrome of lipoatrophy lactic acidaemia and liver dysfunction associated with HIV nucleoside analogue therapy: contribution to protease inhibitor-related ipodystrophy syndrome. AIDS 2000; 14: F25-32 (Pubitemid 30132938)
52. Heath KV, Hogg RS, Chan KJ, Harris M, Montessori V, O'Shaughnessy MV, et al. Lipodystrophy-associated morphological, cholesterol and triglyceride abnormalities in a population-based HIV/AIDS treatment database. AIDS 2001; 15: 231-9 (Pubitemid 32142299)
53. Urso R, Gentile M. Are 'buffalo hump' syndrome, Madelung's disease and multiple symmetrical lipomatosis variants of the same dysmetabolism? Aids 2001; 15: 290-1 (Pubitemid 32142314)
54. Poggi G, Moro G, Teragni C, Delmonte A, Saini G, Bernardo G. Scrota nvolvement in Madelung disease: clinical, ultrasound and MR fndings. Abdom Imaging 2006; 31: 503-5
55. Yamamoto K, Ichimiya M, Hamamoto Y, Muto M. Benign symmetrica ipomatosis of the hands. J Dermatol 2000; 27: 748-9
56. Klopstock T, Naumann M, Schalke B, Bischof F, Seibel P, Kottlors M et al. Multiple symmetric lipomatosis: abnormalities in complex IV and multiple deletions in mitochondrial DNA. Neurology 1994; 44: 862-6 (Pubitemid 24158801)
57. Berkovic SF, Andermann F, Shoubridge EA, Carpenter S, Robitaille Y, Andermann E, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple symmetrical lipomatosis. Ann Neurol 1991; 29: 566-9.
58. Chalk CH, Mills KR, Jacobs JM, Donaghy M. Familial multiple symmetric lipomatosis with peripheral neuropathy. Neurology 1990; 40: 1246-50. (Pubitemid 20244985)
59. Enzi G, Favaretto L, Martini S, Fellin R, Baritussio A, Baggio G, et al. Metabolic abnormalities in multiple symmetric lipomatosis: elevated lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue with hyper-alphalipoproteinemia. J Lipid Res 1983; 24: 566-74. (Pubitemid 13059192)
60. Zancanaro C, Sbarbati A, Morroni M, Carraro R, Cigolini M, Enzi G, et al. Multiple symmetric lipomatosis. ultrastructural investigation of the tissue and preadipocytes in primary culture. Lab Invest 1990; 63: 253-8. (Pubitemid 20262142)
61. Nisoli E, Regianini L, Briscini L, et al. Multiple symmetric lipomatosis may be the consequence of defective noradrenergic modulation of proliferation and differentiation of brown fat cells. J Pathol 2002; 198: 378-87. (Pubitemid 35277389)
62. Rial E, Nicholls DG. The mitochondrial uncoupling protein from guinea-pig brown adipose tissue. Synchronous increase in structural and functional parameters during cold-adaptation. Biochem J 1984; 222: 685-93. (Pubitemid 14007836)
63. Hany T, Gharehpapagh E, Kamel E, Buck A, Himms-Hagen J, von Schulthess G. Brown adipose tissue: a factor to consider in symmetrical tracer uptake in the neck and upper chest region. Eur J Nuclear Med Mol Imaging 2002; 29: 1393-8. (Pubitemid 44392224)
64. Seemayer TA, Knaack J, Wang NS, Ahmed MN. On the ultrastructure of hibernoma. Cancer 1975; 36: 1785-93.
65. Krief S, Lonnqvist F, Raimbault S, Baude B, Van Spronsen A, Arner P, et al. Tissue distribution of beta 3-adrenergic receptor mRNA in man. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 344-9. (Pubitemid 23037290)
66. Oberkofler H, Dallinger G, Liu YM, Hell E, Krempler F, Patsch W. uncoupling protein gene: quantification of expression levels in adipose tissues of obese and non-obese humans. J Lipid Res 1997; 38: 2125-33. (Pubitemid 27468020)
67. Morelli F, De Benedetto A, Toto P, Tulli A, Feliciani C. Alcoholism as a trigger of multiple symmetric lipomatosis? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003; 17: 367-9. (Pubitemid 36575679)
68. Dwells AR, Plans AB, Sarasura JG. Cervical Lipomatosis. Manual de Cirugia Plastica. Vol 39: Sociedad de Espanola de Cirugia; 2000.
69. Cinti S, Enzi G, Cigolini M, Bosello O. ultrastructural features of cultured mature adipocyte precursors from adipose tissue in multiple symmetric lipomatosis. ultrastruct Pathol 1983; 5: 145-52. (Pubitemid 14175933)
70. Vila MR, Gamez J, Solano A, Playán A, Schwartz S, Santorelli FM, et al. uncoupling protein-1 mRNA expression in lipomas from patients bearing pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 278: 800-2.
