Evisceration in the modern age

Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 24-33

  Phan, Laura T ^a,b   Hwang, Thomas N ^c   McCulley, Timothy J ^a,b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b KING KHALED EYE SPECIALIST HOSPITAL   (Saudi Arabia)

^c KAISER PERMANENTE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Endophthalmitis; Enucleation; Evisceration; Intraocular Tumors

Indexed keywords

BLEEDING; ENDOPHTHALMITIS; ENOPHTHALMOS; ENUCLEATION; EYE INJURY; EYE SURGERY; GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION; IMPLANT EXTRUSION; IMPLANT MIGRATION; INFECTION; INTRAOCULAR TUMOR; ORBIT EDEMA; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PTOSIS; PYOGENIC GRANULOMA; REVIEW; SCLEROTOMY; SOCKET CONTRACTURE; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMIA;

EID: 84856402973     PISSN: 09749233     EISSN: 09751599     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0974-9233.92113     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Moshefeghi DM, Moshefeghi AA, Finger PT. Enucleation. Surv Ophthalmolo 2000;44:277-301. (Pubitemid 30099630)
2. Meltzer MA, Schaefer DP, Della Rocca RC. Evisceration. In: Della Rocca RC, Nesi FA, Lishman RD, editors. Smith's ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery. Vol. 2. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1987. p. 1300-7.
3. Noyes HD. Discusión of E Warlomont's paper on sympathetic ophthalmia. In: Report of the Fourth International Congress, London, Aug 1872:27.
4. Mules PH. Evisceration of the globe, with artificial vitreous. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1885;5:200-6.
5. Cytryn AS, Perman KL. Evisceration. In: Enucleation, evisceration and exenteration of the eye. In: Migliori ME, editor. Boston: Butterworth- Heinermann; 1999. p. 105-12.
6. Green WR, Maumenee AE, Sanders TE, Smith ME. Sympathetic uveitis following evisceration. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1972;76:625-44.
7. Stephenson CM. Evisceration of the eye with expansion sclerotomies. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1987;3:249-51. (Pubitemid 18086871)
8. Kostick DA, Linberg JV. Evisceration with hydroxyapatite implant. Surgical technique and review of 31 case reports. Ophthal Mology 1995;102:1542-9.
9. Lee SY, Kwon OW, Hong YJ, Kim HB, Kim SJ. Modification of the scleral openings to reduce tissue breakdown and exposure after hydroxyapatite implantations. Ophthalmologica 1995;209:319-22.
10. Jordan DR, Anderson RL. The universal implant for evisceration surgery. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1997;13:1-7. (Pubitemid 27133468)
11. Yang JG, Khwarg SI, Wee WR, Kim DM, Lee JH. Hydroxyapatite implantation with scleral quadrisection after evisceration. Ophthal Surg Lasers 1997;28:915-9.
12. Long JA, Tann TM, Girkin CA. Evisceration: A new technique of transcleral implant placement. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;16:3225.
13. Massry GG, Holds JB. Evisceration with scleral modification. Ophthal Plast Recosntr Surg 2001;17:42-7. (Pubitemid 32096610)
14. Ozgur OR, Akcay L, Kmil O. Evisceration via superior temporal sclerotomy. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;139:78-86. (Pubitemid 40094843)
15. Sales-Sanz M, Sanz-Lopez A. Four-petal evisceration: A new technique. Ophthal Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;23:389-92. (Pubitemid 47442779)
16. Georgescu D, Vagefi MR, Yang CC, McCann J, Anderson RL. Evisceration with equatorial sclerotomy for phthisis bulbi and microphthalmos. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2010;3:165-7.
