Integrating field surveys and remote sensing data to study distribution, habitat use and conservation status of the herpetofauna of the Comoro Islands

ZooKeys

Volumn 144, Issue , 2011, Pages 21-79

  Hawlitschek, Oliver ^a   Brückmann, Boris ^a   Berger, Johannes ^a   Green, Katie ^b   Glaw, Frank ^a  

^a ZOOLOGISCHE STAATSSAMMLUNG MÜNCHEN   (Germany)

^b Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation   (Comoros)

Author keywords

Amphibians; Area of occupancy; Conservation planning; Iucn red list; Landsat; Protected areas; Reptiles; Satellite imagery; Western indian ocean

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBIA; GEKKONIDAE; OPLURUS CUVIERI; PAROEDURA; PHELSUMA NIGRISTRIATA; REPTILIA; SQUAMATA;

EID: 84856451325     PISSN: 13132989     EISSN: 13132970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.144.1648     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Allibert C, Argant A, Argant J (1983) La site de Dembeni. Etudes Ocean Indien 2: 127-142.
2. Allibert C, Vérin P (1996) Te early pre-islamic history of the Comores islands: links with Madagascar and Africa. In: Reade J (Ed) The Indian Ocean in Antiquity. London, New York: Kegan Paul International, British Museum, 461-470.
3. Anonymus (2000) Stratégie nationale et plan d'action pour la conservation de la diversité biologique en RFI des Comores. République Fédérale Islamique des Comores, Minis-tère de la Production et de l'Environnement, Direction Générale de l'Environnement, 162 pp.
4. Atkinson IAW (1985) Te spread of commensal species of Rattus to oceanic islands and their efects on island avifaunas. In: Moors PJ (Ed) Conservation of island birds. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, 35-81.
5. Bachélery P, Coudray J (1993) Carte géologique des Comores. Notice explicative de la carte volcano-tectonique de la Grande Comore (Ngazidja). Ministère Français de la Coopéra-tion (Mission Français de Coopération à Moroni - Comores).
6. Battistini R, Vérin P (1984) Géographie des Comores. Agence de Cooperation culturelle et technique, Editions Fernand Nathan, Paris, 142 pp.
7. Bauer AM, Jackman TR, Greenbaum E, de Silva A, Giri VB, Das I (2010) Molecular evidence for the taxonomic status of Hemidactylus brookii group taxa (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Her-petological Journal 20: 129-138.
8. Bell KE, Donnelly MA (2006) Infuence of forest fragmentation on community structure of frogs and lizards in Northeastern Costa Rica. Conservation Biology 20: 1750-1760. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00522.x
9. Benson CW (1960) Te birds of the Comoro islands: results of the British Ornithologists' Union Centenary expedition 1958. Ibis 103b: 5-106. doi: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960. tb03677.x
10. Blanc CP (1971) Les reptiles de Madagascar et les îles voisines. Annales de la Université de Madagascar 8: 95-178.
11. Blanc CP (1972) Les reptiles de Madagascar et des îles voisines. In: Battistini R, Richard-Vindard G (Eds) Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar, 501-614.
12. Brygoo ER (1981) Systématique des lézards Scincidés de la région malgache. VIII. Les Mabuya des îles de l'Océan Indien occidental: Comores, Europa, Seychelles. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 3: 911-930.
13. Buchanan GM, Butchart SHM, Dutson G, Pilgrim JD, Steininger MK, Bishop KD, Mayaux P (2008) Using remote sensing to inform conservation status assessment: Estimates of recent deforestation rates on New Britain and the impacts upon endemic birds. Biological Conservation 141: 56-66. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.08.023
14. Burton J (2003) On Red Lists and IUCN. PlantTalk 32: 4-5.
15. Carpenter AI (2009) Furcifer cephalolepis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Treatened Species. Version 2011.1. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 05 October 2011.
16. Carretero MA, Harris DJ, Rocha S (2005) Recent observations of reptiles in the Comoro Islands (Western Indian Ocean). Herpetological Bulletin 91: 19-28.