71. Kazumi T, Ricquier D, Maeda T, Masuda T, Hozumi T, Ishida Y, et al. Failure to detect brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein mRNA in benign symmetric lipomatosis (Madelung's disease). Endocr J 1994; 41: 315-8. (Pubitemid 24237312)
72. Coin A, Sergi G, Enzi G, Busetto L, Pigozzo S, Lupoli L, et al. Total and regional body composition and energy expenditure in multiple symmetric lipomatosis. Clin Nutr 2005; 24: 367-74. (Pubitemid 40668422)
73. Dorigo P, Prosdocimi M, Carpenedo F, Caparrotta L, Tessari F, Enzi G. Multiple symmetric lipomatosis. A defect in adrenergic stimulated lipolysis II. Pharmacol Res Commun 1980; 12: 625-38. (Pubitemid 11237947)
74. Enzi G, Inelmen EM, Baritussio A, Dorigo P, Prosdocimi M, Mazzoleni F. Multiple symmetric lipomatosis: a defect in adrenergic-stimulated lipolysis. J Clin Invest 1977; 60: 1221-9. (Pubitemid 8238636)
75. Desai KS, Zinman B, Steiner G. Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (Launois-Bensaude syndrome) - adipose tissue insensitivity to cyclic AMP. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979; 49: 307-9 (Pubitemid 9241279)
76. Kather H, Schroder F. Adrenergic regulation of fat-cell lipolysis in multiple symmetric lipomatosis. Eur J Clin Invest 1982; 12: 471-4 (Pubitemid 13198375)
77. Pecquery R, Malagrida L, Giudicelli Y. Adipocyte adenylate cyclase and alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors in one case of multiple symmetric lipomatosis. Biomedicine 1980; 33: 64-6 (Pubitemid 10017059)
78. Bechara FG, Sand M, Sand D, Rotterdam S, Stücker M, Altmeyer P, et al. Lipolysis of lipomas in patients with familial multiple lipomatosis: an ultrasonography-controlled trial. J Cutan Med Surg 2006; 10 155-9 (Pubitemid 351517515)
79. Mogilevskii IL, Osmolovskaia NN, Deputovich SA. Microcirculatory disorders of the arm in post-mastectomy edema. Sov Med 1989 15-20
80. Brorson H, Ohlin K, Olsson G, Svensson B, Svensson H. Controlled compression and liposuction treatment for lower extremity lymphedema. Lymphology 2008; 41: 52-63 (Pubitemid 352031245)
81. Garcia Hidalgo L. Dermatological complications of obesity. Am J Clin Dermatol 2002; 3: 497-506 (Pubitemid 35007067)
82. Suga H, Eto H, Aoi N, Kato H, Araki J, Doi K, et al. Adipose tissue remodeling under ischemia: death of adipocytes and activation of stem/progenitor cells. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 126: 1911-23
83. Becker ST, Wiltfang J, Klapper W, Repp R, Sinis N, Warnke PH Massive swelling of the cervical region: an uncommon manifestation of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 12: 205-8
84. Dwyer TM, Mizelle HL, Cockrell K, Buhner P. Renal sinus lipomatosis and body composition in hypertensive, obese rabbits. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995; 19: 869-74 (Pubitemid 26003023)
85. Vasileiou AM, Bull R, Kitou D, Alexiadou K, Garvie NJ, Coppack SW Oedema in obesity; role of structural lymphatic abnormalities. Int J Obes (London) 2011; 35: 1247-50
86. Pollock M, Nicholson GI, Nukada H, Cameron S, Frankish P. Neuropathy in multiple symmetric lipomatosis. Madelung's disease. Brain 1988; 111: 1157-71
87. Chen XM, Li WY, Ni DF, Wei BJ, Xu CX, Gao ZQ, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of Madelung's disease. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41: 524-7
88. Tizian C, Berger A, Vykoupil KF. Malignant degeneration in Madelung's disease (benign lipomatosis of the neck): case report Br J Plast Surg 1983; 36: 187-9 (Pubitemid 13097711)
89. Taylor LM, Beahrs OH, Fontana RS. Benign symmetric lipomatosis Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 1961; 36: 96-100
90. Uglesic V, Knezevic P, Milic M, Jokic D, Kosutic D. Madelung syndrome (benign lipomatosis): clinical course and treatment. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 2004; 38: 240-3 (Pubitemid 39141460)
91. Fedele D, Bellavere F, Bosello G, Cardone C, Girardello L, Ferri M et al. Impairment of cardiovascular autonomic refexes in multiple symmetric lipomatosis. J Auton Nerv Syst 1984; 11: 181-8 (Pubitemid 14074855)
92. Lee HW, Kim TH, Cho JW, Ryu BY, Kim HK, Choi CS. Multiple symmetric lipomatosis: Korean experience. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29: 235-40 (Pubitemid 36343519)
93. Foldi M, Foldi E. Benign symmetric lipomatosis. In: Foldi M, Foldi E Strossenreyther R, S K, eds. Földi's textbook of lymphology Germany: Elsevier, urban & Fischer Verlag; 2007; p 430-31
94. Guilemany JM, Romero E, Blanch JL. An aesthetic deformity: Madelung's disease. Acta Otolaryngol 2005; 125: 328-30 (Pubitemid 40477206)
