A capital assets framework for appraising and building capacity for tourism development in aboriginal protected area gateway communities

Tourism Management

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 752-766

  Bennett, Nathan ^a   Lemelin, Raynald Harvey ^b   Koster, Rhonda ^b   Budke, Isabel ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^b LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Aboriginal tourism; Capacity building; Capital assets; Conservation and development; Protected areas; Tourism development

Indexed keywords

CAPACITY BUILDING; CAPITAL; COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; LEISURE INDUSTRY; PROTECTED AREA; TOURISM DEVELOPMENT; TOURISM MANAGEMENT;

EID: 84856441279     PISSN: None     EISSN: 02615177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.08.009     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Agardy T. Advances in marine conservation: the role of marine protected areas. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1994, 9(7):267-270.
2. Alexander N., McKenna A. Rural tourism in the heart of England. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality 1998, 10(5):203-207.
3. ATTC Aboriginal tourism in Canada. Part I: Economic impact analysis 2003, Final report prepared for ATTC by Bearing Point LP, Goss Gilroy Inc. & Associates.
4. ATTC Aboriginal tourism in Canada. Part II: Trends, issues, constraints and opportunities 2003, Final report prepared for ATTC by Bearing Point LP, Goss Gilroy Inc. & Associates.
5. Babbie E. The basics of social research 1999, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, CA.
6. Ban N., Picard C., Vincent N. Moving toward spatial solutions in marine conservation with indigenous communities. Ecology and Society 2008, 13(1):32. Online URL. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org.vol13/iss1/art32/.
7. Barbour W. AkKutiliuk - making a path Torngat Mountains National Park reserve of Canada. Canadian Parks Council. Aboriginal peoples and Canada's protected areas 2008, Queen's Printer, Ottawa.
8. Bauer H. Local perceptions of Waza National Park, northern Cameroon. Environmental Conservation 2003, 30(1):175-181.
9. Bebbington A. Capitals and capabilities: a framework for analyzing peasant viability, rural livelihoods and poverty. World Development 1999, 27(12):2021-2044.
10. Bennett, N. (2009). Conservation, community benefit, capacity building, and the social economy: A case study of Lutsel K'e and the proposed national park (275 pp.). Unpublished master's environmental studies thesis, School of Outdoor Recreation, Parks and Tourism, Lakehead University.
11. Bennett N., Lemelin R.H. Maximizing benefit from the creation of a national park through capacity building and the social economy 2009, (51 pp.) Research report prepared for the Lutsel K'e Dene First Nation, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay.
12. Bennett N., Lemelin R.H., Ellis S. Aboriginal and local perspectives on the community benefits of conservation: a case study of a proposed Canadian national park and the Lutsel K'e Dene First Nation. Geography Research Forum 2010, 30(1):105-134.
13. Bennett N., Lemelin R.H., Ellis S., Enzoe G. Building local capacity for indigenous tourism development. Conference proceedings of the 4th international lakes tourism conference 2010, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay.
14. Biggs D. Understanding resilience in a vulnerable industry: the case of reef tourism in Australia. Ecology and Society 2011, 16(1):30. Online URL. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art30/.
15. Blackman A. Perspectives on leadership coaching for regional tourism managers and entrepreneurs. Building community capacity for tourism development 2008, 142-154. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA. G. Moscardo (Ed.).
16. Bourdieu P. The forms of capital. Handbook of theory for the sociology of education 1986, 241-260. Greenwood Press, London. J. Richardson (Ed.).
17. Budke I. Aboriginal tourism in Canada's national parks: A framework for cooperation 2000, Summary report prepared for Parks Canada, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver.
18. Budke, I. (2000b). Aboriginal tourism in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve: A framework for cooperation. Unpublished master's thesis, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.
19. Burnham P. Indian country, god's country: Native Americans and the national parks 2000, Island Press, Washington, D.C.
20. Tourism and indigenous peoples: Issues and implications 2007, Butterworth-Heinemann, London. 2nd ed. R. Butler, T. Hinch (Eds.).
21. Butler R., Menzies C.R. Traditional ecological knowledge and aboriginal tourism. Tourism and indigenous peoples: Issues and implications 2007, 15-27. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. 2nd ed. R. Butler, T. Hinch (Eds.).
22. Cameron C. Involving indigenous people in site management. World Heritage Papers 2003, 13:121-124.
23. Carney D. Sustainable rural livelihoods: What contribution can we make? 1998, DFID, London.
24. Carr A. Maori nature tourism businesses: connecting with the land. Tourism and indigenous peoples: Issues and implications 2007, 113-127. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. 2nd ed. R. Butler, T. Hinch (Eds.).
