To warm up or to pre-cool? The paradox of optimal strategies to undertake prior to exercise in the heat

Body Temperature Regulation

Volumn , Issue , 2019, Pages 209-226

  Duffield, Rob ^a   Lovell, Ric ^b  

^a CHARLES STURT UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856558744     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (73)

1. oC) with Simulated Air Movement on the Thermoregulatory Responses during a 4-km Cycling Time Trial. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2008, In press.
2. Amgrimsson, SA; Petitt, DS; Stueck, MG; Jorgensen, DK; Cureton, KJ. Cooling vest worn during active warm-up improves 5-km run performance in the heat. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2004,96:1876-1874.
3. Beelen, A; Sargeant, AJ. Effect of lowered muscle temperature on the physiological response to exercise in men. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 1991,63,387-392.
4. Bergh, U; Ekblom, B. Physical performance and peak aerobic power at different temperatures. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1979,46,885-889.
5. Bishop, D. Warm Up I. Potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm-up on exercise performance. Sports Medicine, 2003a,33,439-454.
6. Bishop, D. Warm Up II. Performance changes following active warm up and how to structure the warm up. Sports Medicine, 2003b,33,483-498.
7. Bishop, D; Claudius, B. The effects of warm up on simulated team-sport performance. Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis, 2005, 9,7—21.
8. Bishop, D; Maxwell, N. Effects of active warm up on thermoregulation and intermittent-sprint performance in hot conditions. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2008, In press
9. Booth, J; Marino, F; Ward, JJ. Improved running performance in hot humid conditions following whole body precooling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Execise, 1997,29:943-949.
10. Brinkhorst, RA; Hoofd, L; Vissers, ACA. Temperature and force-velocity relationship of human muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1977,42,471-475.
11. Brown, PI; Hughes, MG; Tong, RJ. The effect of warm-up on high-intensity, intermittent running using nonmotorized treadmill ergometry. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2008, 22, 801-808.
12. Burnley, M; Jones, AM; Carter, H; Doust, JH. Effects of prior heavy exercise on phase II pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2000,89, 1387-1396.
13. Castle, PC; Macdonald, AL; Philip, A; Webborn, A; Watt, PW; Maxwell, NS. Precooling leg muscle improves intermittent sprint exercise performance in hot, humid conditions. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2006,100,1377-1384.
14. Cheung, SS; Sleivert, GG. Lowering of skin temperature decreases isokinetic maximal force production independent of core temperature. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2004, 91, 723-728.
15. Cheung, SS; Robinson, AM. The influence of upper-body pre-cooling on repeated sprint performance in moderate ambient temperatures. Journal of Sports Science, 2004,22,605-612.
16. Crowley, GC; Garg, A; Lohn, MS; Van Someren, S; Wade, AJ. Effects of cooling the legs on performance in a standard Wingate anaerobic power test. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 1991,25,200-203.
17. Datson, N; Drust, B; Atkinson, G; Gregson, W. Effects of pre-cooling and warm-up intensity on soccer-specific intermittent exercise performance in heat. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2007, S10, 185.
18. Davies, CTM; Young, K. Effect of temperature on the contractile properties and muscle power of triceps surae in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1983, 55, 191-195.
19. Duffield, R; Dawson, B; Bishop, D; Fitzsimons, M; Lawrence, S. Effect of wearing and ice cooling jacket on repeat sprint performance in warm/humid conditions. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2003,37,164-169.
20. Duffield, R; Marino, FE. Effects of pre-cooling procedures on intermittent-sprint exercise performance in warm conditions. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2007,100,727-735.
21. Drust, B; Cable, NT; Reilly, T. Investigation of the effects of the pre-cooling on the physiological responses to soccer-specific intermittent exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2000,81,11-17.
22. Drust, B; Atkinson, G; Gregson, W; French, D; Binningsley D. The effects of massage on intra muscular temperature in the vastus lateralis in humans. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2003, 24, 395-399.
23. Drust, B; Rasmussen, P; Mohr, M; Nielsen, B; Nybo, L. Elevations in core and muscle temperature impairs repeated sprint performance. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 2005,183,181-190.
