Pregnancy in diabetes and kidney disease

Journal of Renal Care

Volumn 38, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2012, Pages 78-89

  Bramham, Kate ^a   Rajasingham, Daghni ^b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Diabetes; Kidney disease; Pregnancy

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREGNANCY DIABETES MELLITUS; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PROTEINURIA; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; RISK FACTOR;

COMORBIDITY; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PROTEINURIA; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84856929932     PISSN: 17556678     EISSN: 17556686     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-6686.2012.00270.x     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Asamiya Y., Otsubo S., Matsuda Y. et al (2009). The importance of low blood urea nitrogen levels in pregnant patients undergoing hemodialysis to optimize birth weight and gestational age. Kidney International 75, 1217-1222.
2. Bagg W., Neale L. & Henley P. (2003). Long-term maternal outcome after pregnancy in women with diabetic nephropathy. The New Zealand Medical Journal 116, U566.
3. Balsells M., Garcia-Patterson A., Gich I. et al (2009). Maternal and fetal outcome in women with type 2 versus type 1 diabetes mel-litus: a systematic review and metaanalysis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94, 4284-4291. Bell R., Bailey K., Cresswell T. et al. (2008). Trends in prevalence and outcomes of pregnancy in women with pre-existing type I and type II diabetes. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 115, 445-452.
4. Bellamy L., Casas J.P., Hingorani A.D. et al (2007). Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal 335, 974.
5. Biesenbach G., Grafinger P., Stoger H. et al (1999). How pregnancy influences renal function in nephropathic type 1 diabetic women depends on their pre-conceptional creatinine clearance. Journal of Nephrology 12, 41-46.
6. Bramham K., Hakim N., Harding K. et al (2010). Pregnancy in kidney-transplant recipients: report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Obstetric Medicine 3, 73-77.
7. Briggs G.G., Freeman R.K. & Yaffe S.K. (2005). Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk, 7th edn, Philadelphia Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
8. Brown M.A. (2008). Renal Disease in Pregnancy (eds Davison J.M., Nelson-Piercy C., Kehoe S. & Baker P.), London RCOG Press.
9. Brown M.A., Lindheimer M.D., De Swiet M. et al (2001). The classification and diagnosis of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: statement from the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP). Hypertension and Pregnancy 20, IX-XIV.
10. Brydon P., Smith T., Proffitt M. et al (2000). Pregnancy outcome in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus needs to be addressed. International Journal of Clinical Practice 54, 418-419.
11. Carr D.B., Koontz G.L., Gardella C. et al (2006). Diabetic nephropathy in pregnancy: suboptimal hypertensive control associated with preterm delivery. American Journal of Hypertension 19, 513-519.
12. CEMACH. (2005). CEMACH. Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health: Pregnancy in Women with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in 2002-03, England Wales and Northern Ireland. London CEMACH.
13. Clausen T.D., Mathiesen E., Ekbom P. et al (2005). Poor pregnancy outcome in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28, 323-328.
14. Cooper W.O., Hernandez-Diaz S., Arbogast P.G. et al (2006). Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors. The New England Journal of Medicine 354, 2443-2451.
15. Cote A.M., Firoz T., Mattman A. et al (2008). The 24-hour urine collection: gold standard or historical practice? American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 199, 625 e1-e6.
16. Davison J.M. (1974). Proceedings: changes in renal function and other aspects of homeostasis in early pregnancy. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 81, 588-95.
17. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group DCCT. (1993). The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The New England Journal of Medicine 329, 977-986.
18. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group DCCT. (2000). Effect of pregnancy on microvascular complications in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes Care 23, 1084-1091.
19. Dicker D., Feldberg D., Samuel N. et al (1988). Spontaneous abortion in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the effect of preconceptional diabetic control. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 158, 1161-1164.
20. Duley L., Henderson-Smart D.J., Meher S. et al (2007). Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review 2, CD004659.
21. Dunne F., Brydon P., Smith K. et al (2003). Pregnancy in women with Type 2 diabetes: 12 years outcome data 1990-2002. Diabetic Medicine 20, 734-738.
22. Eddib A., Allaf M.B., Ogunleye O. et al (2011). Prediction of protein-uria and microalbuminuria in diabetic pregnancies with a random single void. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 24, 583-586.
23. Edison R.J. & Muenke M. (2004). Central nervous system and limb anomalies in case reports of first-trimester statin exposure. The New England Journal of Medicine350, 1579-1582.
24. Ekbom P., Damm P., Feldt-Rasmussen B. et al (2001). Pregnancy outcome in type 1 diabetic women with microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 24, 1739-1744.