25. Carr A. Negotiating the obstacles: owner/operator perspectives on 'nature' tourism in New Zealand. Critical issues in tourism: Understanding a complex tourism phenomenon 2007, 406-427. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston. J. Higham (Ed.).
26. Chambers R., Conway G. Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century 1992, IDS discussion paper 296, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Sussex.
27. Chaskin R.J. Defining community capacity: a definitional framework and case studies from a comprehensive community initiative. Urban Affairs Review 2001, 36:291-323.
28. Chaskin R.J., Brown P., Venkatesh S., Vidal A. Building community capacity 2001, Walter de Gruyter Inc, New York.
29. Cole S. Information and empowerment: the keys to achieving sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2006, 14(6):629-644.
30. De Lacey T., Lawson B. The Uluru/Kakadu model: joint management of indigenous-owned national parks in Australia. Conservation through cultural survival: Indigenous peoples and protected areas 1997, 155-187. Island Press, Washington, DC. S. Stevens (Ed.).
31. Dowie M. Conservation refugees: The hundred-year conflict between global conservation and native peoples 2009, The MIT Press, Boston, MA.
32. Eade D. Capacity-building: An approach to people-centred development 1997, Oxfam, Oxford, UK.
33. Eagles P., McCool S. Tourism in national parks and protected areas 2002, CABI Publishing, New York.
34. Ellis F. Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries 2000, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
35. Epler-Wood M. Tourism: Principles, practices and policies for sustainability 2002, United Nations Publications, New York.
36. Forrest P. Avision for our region: Premier region tourism destination final report, North of Superior Tourism Region 2008, Report prepared under contract for the North of Superior Tourism Region, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON.
37. Frank F., Smith A. The community development handbook: A tool to build community capacity 1999, Labour Market Learning and Development Canada, Hull, QC.
38. Gerberich V.L. An evaluation of sustainable American Indian tourism. Indigenous tourism: The commodification and management of culture 2005, 75-86. Elsevier, Oxford, UK. C. Ryan, M. Aicken (Eds.).
39. Social change and conservation: Environmental politics and impacts of national parks and protected areas 1997, Earthscan Publications Limited, London, ON. K.B. Ghimire, M.P. Pimpert (Eds.).
40. Good J. Benefits of parks and protected areas 2000, Economic framework project (report 251-e), The Outspan Group and Canadian Parks Council, Amherst Island, ON.
41. Green G.P., Haines A. Asset building and community development 2002, SAGE Publications, London. 1st ed.
42. Green G.P., Haines A. Asset building and community development 2008, SAGE Publications, London. 2nded.
43. Gross A., Poor J., Sipos Z., Solymossy E. The multiple mandates of national park systems. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 2009, 5(4):276-289.
44. Harkin M. Staged encounters: postmodern tourism and aboriginal people. Ethnohistory 2003, 50(3):575-586.
45. Hart F., Steadman A., Woods P. Amarket analysis for aboriginal themed tourism products in Saskatchewan 1996, Project report and summary report prepared for the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations, KPMG, Saskatoon.
46. Higgins-Desboiles F. Reconciliation tourism: challenging the constraints of economic rationalism. Indigenous tourism: The commodification and management of culture 2005, 137-154. Elsevier, Oxford, UK. C. Ryan, M. Aicken (Eds.).
47. Hitchner S.L., Lapu Apu F., Tarawe L., Nabun Aran S.N., Yesaya E. Community-based transboundary ecotourism in the Heart of Borneo: a case study of the Kelabit Highlands of Malaysia and the Kerayan Highlands of Indonesia. Journal of Ecotourism 2009, 8(2):193-213.
48. Hiwasaki L. Community-based tourism: a pathway to sustainability for Japan's protected areas. Society and Natural Resources 2006, 19:675-692.
49. Honey M. Tourism and sustainable development: Who owns paradise? 1999, Island Press, Washington, DC.
50. Rights and responsibilities: A compilation of codes of conduct for tourism and indigenous and local communities 2003, Centre on Tourism and Sustainable Development and the International Tourism Society. M. Honey, S. Thullen (Eds.).
51. Hough J. Developing capacity. Managing protected areas: A global guide 2006, 164-192. Earthscan, London, UK. 1st ed. M. Lockwood, G.L. Worboys, A. Kothari (Eds.).
