Wood Flour

Functional Fillers for Plastics

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 269-290

  Clemons, Craig M ^a  

^a FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cellulose; Durability; Hemicellulose; Lignin; Moisture sorption; Thermal stability; Wood flour

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856429996     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9783527629848.ch15     Document Type: Chapter

References (51)

1. Reineke, L.H. (1966) Wood flour, U.S. Forest Service Research Note FPL-0113, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 13.
2. Panshin, A.J. et al. (1962) Wood Flour, Chapter 13, in Forest Products: Their Sources, Production, and Utilization, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 265-271.
3. Gordon, J.E. (1988) The New Science of Strong Materials (or why you don't fall through the floor), 2nd edn, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, p. 179.
4. Morton, J., Quarmley, J., and Rossi, L. (2003) Current and emerging applications for natural and wood fiber composites. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites, Madison, WI, Forest Products Society, pp. 3-6.
5. Rowe, J.W. and Conner, A.H. (1979) Extractives in Eastern Hardwoods - a review, General Technical Report FPL 18, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA, p. 17.
6. Bigg, D.M. et al. (1988) High performance thermoplastic composites. J. Thermoplast. Compos., 1, 146-3.
7. International Sieve Chart, www.reade.com/Sieve/international_sieve.html © 1997 Reade Advanced Materials.
8. Wood Flour: Discover the Possibilities, product literature, PJ Murphy Forest Products Corp., Montville, NJ.
9. Miller, R.B. (1999) Structure of wood, Chapter 2. Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, General Technical Report, FPL-GTR-113, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 463.
10. Panshin, A.J. and de Zeeuw, C. (1980) Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th edn, McGraw-Hill, New York.
11. Hoadley, R.B. (1990) Identifying wood, Accurate Results with Simple Tools, Taunton Press, Newtown, CT.
12. Rowell, R.M. (1983) Chemical modification of wood. For. Prod. Abstr., 6 (12), 363-4.
13. Imai, T. and Sugiyama, J. (1998) Nanodomains of Ia and Ib Cellulose in Algal Microfibrils. Macromolecules, 31, 6275-3.
14. Wada, M. et al. (1994) The monoclinic phase is dominant in wood cellulose. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 40 (1), 50-4.
15. Pettersen, R.C. (1984) The chemical composition of wood, Chapter 2, in The Chemistry of SolidWood (ed. R.M. Rowell), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 76-81.
16. Parham, R.A. and Gray, R.L. (1984) Formation and structure of wood, in The Chemistry of SolidWood (ed. R.M. Rowell), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 1-56.
17. Kellogg, R.M. (1981) Physical properties of wood, in Wood: Its Structure and Properties (ed. F.F. Wangaard), Pennsylvania State University, College Park, PA, pp. 191-223.
18. Simpson, W. and TenWolde, A. (1999) Physical properties and moisture relations of wood, Chapter 3. The Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, General Technical Report, FPL-GTR-113, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 2-1-2-4.
19. Karayan, V. (2001) The effect of chemical foaming agents on the processing and properties of polypropylene-woodflour composites. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites, Forest Products Society, Madison, WI, pp. 249-252.
20. Turng, L.-S. et al. (2003) Applications of nano-composites and woodfiber plastics for microcellular injection molding. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites, Forest Products Society, Madison, WI, pp. 217-226.
21. Matuana-Malanda, L. et al. (1996) Characterization of microcellular foamed PVC/cellulosic fiber composites. J. Cell. Plast., 32 (5), 449-4.
22. Winandy, J.E. and Rowell, R.M. (1984) The chemistry of wood strength, Chapter 5, in The Chemistry of Solid Wood (ed. R.M. Rowell), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, p. 218.
23. Peyer, S. and Wolcott, M. (2000) Engineered Wood Composites for Naval Waterfront Facilities. 2000 Yearly Report to Office of Naval Research, Wood Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, pp. 14.
24. Stark, N.S. (2001) Influence of moisture absorption on mechanical properties of wood flour-polypropylene composites. J. Thermoplast. Compos., 14 (5), 421-4.
25. Balatinecz, J.J. and Park, B.-D. (1997) The effects of temperature and moisture exposure on the properties of woodfiber thermoplastic composites. J. Thermoplast. Compos., 10, 476-3.