25. Evers I.M., De Valk H.W., Mol B.W. et al (2002). Macrosomia despite good glycaemic control in Type I diabetic pregnancy; results of a nationwide study in the Netherlands. Diabetologia 45, 1484-1489.
26. Feig D.S., Briggs G.G., Kraemer J.M. et al (2005). Transfer of glyburide and glipizide into breast milk. Diabetes Care 28, 1851-1855.
27. Fischer M.J. (2007). Chronic kidney disease and pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 14, 132-145.
28. Gallery E.D. & Brown M.A. (1987). Volume homeostasis in normal and hypertensive human pregnancy. Baillieres Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1, 835-851.
29. Garcia-Patterson A., Gich I., Amini S.B. et al (2009). Insulin requirements throughout pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: three changes of direction. Diabetologia 53, 446-451.
30. Garner P.R., D'alton M.E., Dudley D.K. et al (1990). Preeclampsia in diabetic pregnancies. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 163, 505-508.
31. Gilbert-Hayn L.S.N. & McGrory C.H. (2007). Pregnancy outcomes in female pancreas-kidney (PK) transplant recipients. American Journal of Transplantation 7, 250.
32. Gordin D., Hiilesmaa V., Fagerudd J. et al (2007). Pre-eclampsia but not pregnancy-induced hypertension is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetic women. Diabetologia 50, 516-522.
33. Gordon M., Landon M.B., Samuels P. et al (1996). Perinatal outcome and long-term follow-up associated with modern management of diabetic nephropathy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 87, 401-409.
34. Greene M.F., Hare J.W., Cloherty J.P. et al (1989). First-trimester hemoglobin A1 and risk for major malformation and spontaneous abortion in diabetic pregnancy. Teratology 39, 225-231.
35. Gutzin S.J., Kozer E., Magee L.A. et al (2003). The safety of oral hypo-glycemic agents in the first trimester of pregnancy: a meta-analy-sis. The Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 10, 179-183.
36. Hermansen K., Fontaine P., Kukolja K.K. et al (2004). Insulin analogues (insulin detemir and insulin aspart) versus traditional human insulins (NPH insulin and regular human insulin) in basal-bolus therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 47, 622-629.
37. Herrera E. (2002). Lipid metabolism in pregnancy and its consequences in the fetus and newborn. Endocrine 19, 43-55.
38. Higby K., Suiter C.R., Phelps J.Y. et al (1994). Normal values of urinary albumin and total protein excretion during pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 171, 984-989.
39. Hod M., Damm P., Kaaja R. et al (2008). Fetal and perinatal outcomes in type 1 diabetes pregnancy: a randomized study comparing insulin aspart with human insulin in 322 subjects. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 198, 186 e1-e7.
40. Hod M., Van Dijk D.J., Karp M. et al (1995). Diabetic nephropathy and pregnancy: the effect of ACE inhibitors prior to pregnancy on fetomaternal outcome. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 10, 2328-2333.
41. Home P.D., Lindholm A. & Riis A. (2000). Insulin aspart vs. human insulin in the management of long-term blood glucose control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetic Medicine 17, 762-770.
42. Hou S. (2002). Modification of dialysis regimens for pregnancy. The International Journal of Artificial Organs 25, 823-826.
43. How H.Y. & Sibai B.M. (2002). Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 12, 402-407.
44. Hytten F.E. & Paintin D.B. (1963). Increase in plasma volume during normal pregnancy. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire 70, 402-407.
45. Imbasciati E., Gregorini G., Cabiddu G. et al (2007). Pregnancy in CKD stages 3 to 5: fetal and maternal outcomes. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 49, 753-762.
46. Kashiwagi M., Breymann C., Huch R. et al (2002) Hypertension in a pregnancy with renal anemia after recombinant human erythro-poietin (rhEPO) therapy. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 267, 54-56.
47. Kitzmiller J.L. & Combs C.A. (1996). Diabetic nephropathy and pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology Clinics of North America 23, 173-203.
48. Landon M.B., Gabbe S.G., Piana R. et al (1987). Neonatal morbidity in pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus: predictive value of maternal glycemic profiles. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 156, 1089-1095.
49. Langer O., Rodriguez D.A., Xenakis E.M. et al (1994). Intensified versus conventional management of gestational diabetes. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 170, 1036-1046; discussion 1046-1047.
50. Lewis E.J., Hunsicker L.G., Bain R.P. et al (1993). The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropa-thy. The Collaborative Study Group. The New England Journal of Medicine 329, 1456-1462.
51. Libby G., Murphy D.J., McEwan N.F. et al (2007). Pre-eclampsia and the later development of type 2 diabetes in mothers and their children: an intergenerational study from the Walker cohort. Diabetologia 50, 523-530.
52. Lohsiriwat S. & Imrittha N. (2008). Effect of posture on creatinine clearance in late pregnancy and after pregnancy. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 34, 337-342.
53. Luders C., Castro M.C., Titan S.M. et al (2010). Obstetric outcome in pregnant women on long-term dialysis: a case series. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 56, 77-85.
54. Mackie A.D., Doddridge M.C., Gamsu H.R. et al (1996). Outcome of pregnancy in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and nephropathy with moderate renal impairment. Diabetic Medicine 13, 90-96.