24. Ekblom, B; Greenleaf, CJ; Greenleaf, JE; Hermansen, L. Temperature Regulation during continuous and intermittent exercise in man. Acta Physiologica Scandinavia, 1971, 81, 110.
25. Falk, B; Radom-Isaac, S; Hoffmann, JR; Wang, Y; Yarom, Y; Magazanik, A; Weinstein, Y. The effect of heat exposure on performance of and recovery from high-intensity, intermittent exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 1998, 19, 1-6.
26. Febbraio, MA; Carey, MF; Snow, RJ; Stathis, CG; Hargreaves, M. Influence of elevated muscle temperature on metabolism during intense, dynamic exercise. American Journal of Physiology, 1996,271, R1251-1255.
27. Galloway, SDR; Maughan, RJ. Effects of ambient temperature on the capacity to perform prolonged cycle exercise in man. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 1997, 29, 1240-1249.
28. Gerbino, A; Ward, S; Whipp, B. Effects of pulmonary gas-exchange kinetics during high intensity exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1996, 80, 99-107.
29. Gleeson, M. Temperature regulation during exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 1998, 19, 96-99.
30. Gonzalez-Alonso, J; Teller, C; Anderson, SL; Jensen, FB; Hyldig, T; Nielsen, B. Influence of body temperature on the development of fatigue during prolonged exercise in the heat. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1999,86,1032-1038.
31. Gossen, ER; Sale, DG. Effect of postactivation potentiation on dynamic knee extension performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2000, 83, 524-530.
32. Gray, SC; Nimmo, MA. Effects of active, passive or no warm-up on metabolism and performance during short-duration high-intensity exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2001, 19, 693-700.
33. Gray, SR; De Vito, G; Nimmo, MA; Farina, D; Ferguson, RA. Skeletal muscle ATP turnover and muscle fiber conduction velocity are elevated at higher muscle temperatures during maximal power output development in humans. American Journal of Physiology, 2006, 290, R376-R382.
34. Gregson, WA; Batterham, A; Drust, B; Cable, NT. The influence of pre-warming on the physiological responses to prolonged intermittent exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2005, 23,455—464.
35. Gregson, WA; Drust, D; Batterham, A; Cable, NT. The effects of pre-warming on the metabolic and thermo-regulatory responses to prolonged submaximal exercise in moderate ambient temperatures. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2002, 86, 526-533.
36. Hajoglou, A; Foster, C; De Koning, JJ; Lucia, A; Kernozek, TW; Porcari, JP. Effect of Warm-Up on Cycle Time Trial Performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2005, 37, 1608-1614.
37. Hessemer, V; Langusch, D; Bruck, K. Effect of slightly lowered temperatures on endurance performance in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1984,57,1731-1737.
38. Holewijn, M; Heus, R. Effects of temperature on electromyogram and muscle function. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 1992,65,541-545.
39. Karvonen, J. Importance of warm up and cool down on exercise performance. In Karvonen J, Lemon PWR, Iliev I editors. Medicine and Sports Training and Coaching. Basel Karger. 1992:190-213.
40. Kay, D; Taafe, DR; Marino, FE. Whole-body pre-cooling and heat storage during self paced cycling performance in warm humid conditions. Journal of Sports Science, 1999,17,937-944.
41. Lee, D; Haymes, E. Exercise duration and thermoregulatory responses after whole body precooling. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1995,79,1971-1976.
42. Lindinger, MI. Exercise in the heat: thermoregulatory limitations to performance in humans and horses. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 1999, 24, 152-163.
43. Linnane, DM; Bracken, RM; Brooks, S; Cox VM; Ball, D. Effects of hyperthermia on the metabolic responses to repeated high-intensity exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2004, 93, 159-166.
44. Marino, FE. Methods, advantages and limitations of body cooling for exercise performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2002,36,89-94.
45. Maxwell, NS; Aitchison, TC; Nimmo, MA. The effect of climatic heat stress on intermittent supramaximal running performance in humans. Experimental Physiology, 1996, 81, 83345.
46. McLellan, TM; Smith, IF; Gannon, GA; Zamecnik, J. Melatonin has no effect on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2000, 83, 336-343.
47. Mohr, M; Rasmussen, P; Drust, B; Nielsen, B; Nybo, L. Environmental heat stress, hyperammonemia and nucleotide metabolism during intermittent exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2006,97,89-95.
