The impact of physical, nutritional, and mental preparation on triathlon performance

Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness

Volumn 51, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 583-594

  Houston, M ^a   Dolan, S ^b   Martin, S ^c  

^a OCCIDENTAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b United States Olympic Committee   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

Athletic performance ; Goals; Physical exercise

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BICYCLE; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; DIET; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL FUNCTION; MIDDLE AGED; MOTIVATION; PHYSICAL EDUCATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; RESISTANCE TRAINING; RUNNING; SWIMMING;

ADULT; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BICYCLING; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; DIET; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; FEMALE; GOALS; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL PROCESSES; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING; QUESTIONNAIRES; RESISTANCE TRAINING; RUNNING; SWIMMING;

EID: 84856836183     PISSN: 00224707     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Schabort EJ, Killian SC, St Clair Gibson A, Hawley JA, Noakes TD. Prediction of triathlon race time from laboratory testing in national triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32: 844-9. (Pubitemid 30226022)
2. Sleivert GG, Wenger HA. Physiological predictors of short-course triathlon performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25:871-6. (Pubitemid 23207153)
3. Van Schuylenbergh R, Eynde BV, Hespel P. Prediction of sprint triathlon performance from laboratory tests. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 91: 94-9. (Pubitemid 38292356)
4. Hawley JA, Myburgh KH, Noakes TD, Dennis SC. Training techniques to improve fatigue resistance and enhance endurance performance. J Sports Sci 1997; 15: 325-33. (Pubitemid 27309801)
5. Laursen PB, Jenkins DG. The scientific basis for high-intensity interval training: Optimising training programmes and maximizing performance in highly trained endurance athletes. Sports Med 2002; 32: 53-73. (Pubitemid 34093709)
6. Laursen P B, Shing CM, Peake JM, Coombes JS, Jenkins DG. Interval training program optimization in highly trained endurance cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 1801-7. (Pubitemid 35283498)
7. 2 kinetics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 1351-9.
8. Lavin G. Strength training for the triathlete: Tradition versus function. Strength Cond J 2007; 29: 15-7.
9. Hodges N J, Kerr T, Starkes JL, Weir PL, Nananidou A. Predicting performance times from deliberate practice hours for triathletes and swimmers: What, when, and where is practice important? J Exp Psychol 2004; 10: 219-37. (Pubitemid 40019494)
10. Baker J, Deakin J, Cote J. On the utility of deliberate practice: Predicting performance in ultra-endurance triathletes from training indices. Int J Sport Psychol 2005 36: 225-40.
11. Baker J, Cote J, Deakin J. Expertise in ultra-endurance triathletes early sport involvement, training structure, and the theory of deliberate practice. J Appl Sport Psychol 2005; 17: 64-78.
12. Lindeman AK. Eating and training habits of triathletes: A balancing act. J Am Diet Assoc 1990; 90: 993-5. (Pubitemid 20212496)
13. Rehrer NJ, van Kemenade M, Meester W, Brouns F, Saris WH. Gastrointestinal complaints in relation to dietary intake in triathletes. Int J Sport Nutr 1992; 2: 48-59.
14. Frentos JA, Baer JT. Increased energy and nutrient intake during training and competition improves elite triathletes endurance performance. Int J Sport Nutr 1997; 71: 61-71.
15. Robins A, Hetherington M. A comparison of pre-competition eating patterns in a group of non-elite triathletes. Int J Sport Nutr 2005; 15: 442-57. (Pubitemid 41283880)
16. Desbrow B, Leveritt M. Well-trained endurance athletes' knowledge, insight, and experience of caffeine use. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2007; 17: 328-39. (Pubitemid 47359004)