95. Gonzalez-Garcia R, Rodriguez-Campo FJ, Sastre-Perez J, Munoz-Guerra MF. Benign symmetric lipomatosis (Madelung's disease): case reports and current management. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2004; 28: 108-12; discussion 113 (Pubitemid 38924338)
96. Verhelle NA, Nizet JL, Van den Hof B, Guelinckx P, Heymans O Liposuction in benign symmetric lipomatosis: sense or senseless? Aesthetic Plast Surg 2003; 27: 319-21 (Pubitemid 38076369)
97. Martinez-Escribano JA, Gonzalez R, Quecedo E, Febrer I. Efficacy of lipectomy and liposuction in the treatment of multiple symmetric ipomatosis. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38: 551-4 (Pubitemid 29331938)
98. Faga A, Valdatta LA, Thione A, Buoro M. ultrasound assisted iposuction for the palliative treatment of Madelung's disease: a case report. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2001; 25: 181-3 (Pubitemid 32612646)
99. Horl C, Biemer E. Benign symmetrical lipomatosis. Lipectomy and liposuction in the treatment of Madelung disease. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 1992; 24: 93-6
100. Smith PD, Stadelmann WK, Wassermann RJ, Kearney RE. Benign symmetric lipomatosis (Madelung's disease). Ann Plast Surg 1998 41: 671-3 (Pubitemid 29005659)
101. Constantinidis J, Steinhart H, Zenk J, Bohlender J, Iro H. Surgica therapy of Madelung's disease in the head and neck area. HNO 2003; 51: 216-20 (Pubitemid 36733694)
102. Leung NW, Gaer J, Beggs D, Kark AE, Holloway B, Peters TJ. Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (Launois-Bensaude syndrome): effect of ora salbutamol. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1987; 27: 601-6 (Pubitemid 17161173)
103. Zeitler H, ulrich-Merzenich G, Richter DF, Vetter H, Walger P. Multiple benign symmetric lipomatosis - a differential diagnosis of obesity. Is there a rationale for fbrate treatment? Obes Surg 2008; 18: 1354-6
104. Mirouze J, Orsetti A, Vidal F. Application of 2 radioimmunologica methods for the determination of growth hormone. Application to various dysmorphic syndromes. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 1970; 31 237-46
105. Harsch IA, Wiedmann R, Bergmann T, Hahn EG, Wiest GH Unspecifed gain of weight? Internist (Berl) 2005; 46: 1265-9
106. Botwin KP, Sakalkale DP. Epidural steroid injections in the treatment of symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis associated with epidura ipomatosis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 83: 926-30 (Pubitemid 39557475)
107. McCullen GM, Spurling GR, Webster JS. Epidural lipomatosis complicating lumbar steroid injections. J Spinal Disord 1999; 12 526-9 (Pubitemid 30263371)
108. Taille C, Fartoukh M, Houel R, Kobeiter H, Remy P, Lemaire F Spontaneous hemomediastinum complicating steroid-induced mediastinal lipomatosis. Chest 2001; 120: 311-3 (Pubitemid 32744897)
109. Fischer M, Wohlrab J, Taube KM, Marsch WC. Intralesional injection of enoxaparin in benign symmetrical lipomatosis: an alternative to surgery? Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 629-30 (Pubitemid 32232029)
110. Rotunda AM, Ablon G, Kolodney MS. Lipomas treated with subcutaneous deoxycholate injections. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005 53: 973-8 (Pubitemid 41677322)
111. Allen EV, Hines EAJ. Lipedema of the legs:A syndrome characterised by fat legs and orthostatic edema. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 1940 15: 184-7
112. Fife CE, Maus EA, Carter MJ. Lipedema: a frequently misdiagnosed and misunderstood fatty deposition syndrome. Adv Skin Wound Care 2010; 23: 81-92; 93-84
113. Dimakakos PB, Stefanopoulos T, Antoniades P, Antoniou A, Gouliamos A, Rizos D. MRI and ultrasonographic fndings in the investigation of lymphedema and lipedema. Int Surg 1997; 82: 411-6 (Pubitemid 27500950)
114. Wold LE, Hines EA Jr, Allen EV. Lipedema of the legs; a syndrome characterized by fat legs and edema. Ann Intern Med 1951; 34 1243-50
115. Child AH, Gordon KD, Sharpe P, Brice G, Ostergaard P, Jeffery S, et al Lipedema: an inherited condition. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A: 970-6
116. Foldi E, Foldi M. Lipedema. In: Foldi M, Foldi E, eds. Foldi's Textbook of Lymphology. Munich (Germany): Elsevier GmbH; 2006. p417-27
117. Chen SG, Hsu SD, Chen TM, Wang HJ. Painful fat syndrome in a male patient. Br J Plast Surg 2004; 57: 282-6
118. Schmeller W, Meier-Vollrath I. Lipödem-aktuelles zu einem weitgehend unbekannter Krankheitsbild. Aktuelle Dermatologie 2007; 33: 1-10
119. Meier-Vollrath I, Schneider W, Schmeller W. Das Lipodem: neue Möglichkeiten der Therapie. Schweiz Med Forum 2007; 7: 150-5