48. Mohr, M; Krustrup, P; Nybo, L; Nielsen, JJ; Bangsbo, J. Muscle temperature and sprint performance during soccer matches-beneficial effects of re-warm up at half-time. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 2004,14,156-162.
49. Morrison, S; Sleivert, GC; Cheung, SS. Passive hyperthermia reduces voluntary activation and isometric force production. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2004,91,729736.
50. Nybo, L; Nielsen, B. Hyperthermia and central fatigue during prolonged exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 2001,91,1055-1066.
51. Nybo, L. Hyperthermia and fatigue. Journal of Applied Physiology 2008,104,871-878.
52. O’Brien, B; Payne, W; Gastin, P; Burge, C. A comparison of active and passive warm ups on energy system contribution and performance in moderate heat. Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sports, 1997, 29, 106-109.
53. Olschewski, H; Bruck, K. Thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and muscular factors related to exercise after precooling. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1988,64,803-811.
54. Proske, U; Morgan, DL. Do cross-bridges contribute to the tension during stretch of passive muscle? Journal of Muscle Research Cell Motility, 1999, 20, 433-442.
55. Quod, MJ; Martin, DT; Laursen, PB. Cooling athletes before competition in the heat. Comparison of techniques and practical considerations. Sports Medicine 2006,36,371-382.
56. Racinais, S; Blonc, S; Jonville, S; Hue, O. Time-of-day influences the environmental effects on muscle force and contractility. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2005, 37, 256-261.
57. Racinais, S; Blonc, S; Oksa, J; Hue, O. Does the diurnal increase in central temperature interact with pre-cooling or passive warm-up of the leg? Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2007.
58. Racinais, S; Hue, O; Blonc, S. Time-of-day effects on anaerobic muscular power in a moderately warm environment. Chronobiology International, 2004, 21, 485-495.
59. Reilly, T; Drust, B; Gregson, W.: Thermoregulation in elite athletes. Current Opinion in Clinical and Nutritional Metabolic Care, 2006,9,666-671.
60. Robergs, RA; Pascoe, DD; Costill, DL; Fink, WJ; Chwalbinska-Moneta, J; Davis, JA; Hickner, R. Effects of warm-up on muscle glycogenolysis during intense exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 1991, 23, 37-43.
61. Saltin, B; Gagge, AP; Stolwijk, JAJ. Muscle temperature during submaximal exercise in man. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1968, 25, 679-688.
62. Sleivert, GG; Cotter, JD; Roberts, WS; Febbraio MA. The influence of whole-body vs torso precooling on physiological strain and performance of high intensity exercise in the heat. Comparative Biochemical Physiology 2001,128,657-666.
63. Stewart, D; Macaluso, A; De Vito, G. The effect of an active warm-up on surface EMG and muscle performance in healthy humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2003, 89, 509-513.
64. Taber, C; Contryman, K; Fahrenbruch, J; LaCount, K; Cornwall, MW. Measurement of reactive vasocdilation during cold gel pack application to nontraumatized ankles. Physical Therapy, 1992,72,294-299.
65. Tucker, R; Rauch, L; Harley, YX; Noakes, TD. Impaired exercise performance in the heat is associated with an anticipatory reduction in skeletal muscle activation. Pflugers Archives, 2004,448,422-430.
66. Uckert, S; Joch, W. Effects of warm-up and pre-cooling on endurance performance in the heat. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2007,41,380-384.
67. Webb, P. The physiology of heat regulation. American Journal of Physiology, 1995, 268, R838-R850.
68. Wendt, D; van Loon, LJC; van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Thermoregulation during exercise in the heat. Sports Medicine, 2007,37,669-682.
69. Wiktorsson-Moller, M; Oberg, B; Ekstrand, J; Gillquist, J. Effects of warming up, massage, and stretching on range of motion and muscle strength in the lower extremity. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 1983, 11, 249-252.
70. Wilson, TE; Johnson, SC; Petajan, JH; Davis, SL; Gappmaier, E; Luetkemeier, MJ; White, AT. Thermal regulatory responses to submaximal cycling following lower-body cooling in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2002,88,67-75.
71. Woods, K; Bishop, P; Jones, E. Warm-Up and stretching in the prevention of muscular injury. Sports Medicine, 2007, 37, 1089-1099.
72. Yanagisawa, O; Homma, T; Okuwaki, T; Shimao, D; Takahashi, H. Effects of cooling on human skin and skeletal muscle. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2007,100,737-745.
73. Young, WB; Jenner, A; Griffiths, K. Acute enhancement of power performance from heavy load squats. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 1998, 12, 82-84.