17. Case TJ, Bolger T, Richman AD (1992) Reptilian extinctions: the last ten thousand years. In: Fiedler PL, Jain SK (Eds) Conservation biology: the theory and practice of nature conservation, preservation and management. Chapman and Hall, New York, 90-125.
18. Central Intelligence Agency (2009) Te World Factbook 2009. Washington, DC. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html
19. Cheke A (2010) Te timing of arrival of humans and their commensal animals on Western Indian Ocean oceanic islands. Phelsuma 18: 38-69.
20. Cheke A, Hume J (2008) Lost Land of the Dodo. T & AD Poyser, London, 480 pp.
21. Chen J, Saunders SC, Crow TR, Naiman RJ, Brosofske KD, Mroz GD, Brookshire BL, Franklin JF (1999) Microclimate in forest ecosystem and landscape ecology? Variations in local climate can be used to monitor and compare the efects of diferent management regimes. BioScience 49: 288-297. doi: 10.2307/1313612
22. Chuang SA, Lee LL (1997) Food habits of three carnivore species (Viverricula indica, Her-pestes uwa, and Melogale moschata) in Fushan Forest, northern Taiwan. Journal of Zoology 243: 71-79. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05757.x
23. Cole C (1992) Reptiles and amphibians of the Comoro archipelago. In: Trewhalla WJ, Reason PF (Eds) Te fnal report of the University of Bristol Comoros '92 expedition. Action Co-mores. Te University of Bristol, 113-120.
24. Cole NC, Jones CG, Harris S (2005) Te need for enemy-free space: the impact of an invasive gecko on island endemics. Biological Conservation 125: 467-474. doi: 10.1016/j. biocon.2005.04.017
25. 18O record for the past 34,000 yr from Mayotte reef, Indian Ocean. Quaternary Research 46: 335-339.
26. Daszak P, Cunninham AA, Hyatt AD (2003) Infectious disease and amphibian population declines. Diversity and Distributions 9: 141-150. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00016.x
27. Denny CM, Morley CG, Chadderton WL, Hero JM (2005) Demonstration project to eradicate invasive cane toads and mammals from Viwa Island, Fiji. Unpublished project plan at the Cooperative Islands Initiative, University of Auckland, 15pp.
28. Diamond JC (1984a) Historic extinctions: their mechanisms, and lessons for understanding prehistoric extinctions. In: Martin PS, Klein R (Eds) Quartenary extinctions. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 824-862.
29. Diamond JC (1984b) "Normal" extinctions of isolated populations. In: Nitecki MH (Ed) Extinctions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 191-246.
30. Emerick CM, Duncan RA (1982) Age progressive volcanism in the Comoros archipelago, western Indian Ocean and implication for Somali plate tectonics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 60: 415-428. doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(82)90077-2
31. Fredericksen NJ, Fredericksen T S (2002) Terrestrial wildlife responses to logging and fre in a Bolivian tropical humid forest. Biodiversity and Conservation 11:27-38 doi: 10.1023/A:1014065510554
32. Gerlach J, Canning KL (2004) Evolution and history of the giant tortoises of the Aldabra Island Group. Phelsumania, http://www.phelsumania.com/public/articles/fauna_dipso-chelys_1.html
33. Glaw F, Vences M (2007) A feldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of Madagascar. Tird edition. Vences & Glaw Verlag, Cologne, 496 pp.
34. Günther A (1879) On mammals and reptiles from Johanna, Comoro Islands. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5:215-218
35. Hajash A, Armstrong RL (1972) Paleomagnetic and radiometric evidence for the ages of the Comoro islands, west central Indian Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 16: 231-236. doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(72)90195-1
36. Hawlitschek O (2008) Reptiles and Amphibians of the Comoro Islands. Unpublished Diploma Tesis, University of Munich, 257 pp.
37. Hayes D, Sader SA (2001) Change detection techniques for monitoring forest clearing and regrowth in a tropical moist forest. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 67: 1064-1075.
