Ethical extensionism under uncertainty of sentience: Duties to non-human organisms without drawing a line

Environmental Values

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 323-346

  Chan, Kai M A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Animals; Consciousness; Extensionism; Moral considerability; The golden rule

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL WELFARE; ETHICS; MORALITY; PROBABILITY; PUBLIC ATTITUDE; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84856386147     PISSN: 09632719     EISSN: 17527015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3197/096327111x13077055165983     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Abram, D. 1996. The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-Than- Human World. New York: Vintage Books.
2. Agrawal, A. F. 2001. 'Kin recognition and the evolution of altruism'. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B 268(1471): 1099-1104.
3. Atkinson, R., L. R. M. Bevilaqua, J. A. P. Rostas and M. Hunter. 2003. 'Discriminative taste aversion learning: A learning task for older chickens'. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 79(1): 25-31.
4. Attfield, R. 1999. The Ethics of the Global Environment. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
5. Barlow, G. W. 1991. 'Mating systems among cichlid fishes', in M. H. A. Keenleyside (ed.), Cichlid Fishes: Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution (New York: Chapman & Hall), pp. 173-190.
6. Barnard, C. J. and J. L. Hurst. 1995. 'Welfare by design: The natural selection of welfare criteria'. Animal Welfare 5(4): 405-433.
7. Bentham, J. 1823. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. London, UK: W. Pickering.
8. Birch, T. H. 1993. 'Moral considerability and universal consideration'. Environmental Ethics 15(4): 313-332.
9. Boal, J. G., A. W. Dunham, K. T. Williams and R. T. Hanlon. 2000. 'Experimental evidence for spatial learning in octopuses (Octopus bimaculoides)'. Journal of Comparative Psychology 114(3): 246-252.
10. Bugnyar, T. and B. Heinrich. 2005. 'Ravens, Corvus corax, differentiate between knowledgeable and ignorant competitors'. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272(1573): 1641-1646.
11. Byington, C. 2005. 'Spirit of the Great Bear rainforest'. Nature Conservancy, pp. 36-50.
12. Call, J. and M. Tomasello. 2008. 'Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? 30 years later'. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 12(5): 187-192.
13. Callicott, J. B. 1985. 'Intrinsic value, quantum theory, and environmental ethics'. Environmental Ethics 7(3): 257-275.
14. Chadwick, D. H. 1992. The Fate of the Elephant. New York, NY: Random House.
15. Crawley, J. N., M. E. Sutton and D. Pickar. 1985. 'Animal-models of self-destructive behavior and suicide'. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 8 (2): 299-310.
16. Dally, J. M., N. J. Emery and N. S. Clayton. 2006. 'Food-caching western scrub-jays keep track of who was watching when'. Science 312(5780): 1662-1665.
17. Darwin, C. 1872, reprint. The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals. McLean, VA: IndyPublish.com, 2005.
18. Dawkins, M. S. 1980. Animal Suffering: The Science of Animal Welfare. London: Chapman and Hall.
19. Dawkins, R. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
20. DeGrazia, D. 1996. Taking Animals Seriously: Mental Life and Moral Status. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
21. Dennett, D. C. 1991. Consciousness Explained. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co.
22. Diamond, C. 2008. 'The difficulty of reality and the difficulty of philosophy', in S. Cavell, C. Diamond, J. McDowell, I. Hacking and C. Wolfe (eds.), Philosophy and Animal Life (New York: Columbia University Press), pp. 43-89.
23. Feinberg, J. 1974. 'The rights of animals and unborn generations', in J. Feinberg (ed.), Rights, Justice, and the Bounds of Liberty: Essays in Social Philosophy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), pp. 159-184.
24. Fiorito, G. and P. Scotto. 1992. 'Observational learning in Octopus vulgaris'. Science 256(5056): 545-547.
25. Gardner, R. A., B. T. Gardner and T. E. Van Cantfort (eds.) 1989. Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1989), p. 324.
26. Gershenzon, J. and N. Dudareva. 2007. 'The function of terpene natural products in the natural world'. Nature Chemical Biology 3(7): 408-414.
27. Gorke, M. 2003. The Death of Our Planet's Species: A Challenge to Ecology and Ethics. Washington, DC: Island Press.