52. Hussein K. Livelihoods approaches compared: A multi-agency review of current practice 2002, DFID, London, UK.
53. Johnston A. Indigenous peoples and ecotourism: bringing indigenous knowledge and rights into the sustainability equation. Tourism Recreation Research 2000, 25(1):89-96.
54. Johnston A. Is the sacred for sale?: Tourism and indigenous peoples 2006, Earthscan, London, UK.
55. Kapeshesit R., Lemelin H., Bennett N., Williams G. The Cree Village Ecolodge: success through community empowerment. Polar tourism: A tool for regional development 2011, 153-176. Presses de l'Université du Québec à Montréal. A.A. Grenier, D.K. Müller (Eds.).
56. Kirtzoglou E., Theodossopoulos D. 'They are taking our culture away': tourism and culture commodification in the Garifuna Community of Roatan. Critique of Anthropology 2004, 24(2):135-157.
57. Koster R.L. Mural-based tourism as a strategy for rural community economic development. Advances in culture, tourism and hospitality research 2008, Vol. 2:153-292. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, UK. A. Woodside (Ed.).
58. Koster R.L., Lemelin R.H. An examination of the potential for aboriginal tourism in Northwestern Ontario: Phase 1 2007, Report prepared under contract for Parks Canada, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON.
59. Koster R.L., Lemelin R.H., Davar C. Aboriginal values, protected areas and tourism: The possibilities for rural Canada 2005, Report prepared under contract for Parks Canada, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON.
60. Kretzmann J.P., McKnight J.L. Building communities from the inside out: A path toward finding and mobilizing a community's assets 1993, Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
61. Lai P.H., Nepal S.K. Local perspectives of ecotourism development in Tawushan Nature Reserve, Taiwan. Tourism Management 2006, 27:1117-1129.
62. Langholz J. Exploring the effects of alternative income opportunities on rainforest use: insights from Guatemala's Maya Biosphere Reserve. Society and Natural Resources 1999, 12(1):139-149.
63. Lemelin R.H. Polar bear tourism in Churchill, Manitoba. Climate change: Linking traditional and scientific knowledge 2006, 235-244. Aboriginal Issues Press, Winnipeg, MB. J. Oakes, R. Riewe (Eds.).
64. Lemelin, R. H., & Baikie, G. Our home and native land: recognizing the socio-cultural dimensions of last chance tourism. In R. H. Lemelin, J. Dawson., & E. Stewart (Eds.), Last chance tourism. Routledge, in press.
65. Lemelin R.H., Bennett N. The proposed Pimachiowin Aki World Heritage Site: management and protection of indigenous World Heritage Sites in a Canadian context. Loisir/Leisure 2010, 34(2):169-187.
66. Lemelin R.H., Dowsley M., Walmark B., Siebel F., Bird L., Hunter G., et al. Wabusk of the Omushkegouk: Cree-polar bears (Ursus maritimus) interactions in Northern Ontario. Human Ecology 2010, 38(6):803-815. the Washaho Cree Nation at Fort Severn, the Weenusk Cree Nation at Peawanuckthe Weenusk Cree Nation at Peawanuck.
67. Lemelin R.H., Dyck M. New frontiers in marine wildlife tourism II: an international overview of polar bear tourism. Marine wildlife and tourism management 2007, 361-379. CABI Publishing, Oxford. J. Higham, M. Lück (Eds.).
68. Lemelin R.H., Johnston M. Northern protected areas and parks. Parks and protected areas in Canada: Planning and management 2008, 294-313. Oxford University Press, New York. 3rd ed. P. Dearden, R. Rollins (Eds.).
69. Lemelin R.H., Koster R., Metansinine K., Pelletier H., Wozniczka I. Voyages to Kitchi Gami: the Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area and regional tourism opportunities in Canada's first National Marine Conservation Area. Tourism in Marine Environments 2010, 6(2-3):101-118. Special issue on tourism in the Great Lakes.
70. Lemelin R.H., Maher P. Nanuk of the torngats: human-polar Bear interactions in the Torngat Mountains National Park, Labrador, Canada. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 2009, 14(2):152-155.
71. Lemelin R.H., Matthews D., Mattina C., McIntyre N., Johnston M., Koster R. Climate change, well-being and resilience in the Weenusk First Nation at Peawanuck: the moccasin telegraph goes global. Rural and Remote Health 2010, 10(1333):1-18. the Weenusk First Nation at Peawanuck, Special issue on "human health at the ends of the earth"
72. Lemelin R.H., McIntyre N. Resiliency and tourism in Ontario's Far North: the social ecological system of the Weenusk First Nation at Peawanuck. Polar tourism: Human, environmental and governance dimensions 2011, 206-220. Cognizant Communication Corporation, Elmsford, NY. P. Maher, E. Stewart, M. Lück (Eds.).