38. Hays WST, Conant S (2007) Biology and Impacts of Pacifc Island Invasive Species. 1. A Worldwide Review of Efects of the Small Indian Mongoose, Herpestes javanicus (Car-nivora: Herpestidae). Pacifc Science 61: 3-16. doi: 10.1353/psc.2007.0006
39. Hofmann M, Hilton-Taylor C, Angulo A, Böhm M, Brooks TM, Butchart SH, Carpenter KE, Chanson J, Collen B, Cox NA, Darwall WR, Dulvy NK, Harrison LR, Katariya V, Pollock CM, Quader S, Richman NI, Rodrigues AS, Tognelli M F, Vié JC, Aguiar JM, Allen DJ, Allen GR, Amori G, Ananjeva NB, Andreone F, Andrew P, Aquino-Ortiz AL, Bail-lie JE, Baldi R, Bell BD, Biju SD, Bird J P, Black-Decima P, Blanc JJ, Bolaños F, Bolivar GW, Burfeld IJ, Burton JA, Capper DR, Castro F, Catullo G, Cavanagh RD, Channing A, Chao NL, Chenery AM, Chiozza F, Clausnitzer V, Collar NJ, Collett LC, Collette BB, Cortez Fernandez C F, Craig MT, Crosby MJ, Cumberlidge N, Cuttelod A, Derocher AE, Diesmos AC, Donaldson JS, Duckworth JW, Dutson G, Dutta SK, Emslie RH, Farjon A, Fowler S, Freyhof J, Garshelis DL, Gerlach J, Gower DJ, Grant TD, Hammerson GA, Harris RB, Heaney LR, Hedges SB, Hero JM, Hughes B, Hussain SA, Icochea M J, Inger R F, Ishii N, Iskandar DT, Jenkins RK, Kaneko Y, Kottelat M, Kovacs KM, Kuzmin SL, La Marca E, Lamoreux J F, Lau MW, Lavilla EO, Leus K, Lewison RL, Lichtenstein G, Livingstone SR, Lukoschek V, Mallon D P, McGowan PJ, McIvor A, Moehlman PD, Molur S, Muñoz Alonso A, Musick JA, Nowell K, Nussbaum RA, Olech W, Orlov NL, Papenfuss TJ, Parra-Olea G, Perrin W F, Polidoro BA, Pourkazemi M, Racey PA, Ragle JS, Ram M, Rathbun G, Reynolds R P, Rhodin AG, Richards SJ, Rodríguez LO, Ron SR, Rondinini C, Rylands AB, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y, Sanciangco JC, Sanders KL, Santos-Barrera G, Schipper J, Self-Sullivan C, Shi Y, Shoemaker A, Short F T, Sillero-Zubiri C, Silvano DL, Smith KG, Smith AT, Snoeks J, Stattersfeld AJ, Symes AJ, Taber AB, Talukdar BK, Temple HJ, Timmins R, Tobias JA, Tsytsulina K, Tweddle D, Ubeda C, Valenti SV, van Dijk P P, Veiga LM, Veloso A, Wege DC, Wilkinson M, Williamson EA, Xie F, Young BE, Akçakaya HR, Bennun L, Blackburn TM, Boitani L, Dublin HT, da Fonseca GA, Gascon C, Lacher TE Jr, Mace GM, Mainka SA, McNeely JA, Mittermeier RA, Reid GM, Rodriguez J P, Rosenberg AA, Samways MJ, Smart J, Stein BA, Stuart SN (2010) Te Impact of Conservation on the Status of the World's Vertebrates. Science 330: 1503-1509. doi: 10.1126/science.1194442
40. Horner P (2007) Systematics of the snake-eyed skinks, Cryptoblepharus Wiegmann (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) - an Australian based review. Te Beagle Supplement 3: 21-198.
41. Ineich I (2009a) Cryptoblepharus ater. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Treatened Species. Version 2011.1. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 05 October 2011.
42. Ineich I (2009b) Phelsuma comorensis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Treatened Species. Version 2011.1. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 05 October 2011.