26. Rowell, R.M. (1984) Penetration and reactivity of cell wall components, Chapter 4, in The Chemistry of SolidWood (ed. R.M. Rowell American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, p. 176.
27. Sears, K.D. et al. (2001) Reinforcement of engineering thermoplastics with high purity cellulose fibers. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites, Forest Products Society, Madison, WI, pp. 27-34.
28. Osswald, T.A. and Menges, G. (1996) Materials Science of Polymers for Engineers, Carl Hanser Verlag, New York City, NY, pp. 458-459.
29. Anonymous (2003) Special report: who's who in WPC, Natural and Wood Fiber Compos., 2 (8), p. 4.
30. Suddell, B.C. and Evans, G. (2003) The increasing use and application of natural fibre composite materials within the automotive industry. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites, Madison, WI, pp. 7-14.
31. Marra, A.A. (1992) Technology of Wood Bonding: Principles in Practice, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, p. 438.
32. Dahl, W.S. (1948) Woodflour, TheMercury Press, The Parade, Northampton, England, p. 119.
33. Quillin, D.T. et al. (1993) Crystallinity in the polypropylene/cellulose system. I. Nucleation and crystalline morphology. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 50, 1187-3.
34. Lee, S.Y. et al. (2001) Influence of surface characteristics of TMPfibers to the growth of TCL on the linear fibers surface (I): aspect in the surface roughness. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites, Forest Products Society, Madison, WI, pp. 107-118.
35. Lu, J.Z. et al. (2000) Chemical coupling in wood fiber and polymer composites: a review of coupling agents and treatments. Wood Fiber Sci., 32 (1), 88-4.
36. Bledski, A.K. et al. (1998) Thermoplastics reinforced with wood fillers: A literature review. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng., 37 (4), 451-4.
37. Wolcott, M.P. and Adcock, T. (2000) New advances in wood fiber-polymer formulations. Proceedings of the Wood-Plastic Conference, Baltimore, MD, Plastics Technology Magazine and Polymer Process Communications, pp. 107-114.
38. Stark, N.M. and Berger, M.J. (1997) Effect of particle size on properties of wood flour reinforced polypropylene composites. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites, Forest Products Society, Madison, WI, pp. 134-143.
39. English, B.W. and Falk, R.H. (1995) Factors that affect the application of woodfiber-plastic composites. Proceedings of the Woodfiber-Plastic Composites: Virgin and Recycled Wood Fiber and Polymers for Composites Conference, The Forest Products Society, Madison, WI, pp. 189-194.
40. ASTM International (2001) Test Method ASTM E11-01. Standard Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, vol. 14.02, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
41. ASTM International (2001) Test Method ASTM D1103-60 (1977). Method of Test for Alpha-Cellulose in Wood, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, vol. 04.10, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA 42 ASTM (2001) TestMethod ASTM D1106-96. Standard Test Method for Acid-Insoluble Lignin in Wood.
42. ASTM (2001) Test Method ASTM D1107-96. Standard Test Method for Ethanol-Toluene Solubility of Wood.
43. Berger, M.J. and Stark, N.M. (1997) Investigations of species effects in an injection-molding-grade, wood-filled polypropylene. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites, Forest Products Society, Madison, WI, pp. 19-25.
44. ASTM International (2002) Test Method D256-02e1. Standard Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastics, Annual Book ofASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
45. ASTM International (2002) Test Method D790-03. Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
46. ASTM International (2002) Test Method D638-02a. Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
47. ASTM International (2002) Test Method D648-01. Standard Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics Under Flexural Load in the Edgewise Position, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
48. English, B. et al. (1996) Waste-wood derived fillers for plastics. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-91, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products, Laboratory, Madison, WI, pp. 282-291.
49. Clemons, C.M. and Ibach, R.E. (2004) The effects of processing method and moisture history on the laboratory fungal resistance of wood-HDPE composites. Forest Prod. J., 54, (4), 50-4.
50. Nakagawa, S. and Shafizadeh, F. (1984) Thermal properties, in Handbook of Physical and Mechanical Testing of Paper and Paperboard (ed. R.E. Mark), Marcel Decker, New York.
51. Stark, N.M. (1999) Wood fiber derived from scrap pallets used in polypropylene composites. Forest Prod. J., 49 (6), 39-4.