55. Magee L.A., Von Dadelszen P., Chan S. et al (2007). The control of hypertension in pregnancy study pilot trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 114, 770, e13-20.
56. Mathiesen E.R., Kinsley B., Amiel S.A. et al (2007). Maternal glycemic control and hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetic pregnancy: a randomized trial of insulin aspart versus human insulin in 322 pregnant women. Diabetes Care 30, 771-776.
57. Mills J.L., Simpson J.L., Driscoll S.G. et al (1988). Incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent diabetic women whose pregnancies were identified within 21 days of conception. The New England Journal of Medicine 319, 1617-1623.
58. Milne J.E., Lindheimer M.D. & Davison J.M. (2002). Glomerular hetero-porous membrane modeling in third trimester and postpartum before and during amino acid infusion. American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology 282, F170-175.
59. Miodovnik M., Rosenn B.M., Khoury J.C. et al (1996). Does pregnancy increase the risk for development and progression of diabetic nephropathy? American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 174, 1180-1189; discussion 1189-1191.
60. Miodovnik M., Skillman C., Holroyde J.C. et al (1985). Elevated maternal glycohemoglobin in early pregnancy and spontaneous abortion among insulin-dependent diabetic women. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 153, 439-442.
61. Nachum Z., Ben-Shlomo I., Weiner E. et al (1999). Twice daily versus four times daily insulin dose regimens for diabetes in pregnancy: randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 319, 1223-1227.
62. Nelson-Piercy C. (2010). Handbook of Obstetric Medicine (Fourth Edition). London Informa Healthcare.
63. Nielsen L.R., Ekbom P., Damm P. et al (2004). HbA1c levels are significantly lower in early and late pregnancy. Diabetes Care 27, 1200-1201.
64. Pantalone K.M., Faiman C. & Olansky L. (2011). Insulin glargine use during pregnancy. Endocrine Practice 17, 448-455.
65. Pedersen E.B., Rasmussen A.B., Johannesen P. et al (1982). The renin-aldosterone system in pre-eclampsia, essential and transient hypertension during pregnancy, and normotensive pregnant and non-pregnant control subjects. Acta Endocrinologica (Copenhagen) 101, 273-280.
66. Persson B., Swahn M.L., Hjertberg R. et al (2002). Insulin lispro therapy in pregnancies complicated by type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 58, 115-121.
67. Rajasingam D., Seed P.T., Briley A.L. et al (2009). A prospective study of pregnancy outcome and biomarkers of oxidative stress in nul-liparous obese women. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 200, 395 e1-e9.
68. Redman C.W., Kelly J.G. & Cooper W.D. (1990). The excretion of enalapril and enalaprilat in human breast milk. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 38, 99.
69. Reece E.A., Leguizamon G. & Homko C. (1998). Pregnancy performance and outcomes associated with diabetic nephropathy. American Journal of Perinatology 15, 413-421.
70. Ricart W., Lopez J., Mozas J. et al (2005). Body mass index has a greater impact on pregnancy outcomes than gestational hyper-glycaemia. Diabetologia 48, 1736-1742.
71. Rossing K., Jacobsen P., Hommel E. et al (2002). Pregnancy and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 45, 36-41.
72. Rowan J.A., Hague W.M., Gao W. et al (2008). Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine 358, 2003-2015.
73. Sibai B.M. (2000). Risk factors, pregnancy complications, and prevention of hypertensive disorders in women with pregravid diabetes mellitus. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine 9, 62-65.
74. Sibai B.M., Caritis S.N., Hauth J.C. et al (2000). The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Preterm delivery in women with pregestational diabetes mellitus or chronic hypertension relative to women with uncomplicated pregnancies. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 183, 1520-1524.
75. Star J. & Carpenter M.W. (1998). The effect of pregnancy on the natural history of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. Clinics in Perinatology 25, 887-916.
76. Stotland N.E., Cheng Y.W., Hopkins L.M. et al (2006). Gestational weight gain and adverse neonatal outcome among term infants. Obstetrics & Gynecology 108, 635-643.
77. Verier-Mine O., Chaturvedi N., Webb D. et al (2005). Is pregnancy a risk factor for microvascular complications? The EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetic Medicine 22, 1503-1509.
78. Vikse B.E., Irgens L.M., Bostad L. et al (2006). Adverse perinatal outcome and later kidney biopsy in the mother. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 17, 837-845.
79. Vikse B.E., Irgens L.M., Leivestad T. et al (2008). Preeclampsia and the risk of end-stage renal disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 359, 800-809.
80. Walker J.D. (2008). NICE guidance on diabetes in pregnancy: management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period. NICE clinical guideline 63. London, March 2008. Diabetic Medicine 25, 1025-1027.
81. White P. (1945). Pregnancy complicating diabetes. Journal of the American Medical Association 128, 181-182.
82. Wyse L.J., Jones M. & Mandel F. (1994). Relationship of glycosylated hemoglobin, fetal macrosomia, and birthweight macrosomia. American Journal of Perinatology 11, 260-262.
83. Ylinen K., Aula P., Stenman U.H. et al (1984). Risk of minor and major fetal malformations in diabetics with high haemoglobin A1c values in early pregnancy. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.) 289, 345-346.