120. Meier-Vollrath I, Schmeller W. Lipoedema - current status, new perspectives. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2004; 2: 181-6 (Pubitemid 38387401)
121. Pascucci A, Lynch PJ. Lipedema with multiple lipomas. Dermato Online J 16(9): 4
122. Cornely ME. Lipedema and Lymphatic Edema. In: Shiffman MA, D Giuseppe A, eds. Liposuction. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer; 2006 10-4
123. Greer KE. Lipedema of the legs. Cutis 1974; 14: 98
124. Földi E, Földi M. Das Lipödem. In: Földi M, Földi E, Kubik S eds. Lehrbuch der Lymphologie für Mediziner, Masseure und Physiotherapeuten. Munich: Elsevier, urban & Fischer; 2005; p 443-53
125. Stallworth JM, Hennigar GR, Jonsson HT Jr, Rodriguez O. The chronically swollen painful extremity. A detailed study for possible etiological factors. JAMA 1974; 228: 1656-9
126. Curri SB, Merlen JF Microvascular disorders of adipose tissue. J Ma Vasc 1986; 11: 303-9
127. Merlen JF, Curri SB, Sarteel AM. Cellulitis, a conjunctive microvascular disease. Phlebologie 1979; 32: 279-82
128. Suga H, Araki J, Aoi N, Kato H, Higashino T, Yoshimura K. Adipose tissue remodeling in lipedema: adipocyte death and concurrent regeneration. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 3: 3
129. Cinti S, Mitchell G, Barbatelli G, Murano I, Ceresi E, Faloia E, et al Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J Lipid Res 2005; 46: 2347-55 (Pubitemid 41532523)
130. Kaiserling E. Morphological changes in lymphedema and tumors n: Foldi M, Foldi E, eds. Foldi's Textboof of Lymphology. Munich (Germany): Elsevier, GmbH; 2006: 322-90
131. Kligman AM. Cellulite: facts and fction. J Geriatric Dermatol 1997; 5: 136-9
132. Jagtman BA, Kuiper JP, Brakkee AJ. Measurements of skin elasticity n patients with lipedema of the Moncorps "rusticanus" type Phlebologie 1984; 37: 315-9
133. Taylor NE, Foster WC, Wick MR, Patterson JW. Tumefactive lipedema with pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like microscopic changes. J Cutan Pathol 2004; 31: 205-9 (Pubitemid 38130434)
134. Szolnoky G. Chapter 17: Differential Diagnosis - Lipedema. In Lee BB, Bergan J, Rockson SG, eds. Lymphedema: A Concise Compendium of Theory and Practice. London: Springer-Verlag; 2011 p125-35
135. Wienert V, Leeman S. Lipedema. Hautarzt 1991; 42: 484-6
136. Partsch H, Stoberl C, urbanek A, Wenzel-Hora BI. Clinical use of ndirect lymphography in different forms of leg edema. Lymphology 1988; 21: 152-60 (Pubitemid 19024765)
137. Tiedjen Ku, Schultz-Ehrenburg u. Isotopenlymphographische Befunde beim Lipödem. In: Holzmann H, Altmeyer P, Hör G, eds Dermatologie und Nuklearmedizin. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1985 p432-438
138. van Geest AJ, Esten SCAM, Cambier J-PRA, et al. Lymphatic disturbances in lipedema. Phlebologie 2003; 32: 138-42
139. Amann-Vesti BR, Franzeck uK, Bollinger A. Microlymphatic aneurysms in patients with lipedema. Lymphology 2001; 34: 170-175 (Pubitemid 34038575)
140. Bollinger A, Amann-Vesti BR. Fluorescence microlymphography: diagnostic potential in lymphedema and basis for the measurement of lymphatic pressure and fow velocity. Lymphology 2007; 40: 52-62 (Pubitemid 47257789)
141. Harwood CA, Bull RH, Evans J, Mortimer PS. Lymphatic and venous function in lipoedema. Br J Dermatol 1996; 134: 1-6 (Pubitemid 26030993)
142. Harvey NL, Srinivasan RS, Dillard ME, Johnson NC, Witte MH Boyd K, et al. Lymphatic vascular defects promoted by Prox1 haploinsuffciency cause adult-onset obesity. Nat Genet 2005; 37: 1072-81 (Pubitemid 41486659)
143. Schneider M, Conway EM, Carmeliet P. Lymph makes you fat. Nat Genet 2005; 37: 1023-4 (Pubitemid 41486647)
144. Bollinger A. Microlymphatics of human skin. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1993; 12: 1-15
145. Brautigam P, Foldi E, Schaiper I, Krause T, Vanscheidt W, Moser E Analysis of lymphatic drainage in various forms of leg edema using two compartment lymphoscinctigraphy Lymphology 1998; 31: 43-55
146. Bilancini S, Lucchi M, Tucci S, Eleuteri P. Functional lymphatic alterations in patients suffering from lipedema. Angiology 1995; 46 333-9
147. de Godoy JM, de Godoy Mde F Treatment of cellulite based on the hypothesis of a novel physiopathology Clin Cosmet Investig Dermato 4: 55-9
148. Bayrakci Tunay V, Akbayrak T, Bakar Y, Kayihan H, Ergun N. Effects of mechanical massage, manual lymphatic drainage and connective tissue manipulation techniques on fat mass in women with cellulite J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 24: 138-42
149. Wenczl E, Daroczy J. Lipedema, a barely known disease: diagnosis associated diseases and therapy. Orv Hetil 2008; 149: 2121-7