17. Gasch AT, Foster CS, Grosskreutz CL, Pasquale LR. Postoperative sympathetic ophthalmia. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2000;40:69-84. (Pubitemid 30070487)
18. Rao NA, Robin J, Hartmann D, Sweeney JA, Marak GE Jr. The role of penetrating wound in the development of sympathetic ophthalmia. Arch Ophthalmol 1983;101:102-4. (Pubitemid 13167181)
19. Hirose S, Kuwabara T, Nussenblatt RB, Wiggert B, Redmond TM, Gery I. Uveitis induced in primates by interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. Arch Ophthalmol 1986;104:1698-702. (Pubitemid 17174542)
20. Chan CC, Hikita N, Dastgheib K, Whitcup SM, Gery I, Nussenblatt RB. Experimental melanin-protein-induced uveitis in the Lewis rat. Immunopathologic processes. Ophthalmology 1994;101:1275-80. (Pubitemid 24236087)
21. Broekhuyse RM, Kuhlmann ED, Winkens HJ. Experimental autoimmune posterior uveitis accompanied by epitheloid cell accumulations (EAPU). A new type of experimental ocular disease induced by immunization with PEP-65, a pigment epithelial polypeptide preparation. Exp Eye Res 1992;55:819-29. (Pubitemid 23015855)
22. Fuchs E. Uber sympathisierende entzundung zuerst bemerkungeen uber serose traumatische iritis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1905;61:365-456.
23. Thies O. Gedaken uber den ausbruch der sympathetischen ophthalmie. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1947;112:185-7.
24. Zaharia MA, Lamarche J, Laurin M. Sympathetic uveitis 66 years after injury. Can J Ophthalmol 1984;19:240-3. (Pubitemid 14032996)
25. Duke-Elder S, Perkins ES. Sympathetic ophthalmitis. In Diseases of the Uveal Tract. St. Louis: Mosby, 1966. p. 558.
26. Lubin JR, Albert DM, Weinstein M. Sixty-five years of sympathetic ophthalmia. A clinicopathologic review of cases (1913-1978). Ophthalmology 1980;87:109-21. (Pubitemid 10113534)
27. Goto H, Rao NA. Sympathetic ophthalmia and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1990;30:279-80.
28. Chan CC, Whitcup SM, Nussenblatt RB. Sympathetic ophthalmia and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA, editors. Duane's Ophthalmology 2006 Edition (CD-ROM). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
29. Hwang TN. How do I decide whether to perform an evisceration or enucleation? In: Kersten RC, McCulley TJ, editors. Curbside Consultation in Oculoplastics. New Jersey: SLACK Incorporated; 2011. p. 173-6.
30. Rudemann AD Jr. Sympathetic ophthalmia after evisceration. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soci 1963;61:274-314.
31. Griepentrog GJ, Lucarelli MK, Albert DM, Nork TM. Sympathetic ophthalmia following evisceration: a rare case. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;21:316-8. (Pubitemid 41099851)
32. Freidlin J, Pak M, Tessler HH, Putterman AM, Goldstein DA. Sympathetic ophthalmia after injury in the Iraq War. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;22:133-4. (Pubitemid 44474513)
33. Allen JC. Sympathetic uveitis and phacoanaphylaxis. Am J Ophthalmol 1967;63:280-3.
34. Gass JD. Sympathetic ophthalmia following vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;93:552-8.
35. Allen JC. Sympathetic ophthalmia: A disappearing disease. JAMA 1969;209:1090.
36. Liddy BS, Stuart J. Sympathetic ophthalmia in Canada. Can J Ophthalmol 1972;7:157-9.
37. Kraus-Mackiw E, Muller-Ruchholtz W. Sympathetic eye disease: diagnosis and therapy. Klin Monatsbl Augenheikd 1980;176:131-0.
38. Kilmarin DJ, Dick AD, Forrester JV. Prospective surveillance of sympathetic ophthalmia in the UK and Republic of Ireland. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:259-63. (Pubitemid 30251679)
39. Hansen AB, Petersen C, Heegaard S, et al. Review of 1028 bulbar eviscerations and enucleations: Changes in etiology and frequency overa a 20-year period. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1999;77:331-5. (Pubitemid 29271602)
40. Levine MR, Pou CR, Lash RH. The 1998 Wendell Hughes Lecture. Evisceration: Is sympathetic ophthalmia a concern in the new millennium? Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;15:4-8.
41. Walter WL. Update on enucleation and evisceration surgery. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1985;1:243-52. (Pubitemid 16205114)
42. du Toit N, Motala MI, Richards J, Murray AD, Maitra S. The risk of sympathetic ophthalmia following evisceration for penetrating eye injuries at Groote Schuur Hospital. Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92:61-3.
43. Bilyk JR. Enucleation, evisceration, and sympathetic ophthalmia. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2000;11:372-86.
44. Shields JA. Current approaches to the diagnosis and management of choroidal melanomas. Surv Ophthalmol 1977;31:449-63.