43. Ineich I (2009c) Phelsuma v-nigra. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Treatened Species. Version 2011.1. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 05 October 2011.
44. Ineich I, Meirte D (2009) Amphiglossus johannae. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Treat-ened Species. Version 2011.1. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 05 October 2011.
45. INSEE (2007) INSEE Infos 32, Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques, Mayotte.
46. IUCN (1994) IUCN Red List Categories. IUCN-SSC.
47. IUCN (2001a) IUCN red list categories and criteria (version 3.1). IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
48. IUCN (2001b) IUCN habitat authority fle (version 2.1). IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
49. Jennings SB, Brown ND, Sheil D (1999) Assessing forest canopies and understorey illumination: canopy closure, canopy cover and other measures. Forestry 72: 59-74. doi: 10.1093/ forestry/72.1.59
50. Jolly R, Fukuda-Parr S (2000) Human Development Report 2000. United Nations Development Programme. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
51. Köhler J, Glaw F, Vences M (1997) First record of Mabuya comorensis (Reptilia: Scincidae) for the Madagascan fauna, with notes on the reptile fauna of the ofshore island Nosy Tanikely. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Bolletino (Torino) 15: 75-82.
52. Kothari A (2003) Cadre de géstion environmental et social. Rapport provisionel. Republique Fédérale Islamique des Comores, FADC III, 51 pp.
53. Kremen C, Cameron A, Moilanen A, Phillips SJ, Tomas CD, Beentje H, Dransfeld J, Fisher BL, Glaw F, Good TC, Harper GJ, Hijmans RJ, Lees DC, Louis E Jr., Nussbaum RA, Raxworthy CJ, Razafmpahanana A, Schatz GE, Vences M, Vieites DR, Wright PC, Zjhra ML (2008) Aligning conservation priorities across taxa in Madagascar with high-resolution planning tools. Science 320: 222-226. doi: 10.1126/science.1155193
54. Lee TM, Jetz W (2011) Unravelling the structure of species extinction risk for predictive conservation science. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 278: 1329-1338. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1877
55. Louette M, Meirte D, Jocqué R (Eds) (2004) La faune terrestre de'l archipel des Comores. Studies in Afrotropical Zoology 293. Tervuren: MRAC, 456 pp.
56. Lowe S, Browne M, Boudjelas S, De Poorter M (2000) 100 of the world's worst invasive alien species. A selection from the Global Invasive Species Database. Published by Te Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN).
57. Marsh CJ, Lewis OT, Said I, Ewers RE (2010) Community-level diversity modelling of birds and butterfies on Anjouan, Comoro Islands. Biological Conservation 143: 1364-1374. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.03.010
58. Mausfeld-Lafdhiya P, Schmitz A, Ineich I, Chirio L (2004) Genetic variation in two African Euprepis species (Reptilia, Scincidae), based on maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analyses: taxonomic and biogeographic conclusions. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 52: 159-177.
59. Meirte D (1992) Occurrence of Oplurus cuvieri (Reptilia, Iguanidae) on Grand Comoro, Indian Ocean. Bulletin of the British Herpetological Society 39: 3-4.
60. Meirte D (2004) Reptiles.Batraciens. In: Louette M, Meirte D, Jocqué R (Eds) (2004) La faune terrestre de'l archipel des Comores. Studies in Afrotropical Zoology 293. Tervuren: MRAC, 199-226.