150. Tsukanov Iu T, Tsukanov A. Syndrome of lower limb volume enlargement in varicosity: causes and medical approaches. Angiol Sosud Khir 2007; 13: 85-91
151. Tan IC, Maus EA, Rasmussen JC, Marshall MV, Adams KE, Fife CE et al. Assessment of lymphatic contractile function after manua lymphatic drainage using near-infrared fuorescence imaging. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992: 756-764 e751
152. Szolnoky G, Nagy N, Kovacs RK, Dósa-Rácz E, Szabó A, Bársony K, et al. Complex decongestive physiotherapy decreases capillary fragility n lipedema. Lymphology 2008; 41: 161-6
153. Szolnoky G, Borsos B, Barsony K, Balogh M, Kemeny L. Complete decongestive physiotherapy with and without pneumatic compression for treatment of lipedema: a pilot study. Lymphology 2008; 41 40-4 (Pubitemid 351747153)
154. Adams KE, Rasmussen JC, Darne C, Tan IC, Aldrich MB, Marshal MV, et al. Direct evidence of lymphatic function improvement after advanced pneumatic compression device treatment of lymphedema Biomed Opt Express 2010; 1: 114-25
155. Beninson J, Edelglass JW. Lipedema - the non-lymphatic masquerader. Angiology 1984; 35: 506-10 (Pubitemid 14035242)
156. Bauke J. Kritische Gegenüberstellung der verschiedenen behand-ungsmethoden der adipositas. Med Welt 1983; 34: 201-3 (Pubitemid 13185835)
157. Hines EA Jr. Lipedema and physiologic edema. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 1952; 27: 7-9
158. Tidhar D, Katz-Leurer M. Aqua lymphatic therapy in women who suffer from breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema: a randomized controlled study. Support Care Cancer 2009; 18: 383-92
159. Lohman EB 3rd, Petrofsky JS, Maloney-Hinds C, Betts-Schwab H, Thorpe D. The effect of whole body vibration on lower extremity skin blood fow in normal subjects. Med Sci Monit 2007; 13: CR71-76 (Pubitemid 46238661)
160. Kerschan-Schindl K, Grampp S, Henk C, Resch H, Preisinger E, Fialka-Moser V, et al. Whole-body vibration exercise leads to alterations in muscle blood volume. Clin Physiol 2001; 21: 377-82 (Pubitemid 32487595)
161. Stewart JM, Karman C, Montgomery LD, McLeod KJ. Plantar vibration improves leg fuid fow in perimenopausal women. Am J Physio Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 288: R623-629 (Pubitemid 40250571)
162. Gulias S, Nieto S. Psychological assistaqnce and its importance in the medical treatment of lymphedema. J Soc Phlebol Lymphol 2007 2: 179-87
163. Schmeller W, Meier-Vollrath I. Tumescent liposuction: a new and successful therapy for lipedema. J Cutan Med Surg 2006; 10: 7-10 (Pubitemid 351506622)
164. Warren AG, Janz BA, Borud LJ, Slavin SA. Evaluation and management of the fat leg syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119 9e-15e (Pubitemid 46360292)
165. Ray C. Caring for the Bariatric Patient with lymphedema and obesity Bariatrics Today 2004: 48-50
166. Foldi E, Foldi M. Lipedema. In: Foldi M, Foldi E, Kubik S, eds. Foldi's Textbook of Lymphology Munich (Germany): Elsevier GmbH; 2006. p 417-427
167. Williams A. Amy's Butterfy Journey: Living My Life with Lymphedema and Obesity. Obesity Help 2004: 43-4
168. Moore JC, Ballas ZK. A novel therapy for lymphedema. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169: 201-2
169. Bruns F, Micke O, Bremer M. Current status of selenium and other treatments for secondary lymphedema. J Supportive Oncol 2003; 1: 121-30
170. Sasaki H, Okumura M, Kawasaki T, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. Indo-methacin and atrial natriuretic peptide in Pseudo-Bartter's syndrome N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 167 (Pubitemid 17048623)
171. Pecking AP, Fevrier B, Wargon C, Pillion G. Effcacy of Dafon 500 mg n the treatment of lymphedema (secondary to conventional therapy of breast cancer). Angiology 1997; 48: 93-8
172. Pecking AP. Evaluation by lymphoscintigraphy of the effect of a micronized flavonoid fraction (Daflon 500 mg) in the treatment of upper limb lymphedema. Int Angiol 1995; 14: 39-43 (Pubitemid 26047743)
173. Casley-Smith JR, Casley-Smith JR. The effects of diosmin (a benzo-pyrone) upon some high-protein oedemas: lung contusion, and burn and lymphoedema of rat legs. Agents Actions 1985; 17: 14-20 (Pubitemid 16179287)
174. Suter A, Bommer S, Rechner J. Treatment of patients with venous nsuffciency with fresh plant horse chestnut seed extract: a review of 5 clinical studies. Adv Ther 2006; 23: 179-90
175. Cornely ME. Lipedema and Lymphatic Edema. In: Shiffman MA Di Giuseppe A, eds. Liposuction Principles and Practice. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer; 2006