45. Manschot WA, van Peperzeel HA. Choroidal melanoma. Enucleation or observation? A new approach. Arch Ophthalmol 1980;98:71-7. (Pubitemid 10160256)
46. Shields JA. Introduction to management melanomas. In: Rvan SR, editor. Retina Vol. 1. St Louis: CV Mosby; 1989. p. 683-6.
47. Shields JA, Shields CL. Malignant melanoma of the posterior uvea. In: Fraunfelder FT, Roy FH, editors. Current Ocular Therapy. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1990. p. 394-8.
48. Albert DM, Diaz-Rohena R. A historical review of sympathetic ophthalmia and its epidemiology. Surv Ophthalmol 1989;34: 1-14. (Pubitemid 19201301)
49. Randolph RL. The question about enucleation in purulent panophthalmitis. JAMA 1910;LIV(25):2023-6.
50. Shah-Desai SD, Tyers AG, Manners RM. Painful blind eye: Efficacy of enucleation and evisceration in resolving ocular pain. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:437-8. (Pubitemid 30255499)
51. Erie JC, Nevitt MP, Hodge D, Ballard DJ. Incidence of enucleation in a defined population. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;113:138-44.
52. Setlur VJ, Parikh JG, Rao NA. Changing causes of enucleation over the past 60 years. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010;248:593-7.
53. Davenger M. Causes of enucleation in Uganda. Br J Ophthalmol 1970;54:252-5.
54. Kaimbo K. Causes of enucleation in Zaire. J Fr Ophthalmol 1988;11:677-80. (Pubitemid 19081456)
55. Haile M, Alemayehu W. Causes of removal of the eye in Ethiopia. East Afr Med J 1995;72:7358.
56. Custer PL, Reistad CE. Enucleation of blind, painful eyes. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;16:326-9.
57. Maumenee AE. Retrobulbar alcohol injections; relief of ocular pain in eyes with and without vision. Am J Ophthalmol 1949;32:1502-8.
58. Faran MF, al-Omar OM. Retrobulbar alcohol injection in blind painful eyes. Ann Ophthalmol 1990;22:460-2.
59. Chen TC, Ahn Yuen SJ, Sangalang MA, Fernando RE, Leuenberger EU. Retro-bulbar chlorpromazine injections for the management of blind and seeing painful eyes. J Glaucoma 2002;11:209-13. (Pubitemid 34620096)
60. Gundersen T. Conjunctival flaps in the treatment of corneal disease with reference to a new technique of application. Arch Ophthalmol 1958;60:880-8.
61. Gundersen T, Pearlson HR. Conjunctival flaps for corneal disease. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1969;67:78-95.
62. Paton D, Milauskas AT. Indications, surgical technique, and results of thin conjunctival flaps on the cornea: A review of 122 consecutive cases. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1970;10:329-45.
63. Insler MR, Pechous B. Conjunctival flaps revisited. Ophthalmic Surg 1987;18:455-8. (Pubitemid 17109560)
64. Alino AM, Perry HD, Kanellopoulos AJ, Donnenfeld ED, Rahn EK. Conjunctival flaps. Ophthalmology 1998;105:1120-3. (Pubitemid 28268340)
65. Brackup AB, Carter KD, Nerad JA, Folk JC, Pulido JS. Long-term follow-up of severely injured eyes following globe rupture. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1991;7:194-7.
66. Dada, T, Ray M, Tandon R, Vajpayee RB. A study of the indications and changing trends of evisceration in north India. Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmol 2002;30:120-3. (Pubitemid 34467111)
67. Chaudhry IA, Al-Kuraya HS, Shamsi FA, Elzaridi E, Riley FC. Current indications and resultant complications of evisceration. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2007;14:93-7. (Pubitemid 46676500)
68. Eballe AO, Dohvoma VA, Koki G, Oumarou A, Bella AL, Mvogo CE. Indications for destructive eye surgeries at the Yaounde Gynaeco-Obstetric and Paediatric Hospital. Clin Ophthalmol 2011;11:561-5.
69. Afran SI, Budenz DL, Albert DM. Does enucleation in the presence of endophthalmitis increase the risk of postoperative meningitis? Ophthalmology 1987;94:235-7. (Pubitemid 17060827)
70. Ozgur OR, Levent A, Dogan OK. Primary implant placement with evisceration in patients with endophthalmitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;143:902-4. (Pubitemid 46601360)
71. Tawfik HA, Budin H. Evisceration with primary implant placement in patients with endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 2007;114:1100-3.