73. Lemelin R.H., McIntyre N., Koster R., Johnston M. Climate disruption and the changing dynamics of polar bear-human interactions in Northern Ontario: a case study of polar bear management in Polar Bear Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. Tourism and change in polar regions: Climate, environments and experiences 2010, 104-118. Routledge, New York, NY. M. Hall, J. Saarinen (Eds.).
74. Lepp A., Holland S. Acomparison of attitudes toward state-led conservation and community-based conservation in the village of Bigodi, Uganda. Society and Natural Resources 2006, 19:609-623.
75. Lockhart A. The insider-outsider dialectic in native socio-economic development: a case study in process understanding. Canadian Journal of Native Studies 1982, 2(1):159-168.
76. Mabudafhasi R. The role of knowledge management and information sharing in capacity building for sustainable development-an example from South Africa. Ocean and Coastal Management 2002, 45:695-707.
77. Maher P., Lemelin R.H. Northern exposure: opportunities and challenges for tourism development in Torngat Mountains National Park, Labrador, Canada. Polar Record 2011, 47(1):40-45.
78. Makonjio Okello M. Asurvey of tourist expectations and economic potential for a proposed wildlife sanctuary in a Maasai Group Ranch near Amboseli, Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2005, 13(6):566-589.
79. Malik K., Wagle S. Civic engagement and developing: introducing the issues. Capacity for development: New solutions to old problems 2002, 85-100. Earthscan and United Nations Development Program, New York. S. Fukuda-Parr, C. Lopes, K. Malik (Eds.).
80. Mansperger M.C. Tourism and cultural change in small-scale societies. Human Organization 1995, 54(1):87-94.
81. Metansinine K., Koster R., Lemelin R.H. Developing experiential tourism in the Lake Helen region: A foundational document 2009, Report prepared for Parks Canada, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON.
82. Metansinine K., Lemelin R.H., Koster R. Experiential tourism in aboriginal communities assessment handbook 2009, Report prepared for Parks Canada, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON.
83. Monypenny R. Capacity building through cooperation. Building community capacity for tourism development 2008, CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA. G. Moscardo (Ed.).
84. Building community capacity for tourism development 2008, CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA. G. Moscardo (Ed.).
85. Murphy P.E., Murphy A.E. Strategic management for tourism communities: Bridging the gaps 2004, Channel View Publications, Toronto, ON.
86. Murray M., Dunn L. Capacity building for rural development in the United States. Journal of Rural Studies 1995, 11(1):89-97.
87. Nepal S.J. Indigenous ecotourism in Central British Columbia: the potential for building capacity in the Tl'azt'en Nations Territories. Journal of Ecotourism 2004, 3(3):173-194.
88. Nepal S.J. Limits to indigenous ecotourism: an exploratory analysis from the Tl'azt'en Territories, Northern British Columbia. Indigenous tourism: The commodification and management of culture 2005, 111-126. Elsevier, Oxford, UK. C. Ryan, M. Aicken (Eds.).
89. Nepal S.K. Tourism, national parks and local communities. Tourism and national parks: Issues and implications 2000, 73-94. John Wiley and Sons, New York. R.W. Butler, S.W. Boyd (Eds.).
90. Notzke C. Indigenous tourism development in the arctic. Annals of Tourism Research 1999, 26(1):55-76.
91. Notzke C. Indigenous tourism development in southern Alberta, Canada: tentative engagement. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2004, 12(1):29-54.
92. Notzke C. "The stranger, the native and the land" perspectives on indigenous tourism 2006, Cactus Press, Concord, ON, Canada.
93. Parks Canada Torngat Mountains National Park of Canada URL:, (accessed 16 June 2009). http://www.pc.gc.ca/pnnp/nl/torngats/Index_E.asp.
94. Parks Canada Pacific Rim National Park Reserve of Canada management plan 2010, Parks Canada, Ottawa, ON, Available from. http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/bc/pacificrim/plan/plan4.aspx.
95. PricewaterhouseCoopers Demand for aboriginal culture products in key European markets 2000 2000, Prepared for Aboriginal Tourism Team Canada and Canadian Tourism Commission, PricewaterhouseCoopers.