176. Conley SM, Bruhn RL, Morgan PV, Stamer WD. Selenium's effects on MMP-2 and TIMP-1 secretion by human trabecular meshwork cells nvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 473-9 (Pubitemid 38140503)
177. Obenheimer H, Jankowiak P, Berlemann K, Hermann V, Diethelm A. Clinical and biological effects of selenium in edema. Paper presented at: Proceedings of the International Symposium Lymphedema - New Perspectives in Research and Treatment. 1976; Zaragossa, Spain
178. Schrauzer GN. Selenium in the therapy of chronic lymphedema- mechanistic perspectives and practical applications. Z Lympho 1997; 21: 16-9
179. Micke O, Bruns F, Schäfer u, Kisters K, Hesselmann S, Willich N Selenium in the treatment of acute and chronic lymphedema. Trace Elements and Electrolytes 2000; 17: 206-9
180. Horvathova M, Jahnova E, Gazdik F. Effect of selenium supple-mentation in asthmatic subjects on the expression of endothelia cell adhesion molecules in culture. Biol Trace Elem Res 1999; 69 15-26 (Pubitemid 29270221)
181. Kiremidjian-Schumacher L, Roy M, Glickman R, Schneider K Rothstein S, Cooper J, et al. Selenium and immunocompetence in patients with head and neck cancer. Biol Trace Elem Res 2000; 73 97-111 (Pubitemid 30127171)
182. Siems W, Grune T, Voss P, Brenke R. Anti-fibrosclerotic effects of shock wave therapy in lipedema and cellulite. Biofactors 2005; 24 275-82 (Pubitemid 41750551)
183. Dercum FX. Three cases of a hitherto unclassified affection resembling in its grosser aspects obesity, but associated with specia nervous symptoms - adiposis dolorosa. Am J Med Sci 1892; civ: 521
184. Dercum FX. A subcutaneous connective-tissue dystrophy of the arms and back, associated with symptoms resembling myxoedema. univ Med Magazine Philadelphia 1888: 140-50
185. Dercum FX. Autopsy in a case of adiposis dolorosa, with microscopical examination. J Nerv Ment Dis 1900;XXVII(8):419-29
186. Lyon IP. Adiposis and lipomatosis: Considered in reference to their constitutional relations and symptomatology. Arch Int Med 1910; VI 28-120
187. Brorson H, Fagher B. Dercum's disease. Fatty tissue rheumatism caused by immune defense reaction? Lakartidningen 1996; 93 1430; 1433-6
188. Herbst KL, Asare-Bediako S. Adiposis Dolorosa is More than Painfu Fat. The Endocrinologist 2007; 17: 326-44
189. Walser WC. Adiposis dolorosa in an infant. Boston Med Surg J 1910 CLXII: 906-7
190. Bruning H, Walter FK. Zur frage der Adipositas dolorosa (Dercumshe Krankheit) in Kindersalter. Ztscyhr f Kinderh 1919; 24: 183
191. Loening K, Fuss S. Schildrusenveranderungen bei Adipositas dolorosa. Verhandl d Cong f inn Med 1906: 222
192. Steiger WA, Litvin H, Lasche EM, Durant TM. Adiposis dolorsa (Dercum's disease). N Engl J Med 1952; 247: 393-6
193. Vitaut L. Maladie de Dercum (adiposis dolorosa). Loire med St Etienne 1901; 20: 254
194. Kling DH. Juxta-articular adiposis dolorosa, its signifcance and relation to Dercum's disease and osteo-arthritis. J Arch Surg 1937; 34 599-630
195. Lynch HT, Harlan WL. Hereditary factors in adiposis dolorosa (Dercum's disease). Am J Hum Genet 1963; 15: 184-90
196. Steiner J, Schiltz K, Heidenreich F, Weissenborn K. Lipomatosis dolorosa - a frequently overlooked disease picture. Nervenarzt 2002; 73: 183-7 (Pubitemid 41217597)
197. Pack GT, Ariel IM. Tumors of the soft somatic tissues: a clinica treatise. New York: Hoeber-Harper; 1958
198. Thimm P. Adipositas dolorosa und schmerzende symmetrische Lipome Montash f prakt Dermatol 1903; xxxvi: 282
199. Campen R, Mankin H, Louis DN, Hirano M, Maccollin M. Familia occurrence of adiposis dolorosa. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44 132-6
200. Cantu JM, Ruiz-Barquin E, Jimenez M, Castillo L, Macotela-Ruiz E Autosomal dominant inheritance in adiposis dolorosa (Dercum's disease). Humangenetik 1973; 18: 89-91
201. Winkelman NW, Eckel JL. Adiposis dolorosa (Dercum's disease) a clinicopathologic study. J Am Med Assoc 1925; 85: 1935-9
202. Herbst KL, Coviello AD, Chang A, Boyle DL. Lipomatosis-associated nfammation and excess collagen may contribute to lower relative resting energy expenditure in women with adiposis dolorosa. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33: 1031-8
203. Kirpilä J, Ripatti N. Adipositas dolorosa juxtaarticularis (Dercum's disease) och dess behandling [in Swedish]. Nord Med 1958; 59: 358-60.
204. Hovesen E. Adiposis dolorosa (Dercum's syndrome). Nord Med 1953; 50: 971.
205. Blomstrand R, Juhlin L, Nordenstam H, Ohlsson R, Werner B, Engstrom J. Adiposis dolorosa associated with defects of lipid metabolism. Acta Derm Venereol 1971; 51: 243-50.