72. Birkman LW, Bennett DR. Meningoencephalitis following enucleation for cryptococcal endophthalmitis. Ann Neurol 1978;4:476-7. (Pubitemid 9030396)
73. Burch FE. Evisceration of the globe with scleral implant and preservation of the cornea. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1939;37:272-82.
74. Migliori ME. Enucleation, evisceration, and exenteration. In: Albert D, Miller J, Azar D, Blodi B, editors. Albert & Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmoloby. 3rd ed. (CD-ROM). Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008.
75. Stephenson CM. Evisceration. In: Hornblass A, editor. Oculoplastic, Orbital and Reconstructive Surgery. Vol. 2. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1990. p. 1194-9.
76. Woog JJ, Angrist RC, White WL, Dortzbach RK. Enucleation, evisceration, and exenteration. In: Dortzbach RK, editor. Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery: Prevention and Management of Complications. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1994:251-68.
77. Masdottir S, Sahlin S. Patient satisfaction and results after evisceration with a split-sclera technique. Orbit 2007;26:241-7.
78. Smith RJ, Prazeres S, Fauquier S, Malet T. Complications of two scleral flaps evisceration technique: Analysis of 201 procedures. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;27:227-31.
79. Tari AS, Malihi M, Kasaee A, Tabatabaie SZ, Hamzedust K, Musavi MF, et al. Enucleation with hydroxyapatite implantation versus evisceration plus scleral quadrisection and alloplastic implantion. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2009;25:130-13.
80. Dortzback RK, Woog JJ. Choice of procedure. Enucleation, evisceration, or prosthetic fitting over globes. Ophthalmology 1985;92:1249-55. (Pubitemid 15239390)
81. Hui JI. Outcomes of orbital implants after evisceration and enucleation in patients with endophthalmitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2010;21:375-9.
82. Moshfeghi DM, Moshfeghi AA, Finger PT. Enucleation. Surv Ophthalmol 2000;44:277-301. (Pubitemid 30099630)
83. Migliori ME. Enucleation versus evisceration. Curr Opi Ophthalmol 2002;13:298-302.
84. Walter WL. Update on enucleation and evisceration surgery. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1985;1:243-52. (Pubitemid 16205114)
85. Kaltreider SA, Lucarelli MJ. A simple algorithm for selection of implant size for enucleation and evisceration: A prospective study. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;18:336-41.
86. Bartlett RE. Plastic surgery for the enucleation patient. Am J Ophthalmol 1966;61:68-78.
87. Laiseca A, Laiseca D, Laiseca J, Laiseca J Jr. Correcting superior sulcus deformities. Adv Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1990;8:229-42.
88. Schaefer DP. Evaluation and management of the anophthalmic socket and socket reconstruction. In: Nesi FA, Lisman RD, Levine MR, editors. Smith's Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc.; 1998. p. 1079-124.
89. Heinz GW, Nunery WR. Anophthalmic socket: evaluation and management. In: McCord CD, Tanenbaum M, Nunery WR, editors. Oculoplastic Surgery. New York: Raven Press; 1995. p. 609-937.
90. Neuhaus RW, Hawes MJ. Inadequate inferior cul-de-sac in the anophthalmic socket. Ophthalmology 1992;99:153-7.
91. Bosniak SL. Reconstruction of the anophthalmic socket: state of the art. Adv Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1987;7:313-48.
92. Petrelli RL. Use of autogenous materials in reconstructing the anophthalmic socket. Adv Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1990;8:153-69.
93. Rose GE, Sigurdsson H, Collin R. The volume-deficient orbit: Clinical characteristics, surgical management, and results after extraperiorbital implantation of Silastic block. Br J Ophthalmol 1990;74:545-50. (Pubitemid 20265402)
94. Goldberg RA, Holds JB, Ebrahimpour J. Exposed hydroxyapatite orbital implants: Report of six cases. Ophthalmology 1992;99:831-6.
95. Kim YD, Goldberg RA, Shorr N, Steinsapir KD. Management of exposed hydroxyapatite orbital implants. Ophthalmology 1994;101:1709-15.