61. Mendelson JR, Lips KR, Gagliardo RW, Rabb GB, Collins J P, Difendorfer JE, Daszak P, Ibáñez D R, Zippel KC, Lawson D P, Wright KM, Stuart SN, Gascon C, da Silva HR, Bur-rowes PA, Joglar RL, La Marca E, Lötters S, du Preez LH, Weldon C, Hyatt A, Rodriguez-Mahecha JV, Hunt S, Robertson H, Lock B, Raxworthy CJ, Frost DR, Lacy RC, Alford RA, Campbell JA, Parra-Olea G, Bolaños F, Domingo JJ, Halliday T, Murphy JB, Wake MH, Coloma LA, Kuzmin SL, Price MS, Howell KM, Lau M, Pethiyagoda R, Boone M, Lannoo MJ, Blaustein AR, Dobson A, Grifths RA, Crump ML, Wake DB, Brodie ED. (2006) Confronting amphibian declines and extinctions. Science 313: 48. doi: 10.1126/ science.1128396
62. Montaggioni L, Nougier J (1981) Les enclaves de roches détritiques dans les volcans d'Anjouan (Archipel des Comores): origine et interprétation dans le cadre de l'évolution du Canal de Mozambique. Bulletin de la Societé Geologique de France 23: 596-601.
63. Msaidie S, Ducourneau A, Boetsch G, Longepied G, Papa K, Allibert C, Yahaya AA, Chiaroni J, Mitchell MJ (2011) Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean. European Journal of Human Genetics 19: 89-94. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.128
64. Münchenberg T, Wollenberg KC, Glaw F, Vences M (2008) Molecular phylogeny and geographic variation of Malagasy iguanas (Oplurus and Chalarodon). Amphibia-Reptilia 29: 319-327. doi: 10.1163/156853808785112101
65. Nougier J, Chantagrel JM, Karche JP (1986) Te Comores archipelago in the western Indian Ocean: volcanology, geochronology and geodynamic setting. Journal of African Earth Sciences 5: 135-145. doi: 10.1016/0899-5362(86)90003-5
66. Paris B (1999) Espéces de faune et fore connues en RFI des Comores. Projet de conservation de la biodiversité et developpement durable (PNUD/FEM) Moroni, Comores.
67. Pascal O (2002) Plantes et forêts de Mayotte. Patrimoines Naturels, 53, Paris, SPN/IEGB/MNHN, 108 pp.
68. Purvis A, Gittleman J L, Cowlishaw G, Mace GM (2000) Predicting extinction risk in declining species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 267:1947-1952. doi: 10.1098/ rspb.2000.1234
69. Raxworthy CJ, Forstner MRJ, Nussbaum RA (2002) Chameleon radiation by oceanic dispersal. Nature 415: 784-786.
70. Raxworthy CJ, Pearson RG, Rabibisoa N, Rakotondrazafy AM, Ramanamanjato J-B, Rase-limanana A P, Wu S, Nussbaum RA, Stone DA (2008) Extinction vulnerability of tropical montane endemism from warming and upslope displacement: a preliminary appraisal for the highest massif in Madagascar. Global Change Biology 14: 1703-1720. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01596.x
71. Rocha S, Carretero M A, Harris D J (2005) Diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Hemidactylus geckos from the Comoro islands. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 292-299. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.023
72. Rocha S, Carretero MA, Vences M, Glaw F, Harris DJ (2006) Deciphering patterns of transoceanic dispersal: the evolutionary origin and biogeography of coastal lizards (Crypto-blepharus) in the Western Indian Ocean region. Journal of Biogeography 33: 13-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01375.x
73. Rocha S, Vences M, Glaw F, Posada D, Harris DJ (2009a) Multigene phylogeny of Malagasy day geckos of the genus Phelsuma. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52: 530-537. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.03.032
74. Rocha S, Ineich I, Harris D J (2009b) Cryptic variation and recent bipolar range expansion within the Stumped-Toed Gecko Gehyra mutilata across Indian and Pacifc Ocean islands. Contributions to Zoology 78: 1-8.
75. Rocha S, Carretero MA, Harris DJ (2010a) Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Mabuya spp. (Squamata: Scincidae) from western Indian Ocean islands. Amphibia-Reptilia 31: 375-385.