206. Page IH. Chemiache untersuchungen bel der Dercumschen Krankheit. Virchow Arch Path Anat 1930; 279: 262.
207. Mella BA. Adiposis dolorosa. univ Michigan Med Center J 1967; 33: 79-81.
208. Held JL, Andrew JA, Kohn SR. Surgical amelioration of Dercum's disease: a report and review. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1989; 15: 1294-6. (Pubitemid 20027170)
209. Campen RB, Sang CN, Duncan LM. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 25-2006. A 41-year-old woman with painful subcutaneous nodules. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 714-22.
210. Pimenta WP, Paula FJ, Dick-de-Paula I, Piccinato CE, Monteiro CM, Brandão-Neto J, et al. Hormonal and metabolic study of a case of adiposis dolorosa (Dercum's disease). Braz J Med Biol Res 1992; 25: 889-93.
211. Ballet G. L'adipose, douloureuse (maladie de Dercum). Presse méd Par 1903; i: 285-8.
212. Price GE. Adiposis dolorosa: a clinical and pathological study, with the report of two cases with necropsy. Am J Med Sci 1909; 137: 705-14.
213. Eshner AA. A case of adiposis dolorosa. J Am Med Assoc 1898; XXXI: 1156-60.
214. Collins J. Adiposis dolorosa. In: Dercum FX, ed. Textbook of Nervous Diseases. Lea Brothers & Co; 1895. p 898-200.
215. Alger EM. Clinical memoranda: A case of adiposis dolorosa. Med News (1882-1905) 1901; 78: 91-2.
216. Frankenheimer JB. Adiposis dolorosa. J Am Med Assoc 1908; L: 1012-3.
217. Skagen K, Petersen P, Kastrup J, Norgaard T. The regulation of subcutaneous blood flow in patient with Dercum's disease. Acta Derm Venereol 1986; 66: 337-9. (Pubitemid 16048398)
218. Falta W. Endocrine diseases. In: Meyers MK, ed. 2 ed. Philadelphia: Blakiston's Son & Co; 1916: 575.
219. Moi L, Canu C, Pirari P, Mura MN, Piludu G, Del Giacco GS. Dercum's disease: a case report. Ann Ital Med Int 2005; 20: 187-91.
220. Lange u, Oelzner P, uhlemann C. Dercum's disease (Lipomatosis dolorosa): successful therapy with pregabalin and manual lymphatic drainage and a current overview. Rheumatol Int 2008; 29: 17-22.
221. Pascucci A, Lynch PJ. Lipedema with multiple lipomas. Dermatol Online J 2010; 16: 4.
222. Rockson SG. The unique biology of lymphatic edema. Lymphat Res Biol 2009; 7: 97-100.
223. Spiller WG. Clinical Memoranda: Report of three cases of adiposis dolorosa. Med News 1898: 268-70.
224. Eisman J, Swezey RL. Juxta-articular adiposis dolorosa: what is it? Report of 2 cases. Ann Rheum Dis 1979; 38: 479-82. (Pubitemid 10188064)
225. White WH. A case of adiposis dolorosa. Br Med J 1899; 2: 1533-4.
226. Burr CW. A case of adiposis dolorosa with necropsy. J Nervous Mental Disease 1900; XXVII: 519-25.
227. Dercum FX, McCarthy DJ. Autopsy in a case of adiposis dolorosa. Am J Med Sci 1902; (124): 994.
228. Abu-Hijleh MF, Scothorne RJ. Studies on haemolymph nodes. IV. Comparison of the route of entry of carbon particles into parathymic nodes after intravenous and intraperitoneal injection. J Anat 1996 188: 565-73 (Pubitemid 26232199)
229. Mills CK. A case of adeno lipomatosis: With some remarks on the differential diagnosis of the affectation from adiposis dolorosa and other diseases. J Nervous Mental Disease 1918; 36: 106-8
230. Stolkind E. Cases of adiposis dolorosa (Dercum's disease). Proc Royal Soc Med 1923; 16 (Clinical Section): 45-7
231. Hammond JA. An instance of adiposis dolorosa in two sisters. Br Med J 1904; 2: 121
232. Souza-Smith FM, Kurtz KM, Molina PE, Breslin JW. Adaptation of mesenteric collecting lymphatic pump function following acute alcohol intoxication. Microcirculation 2010; 17: 514-24
233. Dercum FX. Note on a case of adiposis dolorosa in which there was present also spasticity and contracture involving the extremities. J Nervous Mental Disease 1918; 36: 159-62
234. Price GE, Bird JT. Adiposis dolorosa: A report of a case with increased sugar tolerance and epileptiform convulsions. J Am Med Association 1925; 84: 247-8
235. Wortham NC, Tomlinson IP. Dercum's disease. Skinmed 2005; 4 157-162; quiz 163-4
236. Bergeron PN. A case of adiposis dolorosa with involvement of the large nerve trunks. J Nerv Mental Disease 1918; 36: 159
237. Kirpila J, Ripatti N. Adiposis dolorosa juxta-articularis: Dercum's disease & its therapy. Nordisk medicin March 1958; 59: 358-60
238. Taylor EW, Luce DS. A case of adiposis dolorosa. Boston Medica and Surgical Journal; CLIV: 187-90
239. Myers B. Case of adiposis dolorosa. Proceedings of the Roya Society of Med 1923; 16 (Clinical Section): 12-3
240. Palmer ED. Dercum's disease: adiposis dolorosa. Am Fam Physician 1981; 24: 155-7