96. Putnam R.D. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community 2001, Simon & Schuster, New York.
97. Scheyvens R. Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management 1999, 20:245-249.
98. Scheyvens R. Tourism for development: Empowering communities 2002, Prentice Hall, Harlow.
99. Scoones I. Sustainable rural livelihoods: A framework for analysis 1998, IDS working paper 72, IDS, University of Sussex, Sussex.
100. Sen A. Resources, values, and development 1984, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
101. Sen A. Well-being, agency, and freedom (the Dewey lectures). Journal of Philosophy 1985, 82(4):169-221.
102. Sen A. Commodities and capabilities. Professor Dr. P. Hennipan lectures in economics 1985, Vol. 7. North Holland, New York, NY.
103. Shackley M. Ninstints (Canada): a deserted Haida village in Gwaii Hanaas National Park Reserve (Queen Charlotte Islands). Visitor management: Case studies from World Heritage Sites 1998, 182-193. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, U.K. M. Shackley (Ed.).
104. Shackley M. Conclusions. Visitor management: Case studies from World Heritage Sites 1998, 194-205. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. M. Shackley (Ed.).
105. Skinner S. Strengthening communities: A guide to capacity building for communities and the public sector 2006, Community Development Foundation, London, UK.
106. Stein T.V., Anderson D.H., Thompson D. Identifying and managing for community benefits in Minnesota State Parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 1999, 17(4):1-19.
107. Stewart, E., Lemelin, R. H., & Dawson, E. Polar bear viewing tourism in transition: the case of Hudson Bay region, Canada. In R. H. Lemelin, J. Dawson., & E. Stewart (Eds.), Last chance tourism. Routledge, in press.
108. Stronza A., Gordillo J. Community views of ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research 2008, 35(2):448-468.
109. The Senate Northern parks - A new way 2001, A report of the Subcommittee on Aboriginal Economic Development in relation to Northern National Parks, of the Standing Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples, Government of Canada, Ottawa, ON.
110. Usher A.J. Polar Bear Park and area: community-oriented tourism development in Ontario's arctic. Communities, resources and tourism in the north 1993, 17-34. Lakehead University Centre for Northern Studies, Northern and Regional Studies Series, Thunder Bay, ON. M.E. Johnston, W. Haider (Eds.).
111. Valentine P.S. Ecotourism and nature conservation: a definition with some recent developments in Micronesia. Tourism Management 1993, 14(2):107-115.
112. Victurine R. Building tourism excellence at the community level: capacity building for community-based entrepreneurs in Uganda. Journal of Travel Research 2000, 38:221-229.
113. Walpole M.J., Goodwin H.J. Local attitudes towards conservation and tourism around Komodo National Park, Indonesia. Environmental Conservation 2001, 28(2):160-166.
114. Weller B., Ham S. Tour guide training: a model for sustainable capacity building in developing countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2002, 10(1):52-69.
115. Wellings P. Joint management: aboriginal involvement in tourism in the Kakadu World Heritage Area. Tourism and protected areas: Benefits beyond boundaries 2007, 89-100. CABI, Cambridge, MA. R. Bushell, P.F.J. Eagles (Eds.).
116. Williams P., Dossa K. Ethnic tourism: Native interest travel markets forCanada 1996, Aboriginal Tourism Association of British Columbia, North Vancouver, BC.
117. Williams P., O'Neil B. Building a triangulated research foundation for indigenous tourism in B.C. Canada. Tourism and indigenous peoples: Issues and implications 2007, 40-57. Elsevier, Oxford, UK. R. Butler, T. Hinch (Eds.).
118. Williams P., Steward J.K. Canadian aboriginal tourism development: assessing latent demand from France. The Journal of Tourism Studies 1997, 9(1):25-41.
119. World Wildlife Fund [WWF] Marine protected areas WWF's role in their future development. Retrieved on 25.04.07, from. http://assets.panda.org/downloads/mpa.pdf.
120. Wozniczka I.A., Koster R.L., Lemelin R.H. Communities in transition: changing views on tourism development as a vehicle for economic diversification in Northern Ontario, Canada. Journal of Rural and Community Development 2010, 5(1-2):90-102.
121. Zeppel H. Land and culture: sustainable tourism and indigenous peoples. Sustainable tourism: A geographical perspective 1998, Addison Wesley Longman, London, UK. C.M. Hall, A. Lew (Eds.).
122. Zeppel H. Indigenous ecotourism: Sustainable development and management 2006, CABI, Wallingford, UK.