17. Robins A. Nutritional recommendations for competing in the Ironman triathlon. Curr Sports Med Rep 2007;6:241-8.
18. McMurray RG, Williams DK, Battaglini CL. The timing of fluid intake during an Olympic distance triathlon. Int J Sport Nutr 2006;16:611-619.
19. Kimber NE, Ross JJ, Mason SL, Speedy DB. Energy balance during an Ironman triathlon in male and female triathletes. Int J Sport Nutr 2002;12:47-62.
20. Stoeber J, Uphill MA, Hotham S. Predicting race performance in triathlon: The role of perfectionism, achievement goals, and personal goal setting. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2009; 31: 211-45.
21. Patrick TD, Hrycaiko DW. Effects of a mental training package on an endurance performance. Sport Psychol 1998; 12: 283-99. (Pubitemid 128185757)
22. Buman MP, Omli JW, Giacobbi PR, Brewer BW. Experiences and coping responses of hitting the wall for recreational marathon runners. J Appl Sport Psychol 2008; 20: 282-300.
23. Thiese KE, Huddleston S. The use of psychological skills by female collegiate swimmers. J Sport Behav 1999; 22: 602-10.
24. Hamilton RA, Scott D, MacDougall MP. Assessing the effectiveness of self-talk interventions on endurance performance. J Appl Sport Psychol 2007; 19: 226-39.
25. Burke ST, Jin P. Predicting performance from a triathlon event. J Sport Behav 1996; 19: 272-87.
26. Martin JJ, Eklund RC, Smith AL. The relationships among competitiveness age and ability in distance runners. J Sport Behav 1994; 17: 258-66.
27. Hawley JA. State of the art training guide for endurance performance. S Afr J Sports Med 1995; 2: 4-5.
28. Filby WCD, Maynard IW, Graydon JK. The effect of multiple-goal strategies on performance outcomes in training and competition. J Appl Sport Psychol 1999; 11: 230-246.
29. Hays K, Thomas O, Maynard I, Bawden M. Competitive goal orientations and expectancy effects: A gender-based comparison. J Sports Sci 2005;23:1288-99.
30. Weinberg R, Burton D, Yukelson D, Weigand D. Goal setting in competitive sport: An exploratory investigation of practices of collegiate athletes. Sport Psychol 1993; 7: 275-89.
31. Weinberg R, Gould D. Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Champaign, IL, USA: Human Kinetics; 2007.
32. Karageorghis CI, Drew KM, Terry RC. Effects of pretest stimulative and sedative music on grip strength. Percep Mot Skills 1996; 83: 1347-52.
33. Hammermeister J, Burton D. Anxiety and the Ironman: Investigating the antecedents and consequences of endurance athletes' state anxiety. Sport Psychol 1995; 9: 29-40.
34. Lane A, Terry P, Karageorghis C. Path analysis examining relationships among antecedents of anxiety, multidimensional state anxiety, and triathlon performance. Percep Mot Skills 1995; 81: 1255-66.
35. Hammermeister J, Burton D. Stress, appraisal, and coping revisited: Examining the antecedents of competitive state anxiety with endurance athletes. Sport Psychol 2001; 15: 66-90. (Pubitemid 33388011)
36. Bishop DT, Karageorghis CI, Loizou G. A grounded theory of young tennis players' use of music to manipulate emotional state. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2007; 29: 584-607.
37. Frey M, Laguna PL, Ravizza K. Collegiate athletes' mental skill use and perceptions of success: An exploration of the practice and competition settings. J Appl Sport Psychol 2003; 15: 115-28. (Pubitemid 36761237)
38. Moore WE, Stevenson JR. Training for trust in sport skills. Sport Psychol 1994; 8: 1-12.
39. Jackson R, Baker J. Routines, rituals, and rugby: Case study of a world class goal kicker. Sport Psychol 2001; 15: 48-65. (Pubitemid 33388010)
40. Gould D, Eklund RC, Jackson S. 1988 U.S. Olympic wrestling excellence: I. Mental preparation, precompetitive cognition, and affect. Sport Psychol 1992; 6: 358-82.
41. Vergeer I, Hanrahan C. What modern dancers do to prepare: Content and objectives of preperformance routines. Avante 1998; 4: 49-71.
42. Cohn P. Preperformance routines in sport: Theoretical support and practical applications. Sport Psychol 1990; 4: 301-12.
43. Lane A, Terry P, Karageorghis C. Antecedents of multidimensional competitive state anxiety and self-confidence in duathletes. Percep Mot Skills 1995; 80: 911-8.