76. Rocha S, Carretero MA, Harris DJ (2010b) On the diversity, colonization patterns and status of Hemidactylus spp. (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from the Western Indian Ocean islands. Her-petological Journal 20: 83-89. doi: 10.1163/156853810791769473
77. Rodrigues ASL, Pilgrim JD, Lamoreux JF, Hofmann M, Brooks TM (2006) Te value of the IUCN Red List for conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21: 71-76. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2005.10.010
78. Rödder D, Kielgast J, Bielby J, Schmidtlein S, Bosch J, Garner TWJ, Veith M, Walker S, Fisher MC, Lötters S (2009) Global Amphibian Extinction Risk Assessment for the Panzootic Chytrid Fungus. Diversity 1: 52-66.
79. Rödder D, Hawlitschek O, Glaw F (2010) Environmental niche plasticity of the endemic gecko Phelsuma parkeri Loveridge 1941 from Pemba Island, Tanzania: a case study of extinction risk on fat islands by climate change. Tropical Zoology 23: 35-49. doi: 10.3390/ d1010052
80. Rösler H, Glaw F (2010) Morphologische Variation und Taxonomie von Hemidactylus brookii Gray, 1845 und Hemidactylus angulatus Hallowell, 1854 sowie phänotypisch ähnlicher Taxa. Spixiana 33: 139-160.
81. Sader SA, Hayes DJ, Coan M, Hepinstall JA, Soza C (2001) Forest change monitoring of a remote biosphere reserve. International Journal of Remote Sensing 22: 1937-1950.
82. Skerratt L F, Berger L, Speare R, Cashins S, McDonald KR, Phillott AD, Hines HB, Kenyon N (2007) Spread of chytridiomycosis has caused the rapid global decline and extinction of frogs. EcoHealth 4: 125-134. doi: 10.1007/s10393-007-0093-5
83. Stuart SN, Chanson JS, Cox NA, Young BE, Rodrigues ASL, Fischman DL, Waller RW (2004) Status and Trends of Amphibian Declines and Extinctions Worldwide. Science 306: 1783-1786. doi: 10.1126/science.1103538
84. Tassin J, Rivière J-N, Cazanove M, Bruzzese E (2006) Ranking of invasive woody plant species for Management on Réunion Island. Weed Research 46: 388-403. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2006.00522.x
85. Temple S (1985) Why endemic island birds are so vulnerable to extinction. In: Temple S (Ed) Bird conservation 2. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 3-6.
86. UNEP-WCMC (2011) CITES Trade Database. http://www.unep-wcmc.org/citestrade/ [Accessed 2011-09-13]
87. Vences M, Vieites DR, Glaw F, Brinkmann H, Kosuch J, Veith M, Meyer A (2003) Multiple overseas dispersal in amphibians. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270: 2435-2442. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2003.2516
88. Vences M, Wanke S, Vieites DR, Branch WR, Glaw F, Meyer A (2004) Natural colonization or introduction? Phylogeographical relationships and morphological diferentiation of house geckos (Hemidactylus) from Madagascar. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83:115-130. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00370.x
89. Vié JC, Hilton-Taylor C, Pollock C, Ragle J, Smart J, Stuart S, Tong R (2008) Te IUCN Red List: a key conservation tool. In: Vié J-C, Hilton-Taylor C, Stuart SN (Eds) Te 2008 Review of Te IUCN Red List of Treatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
90. Wagner P, Glaw F, Glaw K, Böhme W (2009) Studies on African Agama IV: First record of Agama agama (Sauria: Agamidae) from Madagascar and identity of the alien population on Grande Comore Island. Herpetology Notes 2: 73-77.
91. Wake DB, Vredenburg VT (2008) Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A review from the world of amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105: 11466-11473. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0801921105
92. Weldon C, du Preez LH, Hyatt AD, Muller R, Speare R (2004) Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10: 2100-2105.
93. Wilson EH, Sader SA (2002) Detection of forest harvest type using multiple dates of Land-sat TM imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment 80: 385-396. doi: 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00318-2
94. Witmer G, Burke PW, Pitt WC, Avery ML (2007) Management of invasive vertebrates in the USA: an overview. In: Witmer GW, Pitt WC, Fagerstone KA (Eds) Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species: Proceedings of an International Symposium. USDA/APHIS/WS, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, 12 pp.