28. Griffin, D. R. 2001. Animal Minds: Beyond Cognition to Consciousness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
29. Hamilton, W. D. 1963. 'The evolution of altruistic behavior'. The American Naturalist 97: 354-356.
30. Jamieson, D. 2002. Morality's Progress: Essays on Humans, Other Animals, and the Rest of Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
31. Karson, M. A., J. G. Boal and R. T. Hanlon. 2003. 'Experimental evidence for spatial learning in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis)'. Journal of Comparative Psychology 117(2): 149-155.
32. Kuczaj, S. A. and L. E. Highfill. 2005. 'Dolphin play: Evidence for cooperation and culture?'. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28(5): 705-706.
33. Loewenstein, G. F. and T. O'Donoghue. 2004. Animal Spirits: Affective and Deliberative Processes in Economic Behavior. SSRN.
34. Masserman, J. H., S. Wechkin and W. Terris. 1964. Altruistic behavior in rhesus monkeys. The American Journal of Psychiatry 121: 584-585.
35. Midgley, M. 1998. Animals and Why They Matter. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
36. Milinski, M. and B. Rockenbach. 2007. 'Spying on others evolves'. Science 317(5837): 464-465.
37. Moss, C. 1988. Elephant Memories: Thirteen Years in the Life of an Elephant Family. New York, NY: W. Morrow.
38. Moussaieff Masson, J. and S. McCarthy. 1995. When Elephants Weep: The Emotional Lives of Animals. New York, NY: Delacorte Press.
39. Nagel, T. 1974. 'What is it like to be a bat?'. Philosophical Review 83(4): 435-450.
40. Packard, J. M. 2003. 'Wolf behavior: reproductive, social, and intelligent', in L. D. Mech and L. Boitani (eds.), Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp. 35-65.
41. Panksepp, J. and J. Burgdorf. 2003. '"Laughing" rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy?'. Physiology & Behavior 79(3): 533-547.
42. Patterson, F. and E. Linden. 1981. The Education of Koko. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
43. Peterson, R. O. and P. Ciucci. 2003. 'The wolf as a carnivore', in L. D. Mech and L. Boitani (eds.), Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp. 104-130.
44. Povinelli, D. J. and J. M. Bering. 2002. 'The mentality of apes revisited'. Current Directions in Psychological Science 11(4): 115-119.
45. Regan, T. 1983. The Case for Animal Rights. Berkeley: University of California Press.
46. Regan, T. 1992. 'Does environmental ethics rest on a mistake?'. Monist 75(2): 161-182.
47. Rolston, H. I. 1988. Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
48. Sanfey, A. G., G. Loewenstein, S. M. McClure and J. D. Cohen. 2006. 'Neuroeconomics: cross-currents in research on decision-making'. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10(3): 108-116.
49. Sapontzis, S. F. 1992. Morals, Reason, and Animals. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
50. Satpute, A. B. and M. D. Lieberman. 2006. 'Integrating automatic and controlled processes into neurocognitive models of social cognition'. Brain Research 1079: 86-97.
51. Sherman, P. W. 1977. 'Nepotism and the evolution of alarm calls'. Science 197(4310): 1246-1253.
52. Shettleworth, S. J. 2009. 'The evolution of comparative cognition: Is the snark still a boojum?'. Behavioural Processes 80(3): 210-217.
53. Singer, P. 1979. 'Not for humans only: The place of nonhumans in environmental issues', in K. E. Goodpaster and K. M. Sayre (eds.), Ethics and Problems of the 21st Century (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press), pp. 191-206.
54. Singer, P. 1991. Animal Liberation. New York: New York Review of Books.
55. Singer, P. 1993. Practical Ethics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
56. Skutch, A. F. 1935. 'Helpers at the nest'. Auk 52: 257-273.
57. Skutch, A. F. 1961. 'Helpers among birds'. Condor 63(3): 198-226.
58. Stander, P. E. 1992. 'Cooperative hunting in lions: The role of the individual'. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 29(6): 445-454.
59. Taylor, P. W. 1986. Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
60. Varner, G. E. 1998. In Nature's Interests? Interests, Animal Rights, and Environmental Ethics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
61. von Bayern, A. M. P. and N. J. Emery. 2009. 'Jackdaws respond to human attentional states and communicative cues in different contexts'. Current Biology 19(7): 602-606.
62. Warren, M. A. 1997. Moral Status: Obligations to Persons and Other Living Things. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
63. Wise, S. M. 2002. Drawing the Line: Science and the Case for Animal Rights. Cambridge, Mass: Perseus Books.