241. Szypula I, Kotulska A, Szopa M, Pieczyrak R, Kucharz EJ. Adiposis dolorosa with hypercholesterolemia and premature severe genera-ized atherosclerosis. Wiad Lek 2009; 62: 64-65
242. Maddalozzo GF, Iwaniec uT, Turner RT, Rosen CJ, Widrick JJ. Whole-body vibration slows the acquisition of fat in mature female rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32: 1348-54
243. Alentorn-Geli E, Padilla J, Moras G, Lazaro Haro C, Fernandez-Sola J Six weeks of whole-body vibration exercise improves pain and fatigue n women with fbromyalgia. J Altern Complement Med 2008; 14 975-81
244. Singal A, Janiga J, Bossenbroek N, Lim H. Dercum's disease (adiposis dolorosa): a report of improvement with infiximab and methotrexate J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21: 717 (Pubitemid 46923535)
245. Herbst KL, Rutledge T. Pilot study: rapidly cycling hypobaric pressure proves pain after 5 days in adiposis dolorosa. J Pain Res 2010; 3 147-53
246. Hetzler RK, Sargent RW, Kimura IK, et al. The effect of a cyclic variable altitude conditioning program on arterial oxygen saturation acclimation. Paper presented at: 53rd Annual Meeting, American College of Sporte Med, 2006; Denver, CO
247. Juhlin L. Long-standing pain relief of adiposis dolorosa (Dercum's disease) after intravenous infusion of lidocaine. J Am Acad Dermato 1986; 15: 383-5 (Pubitemid 16047716)
248. Desai MJ, Siriki R, Wang D. Treatment of pain in Dercum's disease with Lidoderm (lidocaine 5% patch): a case report. Pain Med 2008; 9 1224-6
249. Petersen P, Kastrup J. Dercum's disease (adiposis dolorosa). Treatment of the severe pain with intravenous lidocaine. Pain 1987; 28 77-80 (Pubitemid 17210460)
250. Devillers AC, Oranje AP. Treatment of pain in adiposis dolorosa (Dercum's disease) with intravenous lidocaine: a case report with a 10-year follow-up. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999; 24: 240-1. (Pubitemid 29278984)
251. Atkinson RL. Intravenous lidocaine for the treatment of intractable pain of adiposis dolorosa. Int J Obes 1982; 6: 351-7. (Pubitemid 12013807)
252. Taniguchi A, Okuda H, Mishima Y, Nagata I, Oseko F, Hara M, et al. A case of adiposis dolorosa: lipid metabolism and hormone secretion. Int J Obes 1986; 10: 277-81. (Pubitemid 16011885)
253. Iwane T, Maruyama M, Matsuki M, Ito Y, Shimoji K. Management of intractable pain in adiposis dolorosa with intravenous administration of lidocaine. Anesth Analg 1976; 55: 257-9.
254. Reggiani M, Errani A, Staffa M, Schianchi S. Is EMLA effective in Dercum's disease? Acta Derm Venereol 1996; 76: 170-1.
255. Berntorp E, Berntorp K, Brorson H, Frick K. Liposuction in Dercum's disease: impact on haemostatic factors associated with cardiovascular disease and insulin sensitivity. J Intern Med 1998; 243: 197-201. (Pubitemid 28238011)
256. DeFranzo AJ, Hall JH Jr, Herring SM. Adiposis dolorosa (Dercum's disease): liposuction as an effective form of treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 1990; 85: 289-92. (Pubitemid 20065478)
257. Brorson H, Aberg M, Fagher B. Liposuction in adiposis dolorosa (morbus Dercum) - an effective therapy. ugeskr Laeger 1992; 154: 1914-5.
258. Wollina u, Goldman A, Heinig B. Microcannular tumescent liposuction in advanced lipedema and Dercum's disease. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2010; 145: 151-9.
259. Hansson E, Svensson H, Brorson H. Liposuction may reduce pain in Dercum's disease (adiposis dolorosa). Pain Med 2011; 12: 942-52.
260. Tsang C, Aggarwal R, Bonanomi G. Dercum's disease as a cause of weight loss failure after gastric bypass surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2011; 7: 243-5.
261. Wohl MG, Pastor N. Adipositas dolorosa (Dercum's disease). JAMA 1938; 110: 1261-4.
262. Sorrels TL, Bostock E. Induction of feeding by 7-chlorokynurenic acid, a strychnine-insensitive glycine binding site antagonist. Brain Res 1992; 572: 265-8.
263. Spota BB, Brage D. Cortisona Y Enfermedad de Dercum. Dia med B Air 1952; 24: 1930.
264. Greenbaum SS, Varga J. Corticosteroid-induced juxta-articular adiposis dolorosa. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127: 231-3.
265. Rebuffe-Scrive M, Lonnroth P, Marin P, Wesslau C, Bjorntorp P, Smith u. Regional adipose tissue metabolism in men and postmenopausal women. Int J Obes 1987; 11: 347-55. (Pubitemid 17138411)
266. de Médicis Sajous CE. The Internal secretions and the principles of medicine. Vol 1. 9th ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis Co; 1920.