96. Nunery WR, Heinz GW, Bonnin JM, Martin RT, Cepela MA. Exposure rate of hydroxyapatite spheres in the anophthalmic socket: Histopathologic correlation and comparison with silicone sphere implants. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1993;9:96-104. (Pubitemid 23182907)
97. Remulla HD, Rubin PA, Shore JW, Sutula FC, Townsend DJ, Woog JJ, et al. Complications of porous spherical orbital implants. Ophthalmology 1995;102:586-93.
98. Smit TJ, Koomneef L, Zonneveld FW. Conjunctival cysts in anophthalmic orbits. Br J Ophthalmol 1991;75:342-3.
99. Zolli CL. Implant extrusion in eviscerations. Ann Ophthalmol 1988;20:127-35.
100. Shore JW, Dieckert JP, Levine MR. Delayed primary wound closure. Use to prevent implant extrusion following evisceration for endophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:1303-8.
101. Soll DB. The anophthalmic socket. Ophthalmology 1982;89: 407-23. (Pubitemid 12124970)
102. Kronish JW, Gonnering RS, Dortzbach RK, Rankin JH, Reid DL, Phernetton TM, et al. The pathophysiology of the anophthalmic socket, part II: analysis of orbital fat. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1990;6:88-95. (Pubitemid 20231723)
103. Thaller VR. Enucleation volume measurement. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1997;13:18-20.
104. Ataullah S, Whitehouse RW, Stelmach M, Shah S, Leatherbarrow B. Missed orbital wall blow-out fracture as a cause of postenucleation socket syndrome. Eye 1999;13:541-4. (Pubitemid 29460552)
105. Lu L, Shi W, Luo M, Sun Y, Fan X. Repair of exposed hydroxyapatite orbital implants by subconjunctival tissue flaps. J Craniofac Surg 2011;22:1452-6.
106. Basterzi Y, Sari A, Sari A. Surgical treatment of an exposed orbital implant with vascularized superficial temporal fascia flap. J Craniofac Surg 2009;20:502-4.
107. Tawfik HA, Budin H, Dutton JJ. Repair of exposed porous polyethylene implants utilizing flaps from the implant capsule. Ophthalmology 2005;112:516-23. (Pubitemid 40312511)
108. Lee MJ, Khwarg SI, Choung HK, Kim NJ, Yu YS. Dermis-fat graft for treatment of exposed porous polyethylene implants in pediatric postenucleation retinoblastoma patients. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;152:244-50.
109. Wu AY, Vagefi MR, Georgescu D, Burroughs JR, Anderson RL. Enduragen patch grafts for exposed orbital implants. Orbit 2011;30:920-5.
110. Sagoo MS, Olver JM. Autogenous temporalis fascia patch graft for porous polyethylene (Medpor) sphere orbital implant exposure. Br J Ophthalmol 2004;88:942-6. (Pubitemid 38869560)
111. Massry GG, Holds JB. Frontal periosteum as an exposed orbital implant cover. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;15:79-82. (Pubitemid 29481875)
112. Kim YD, Goldberg RA, Shorr N, Steinsapir KD. Management of exposed hydroxyapatite orbital implants. Ophthalmology 1994;101:1709-15. (Pubitemid 24348398)
113. Shields CL, Shields JA, De Potter P, Singh AD. Problems with the hydroxyapatitie orbital implant: Experience with 250 consecutive cases. Br J Ophthalmol 1994;78:702-6. (Pubitemid 24275557)
114. Levine MR. Extruding orbital implant: prevention and treatment. Ann Ophthalmol 1980;12:1384-6. (Pubitemid 11199518)
115. Helveston EM. Human bank sclera patch. Arch Ophthalmol 1969;82:83-6.
116. McCord CD. The extruding implant. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1976;81:587-90.
117. Soll DG. Donor sclera enucleation surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 1974;92:494-5.
118. Wiggs EO, Becker BB. Extrusion of enucleation implants: Treatment with secondary implants and autogenous temporalis fascia or fascia lata patch grafts. Ophthalmic Surg 1992;23:472-6.
119. Eagle RC Jr, Grossniklaus HE, Syed N, Hogan RN, Lloyd WC 3rd, Folberg R. Inadvertent evisceration of eyes containing uveal melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127:141-5.
120. Rath S, Honavar SG, Naik MN, Gupta R, Reddy VA, Vemuganti GK. Evisceration in unsuspected intraocular tumors. Arch Ophthalmol 2010;128:372-9.